This study was conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Cheonggukjang extract in in-vitro and in-vivo models. T98G-human glioblastoma cells were pretreated with various concentrations (1~10 mg/mL) of Cheonggukjang extract for 24 h and then exposed to H2O2 (1 mM) for 3 h. The neuroprotective effects of Cheonggukjang extract were measured using a CCK-8 kit assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The early stage focal ischemia rodent model was used as the in-vivo neurotoxicity model. Various concentrations (10~200 mg) of Cheonggukjang extract were administered to the animal models for 1 week. Peripheral blood was analyzed for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression by ELISA, and infarct volume reduction was analyzed by TTC staining. Cheonggukjang extract significantly (p<0.05) increased cell viability in T98G cells against H2O2 as well as against the induced neurotoxicity. Indeed, treatment with the Cheonggukjang extract induced a decrease in ROS and LDH expression and increased TAC significantly (p<0.05). However, Cheonggukjang extract did not induce a decrease in infarct volume or an increase in GPx expression in the in-vivo model. Despite the limitation in neuroprotection, Cheonggukjang extract may be useful for treating ROS injury.

직접 메탄올 연료전지(Direct Methanol Fuel Cells)는 액상의 메탄올을 연료로 직접 사용하는 전기 에너지 전환 장치로서 연료의 값이 싸고 취급이 용이하며 초소형화가 가능하다. Montmorillonite (MMT)가 첨가된 고분자 전해질 분리막의 경우 열적⋅물리적 성질이 개선되며 메탄올 투과도가 감소되는 장점을 가지고 있지만 이온전도도는 감소가 되는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 술폰산기(-SO3H)를 포함하는 MMT를 제조하여 Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone)(SPAES) 고분자와 sulfonated MMT(sulMMT)를 혼합하여 유⋅무기 복합막을 제조하고 특성평가가 이루어졌다.

본 연구에서는 탄화수소계열 고분자인 sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone(SPAES) 고분자를 이용하여 연료전지용 전해질막을 제조하였으며 메탄올 투과도를 최적화 하기 위하여 소수성 고분자인 polyethersulfone(PES), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) 를 소량 첨가하여 블렌드막을 제조하였다. 제조된 분리막은 연료전지용 전해질 막으로써 요구되는 물리적, 화학적 안정성, 이온전도도, 셀 테스트등의 기본 물성을 측정하여 잠재적인 적용 가능성을 테스트 해보았다 또한 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 소수성 고분자와 SPAES고분자의 혼화성 측정과, 이온 및 메탄올 분자의 투과도를 예측해 보았으며 이를 이용하여 실제 실험 결과와 비교 분석을 진행하였다.

We have initiated a Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) monitoring project of 36 methanol maser sources at 6.7 GHz using the Japanese VLBI Network (JVN) and East-Asian VLBI Network (EAVN), starting in August 2010. The purpose of this project is to systematically reveal 3-dimensional (3-D) kine- matics of rotating disks around forming high-mass protostars. As an initial result, we present proper mo- tion detections for two methanol maser sources showing an elliptical spatial morphology, G 002.53+00.19 and G 006.79-00.25, which could be the best candidates associated with the disk. The detected proper motions indicate a simple rotation in G 002.53+00.19 and rotation with expansion in G 006.79-00.25, respectively, on the basis of disk model fits with rotating and expanding components. The expanding motions might be caused by the magnetic-centrifugal wind on the disk.

We have initiated single-dish monitoring observations of 400 methanol maser sources at 6.7 GHz using the Hitachi 32-m radio telescope from December 2012 to systematically research periodic ux variations, which are observed in some methanol maser sources associated with high-mass (proto-)stars. In our monitoring, we have made daily monitoring, so that each source has been observed every nine days with an integration time of 5 min (typical 3  detection sensitivities of 0.9 Jy). The monitoring observations help us statistically understand periodic ux variations with a period longer than 50 days. As an initial result, we present a new detection of periodic ux variations in the 6.7 GHz methanol maser source G 036.70+00.09. The period of the ux variations is ~53 days (~0.019 cycles day-1), and seems to be stable over 9 cycles, at least until the middle of August 2014.

Carbon-supported Pt catalyst systems containing defect adsorption sites on the anode of direct methanol fuel cells were investigated, to elucidate the mechanisms of H2 dissociation and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to determine the effect of defect sites located neighboring to or distant from the Pt catalyst on H2 and CO adsorption properties, based on electronic properties such as adsorption energy and electronic band gap. Interestingly, the presence of neighboring defect sites led to a reduction of H2 dissociation and CO poisoning due to atomic Pt filling the defect sites. At distant sites, H2 dissociation was active on Pt, but CO filled the defect sites to form carbon π-π bonds, thus enhancing the oxidation of the carbon surface. It should be noted that defect sites can cause CO poisoning, thereby deactivating the anode gradually.

본 연구에서는 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 탄화수소계열 고분자인 sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone(SPAES) 와 polyethersulfone(PES), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) 가 혼합되어 제조된 블렌딩 막에 대하여 조성비에 따른 이온 및 메탄올 투과도를 예측해 보았으며 이를 실제 이온전도도 및 메탄올 투과도에 대한 결과와 비교를 통해 최적화된 조성비를 확인해보았다.

본 연구에서는 탄화수소계열 고분자인 sulfonated poly arylene ether sulfone(SPAES) 고분자를 이용하여 연료전지용 전해질막을 제조하였으며 메탄올 투과도를 최적화 하기 위하여 소수성 고분자인 polyethersulfone(PES), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) 를 소량 첨가하여 블렌드막을 제조하였다. 제조된 분리막은 연료전지용 전해질 막으로써 요구되는 물리적, 화학적 안정성, 이온전도도, 셀 테스트등의 기본 물성을 측정하여 잠재적인 적용 가능성을 테스트 해보았다 또한 분자동력학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 소수성 고분자와 SPAES고분자의 혼화성 측정과, 이온 및 메탄올 분자의 투과도를 예측해 보았으며 이를 이용하여 실제 실험 결과와 비교 분석을 진행하였다.

Russula rosacea, a mycorrhizal fungus, has been used for edible and medicinal purposes. This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-cholinesterase, and nitric oxide inhibitory effects of the fruiting bodies from R. rosacea extracted with methanol, and hot water. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of the methanol and hot water extracts (2.0 mg/ml) of R. rosacea were comparable with BHT, the positive control. The chelating effects of the mushroom and hot water extracts were significantly higher than that of BHT. The reducing power of methanol and hot water extract (6 mg/ml) were significantly lower than that of BHT. Seven phenolic compounds were detected from acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid solvent extract of the mushroom. alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of acarbose, the positive control. The acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects were moderate compared with galanthamine, the standard drug. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited significantly by the mushroom extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, we demonstrated that fruiting bodies of R. rosacea possess in vitro antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-cholinesterase, and NO production inhibitory activities. The experimental results suggest that the fruiting bodies of R. rosacea are good natural antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory sources.

To improve the methanol electro-oxidation in direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs), Pt electrocatalysts embedded on porous carbon nanofibers(CNFs) were synthesized by electrospinning followed by a reduction method. To fabricate the porous CNFs, we prepared three types of porous CNFs using three different amount of a styrene-co acrylonitrile(SAN) polymer: 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt%, respectively. A SAN polymer, which provides vacant spaces in porous CNFs, was decomposed and burn out during the carbonization. The structure and morphology of the samples were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and their surface area were measured using the Brunauer- Emmett-Teller(BET). The crystallinities and chemical compositions of the samples were examined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties on the methanol electro oxidation were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt electrocatalysts embedded on