This paper aims to review the odor removal performance and operating parameters of pilot and full-scale chemical scrubbers, bioscrubbers, biofilters, and biotrickling filters for odor control in wastewater treatment plants. Based on the performance of full-scale facilities installed in wastewater treatment plants, empty-bed residence times were the shortest for bioscrubbers (7.5±2.5s), followed by chemical scrubbers (20±8.1s), biotrickling filters (22.2±26.2s), and biofilters (48±30s). The removal efficiencies of complex odors by biofilters, biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, and chemical scrubbers were 97.7±1.9%, 87.7±15.6%, 89.0±9.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. The investment cost was the lowest for biofilters, followed by biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, and chemical scrubbers. In addition, the operating costs of these deodorization technologies were in the following order: biofilters < bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters < chemical scrubbers. However, most studies on odor control for wastewater treatment processes have been conducted on a laboratory scale with model odors (single odorous compound or mixtures of 2-3 odorous compounds). Therefore, field research to develop deodorization technologies for wastewater treatment plants should be more actively conducted to accumulate data for the design and operation of full-scale deodorizing systems.

The odors emitted from wastewater treatment plants are not only a health and hygiene problem, but can also lead to complaints from residents and have wider social ramifications such as bringing about falling property values in the surrounding area. In this paper, based on the data measured at domestic and overseas wastewater treatment facilities, the concentrations of complex odors and odorous compounds were compared for each treatment/process: primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge treatment processes. Odor compounds that contribute greatly to complex odors were summarized for each process. In addition, the characteristics of odor wheels for each wastewater treatment process, which provide both chemical and olfactory information regarding odors, were reviewed. For domestic wastewater treatment facilities, the complex odor concentrations (unit, dilution factor) of the primary and secondary treatment processes were 4.5-100,000 (median, 32.1) and 2.5-30,000 (median, 10.7), respectively. However, the complex odor concentrations in the sludge treatment process were 3.0-100,000 (median, 118.7), which was more than three times higher than that in the wastewater treatment process. In the wastewater treatment process, those odor compounds making the greatest contributions to complex odors were sulfur-containing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide DMS. In order to properly manage odors from wastewater treatment plants and minimize their impact, it is important to understand the status of odor emissions. Therefore, the compositions and concentrations of odors from wastewater treatment processes and odor wheel information, which are reviewed in this paper, are used to evaluate the potential risk of odor from wastewater treatment facilities in order to derive strategies to minimize odor emissions. Moreover, the information can be usefully used to introduce the best available technology to reduce odors emitted from wastewater treatment facilities.

The proper operation and safety management of water and wastewater treatment systems are essential for providing stable water service to the public. However, various natural disasters including floods, large storms, volcano eruptions and earthquakes threaten public water services by causing serious damage to water and wastewater treatment plants and pipeline systems. Korea is known as a country that is relatively safe from earthquakes, but the recent increase in the frequency of earthquakes has increased the need for a proper earthquake management system. Interest in research and the establishment of legal regulations has increased, especially since the large earthquake in Gyeongju in 2016. Currently, earthquakes in Korea are managed by legal regulations and guidelines integrated with other disasters such as floods and large storms. The legal system has long been controlled and relatively well managed, but technical research has made limited progress since it was considered in the past that Korea is safe from earthquake damage. Various technologies, including seismic design and earthquake forecasting, are required to minimize possible damages from earthquakes, so proper research is essential. This paper reviews the current state of technology development and legal management systems to prevent damages and restore water and wastewater treatment systems after earthquakes in Korea and other countries. High technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless networks and real-time monitoring systems are already being applied to water and wastewater treatment processes, and to further establish the optimal system for earthquake response in water and wastewater treatment facilities, continuous research in connection with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including information and communications technologies, is essential.

Total organic carbon (TOC) will replace chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) as an effluent water quality standard in public sewage treatment works (PSTWs) from 2021 in Korea. To ensure effective control of TOC in the effluent, investigation was carried out into TOC levels and sewage treatment operation factors in five target PSTWs using anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A2O) processes, media, membrane, and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technologies. TOC removal efficiencies appeared to be 93-96% on average. As a fraction of TOC, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) was reduced from 64% in the influent to 9% in the effluent in these PSTWs. During the investigation, biological treatment processes were applied flexibly for operation factors such as HRT, SRT, MLSS, F/M ratios and BOD volume loads, based on the influent characteristics and design conditions. As a result, we suggest efficient operating conditions in PSTWs by evaluating relationships between TOC removal and operation factors.

With the advances in the imaging techniques, it is now possible to more accurately diagnose and stage pancreatic cancer. However, there is no uniform definition of “borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC)” and consensus on this terminology has not been reached yet. Although there has been much progress in the therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer, the optimal treatment scheme for BRPC is still under debate. In order to overcome these problems, prospective studies using multidisciplinary approaches are warranted. This article is intended to review the currently available definitions and management of BRPC. Promising novel ablative methods that are used as local treatments for locally advanced pancreatic cancer are also introduced. In the near future, these ablative methods might prove to be invaluable for those with BRPC.

본 연구에서는 공공하수처리시설의 효율적인 관리방안 제시를 위하여 2008년~2010년까지 28개소의 공공하수처리시설에 대하여 복합악취와 지정악취물질(22종)을 대상으로 악취실태조사 및 원인분석을 실시하였다. 조사결과 전처리 공정과 슬러지 처리공정에서 주로 고농도의 악취가 발생되고 있었으며, 황화수소와 메틸머캅탄 등의 황화합물류가 주요 악취원인물질로 조사되었다. 공공하수처리시설에서 발생되는 악취는 유입수의 성상에 따라 차이가 있으며, 유입수에서의 복합악취는 67배~66,943배, 황화수소는 ND~66.87 ppm으로 조사되었다. A 하수처리시설 유량 조정조에서의 복합악취와 황화수소는 교반시 각각 3,000배, 6.23 ppm, 비교반시 각각 300배, 0.20 ppm으로 조사되었다. 유입 분배조와 생슬러지 분배조는 하수와 슬러지 이송 파이프 라인의 낙차에 의해 내부에 양(+)압이 형성되므로 파이프 라인의 연장과 악취포집설비를 정상적으로 설치․운영하여 내부를 음(-)압 상태로 유지할 필요가 있다.

Even though South Korean criminal justice system felt the necessity of treatment and rehabilitation for the drug addicted inmates, South Korea has concentrated on the punishment of them while disregarding the treatment and rehabilitation. Therefore, drug addicted inmates go back to the prison without overcoming drug temptation. 「The policy for the rehabilitation of drug related offenders(2006. 5)」 which was released by the Korean Corrections Bureau of Ministry of Justice on May 2006 is an appropriate policy for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicted inmates. However, it is hard to achieve some practical results only if there is a lone effort by the department which is dealing with the drug addicted inmates. Now, there should be in-depth discussions among the drug offence related criminal justice system to achieve effective results. This study examines the current status of the management and treatment for the drug addicted inmates in the correctional facilities. Based on this examination, I would like to recommend some effective ways of management and treatment for the addicted inmates. Especially, this study will provide some additional considerations for the implementation of 「The policy for the rehabilitation of drug related offenders(2006. 5)」. This study presents following recommendations: First, drug addicted inmates should be classified and segregated from the stage of un-conviction to the release from prison. Second, there should be enough medical doctors and drug addiction professionals. We can use medical doctors who are majoring psychiatry instead of mandatory military service. For the drug addiction professionals, we can educate our drug related employees at the graduate programs in drug specialized universities. Third, there should be more programs and educations for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicted inmates. Fourth, through the periodical inspection of the inmates, the usage of drugs in the correctional facilities should be prevented. Fifth, we need to consider the concept of community correction for the drug addicted inmates. Therefore, we can build an intermediate prison for the addicted inmates or can give more parole opportunities. Also, by the alleviation of the closed treatments using the strict correctional and educational programs, we can use more open treatments.

저자는 정신장애자의 수용관리방안을 고찰하였다. 교정 정신건강 서비스를 위한 법적인 요건, 치료감호소 내의 정신질환자의 수용사고 통계, 교도소 내의 정신질환자와 마약사범의 통계를 조사하였다. 그리고 정신질환 수용자 관리의 문제점과 대책과 개선 방안과 정신질환의 특성과 구금 정신병에 대하여 고찰하였다. 우리나라 정신보건법 제2조에 모든 정신질환자는 최적의 치료를 받을 권리를 보장받고 모든 정신질환자는 정신질환이 있다는 이유로 부당한 차별대우를 받지 아니한다고 명시하고 있다. 정신질환자는 정신병(기질적 정신병을 포함),인격장애기타 비정신병적정신장애를 가진 자를 말한다. 현재 교도소 내에 340명의 정신질환자가 있으므로 한 곳의 교도소의 구금 시설을 의료시설로 보강하고 의료인을 충원하여 보다 나은 치료를 제공하여야 한다. 국제연합의 규칙에 의하면 정신병자로 판명된 수형자는 가능한 한 신속히 정신과 의료시설로 이송하여 의료 관리를 받는 전문 시설에서 관찰되고 처우되어야 한다. 필요한 경우에는 석방 후에도 정신과 치료를 계속하고 사회정신의학적인 사후 보호를 하기 위하여 적절한 기관과 협의하여 조치를 하는 것이 바람직하다고 한다. 수형자에 대한 정신과 치료는 국가에 대한 고의적인 무관심을 피하라는 의무이고, 정신과 치료가 필요한 수형자의 치료 요구에 고의적인 무관심을 가지고 어떤 사람을 감금시키는 것은 잔인하고 드문 처벌로 간주된다. 교도소 수형자에게 치료받을 권리는 적법 절차로부터 나온다. 6가지 필수적인 기준은 체계적인 선별검사와 평가, 단순격리 또는 집중감시보다 더 전문적인 치료, 전문의사의 참여, 적절하고 완전한 비밀보장이 된 기록, 적당한 감독 없이 또는 부적절하게 투여하고, 위험한 용량으로 처방된 정신과 투약에 대한 보호장치, 자살 예방 프로그램을 마련하여야 한다. 구금반응의 분류는 꾀병, 원시반응 및 반응성 몽롱상태, 폭발반응, 단절반응, 가성치매, 간서증후군이 있고 구금성 신경증, 건강염려증, 정신신체증, 신경쇠약, 반응성 기분변조로 우울증, 조증상태, 기분이 언짢은 상태, 반응성 망상, 공격성 망상, 피해망상, 도피망상, 환각, 처우곤란자 그리고 감방대장 노릇을 하는 행동 등이 나타날 수 있다.

Conversion disorder is a psychologically produced alteration or loss of physical functioning suggestive of a physical disorder. Conversion symptoms are often superimposed on organic disease and can be overlooked. Psychological techniques are central to the management include the following: avoiding confrontation with the patients; avoiding reinforcement or trivializing the symptoms; reviewing results of tests and exams and creating an expectation of recovery; educating the patient before a treatment is begun; evaluating the patient's emotional adjustment and considering it at a treatment; using caution in labeling the condition; considering referral for psychotherapy; establishing particularly a treatment plan and making a definite treatment program; adjusting patient' s environment; letting participate a family at appropriate time; developing a reinforcement program for a treatment of chronic symptoms; developing a home program for outpatients. Use behavior therapy reinforcement may be helpful with more chronic or resistant symptoms, especially when there is a history of vague or excessive somatic complaints or significant secondary gain.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

In this study, the organic matter of effluents from sewage treatment plants, located in the Nakdong watershed was investigated. Regression equations were computed using treated sewage data to convert the chemical oxygen demand(COD) concentrations, which are mostly available from an open database, into total organic carbon(TOC) concentrations. The average concentration of organic matter in the sewage treatment plant effluents were 2.2 16.8 mg/L for COD and 3.4 14.3 mg/L for TOC. The concentrations of COD were positively correlated with the TOC concentrations. The correlation between COD and TOC was relatively high, at 0.865(p<0.01). Based on these results, regression analysis was conducted. The regression equation for TOC was 1.651×CODMn-0.084 (R2=0.84). Furthermore, organic matter-related databases for more sewage treatment plants need to be built in order to establish TOC standards and manage the water quality.

누출, 폭발, 취급 및 운송 등의 화학사고가 일어나면 다양한 화학 물질이 방출된다. 방출 된 화학 물질 또는 1차 방제 처리 후 얻게 되는 폐기물에는 유해하거나 독성이 있는 화학물질이 포함될 수 있다. 이러한 폐기물들을 처리 할 수 있는 구체적인 지침이나 기준이 없기 때문에 적절한 처리 방법을 찾기가 어렵다. 따라서 유해화학물질 사고 처리로 얻은 화학물질 또는 폐기물의 대부분은 지정폐기물로 처리하여 많은 비용이 든다. 이 연구는 유해화학물질의 사고 또는 누출이 발생하였을 때 1차 처리를 하면서 발생한 화학 물질 또는 화학 물질에 오염된 폐기물에 대한 지정폐기물, 일반폐기물 판정 기준을 제안하고자 한다. NFPA 등급, pH 등급 및 폐기물 발생량에 따라 점수를 부여하여 화학폐기물을 분류하는 정량화 된 방법을 제시한다. 보다 객관성 있는 판정기준을 마련하기 위해서 미국 국제화재방호협회(National Fire Protection Association : NFPA)에서 발표한 소방관련 국제 규격인 NFPA 704코드를 활용하여 판정기준을 마련한다. NFPA 704코드는 화학물질에 대한 건강위험성(Health Hazard), 화재위험성(Flammability Hazard), 불안정성 위험성(Instability Hazard)에 대한 정도를 0~4등급 까지 세분화 되어 있다. 추가적으로 산성 또는 염기성 화학물질에 대한 판정방법으로, 기존에 지정폐기물분류 기준에 활용되고 있는 오염물질의 pH를 판정기준에 활용한다. 또한 산업안전보건법에 따른 유해･위험물질 규정량, 또는 폐기물의 일일 처리량도 고려한다. 최종적으로 화학 물질 또는 폐기물은 제안된 분류 방법 또는 절차에 따라 얻은 통합 점수에 따라 지정폐기물 또는 일반폐기물로 분류할 수 있다.

To develop various usable water from coal seam gas (CSG) water that needs to be pumped out from coal seams for methane gas production, a feasibility study was carried out, evaluating and analysing a recent report (Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy 2012) from Queensland State Government in Australia to suggest potential CSG water treatment options for fit-for-purpose usable water production. As CSG water contains intrinsically high salinity-driven total dissolved solid (TDS), bicarbonate, aliphatic carbon, Ca+2, Mg+2 and so on, it was found that appropriate treatment technologies are required to reduce the hardness below 60 mg/L as CaCO3 by setting the reduction rates of Ca+2, Mg+2 and Na+ concentrations, as well as TDS reduction. Also, Along with fiber filtration and membrane separation, an oxidation degradation process was found to be required. Along with salinity reduction, as CSG water contains organic compounds (TOC: 248 mg/L, C6 -C9: <20 mg/L and C10 - C36: <60 mg/L), compounds with relatively high molecular weights (C10 - C36) need to be treated first. Therefore, this study suggests a combined system design with filtration (Reverse osmosis) and oxidation reduction (electrolysis) technologies, offering proper operating conditions to produce fit-for-purpose usable water from CSG water.

본 연구에서는 지표흐름 습지의 수질관리를 위하여 습지 내 오염물질을 적절히 모의할 수 있는 연속교반탱크반응기(CSTR) 모델을 구축하였다. 이 모델은 4차 Runge-Kutta법을 사용하고, 실측치와 계산치의 차이를 최소화 하는 최적화 기법으로 해를 구하며, 미국 EPA 습지 데이터베이스에 수록된 자료중 수질 및 수리자료가 충분하며, 분석이 용이한 하나의 수생대를 갖는 습지를 선택하여, 수질항목중 관심도가 높은 BOD, TSS (Total Suspend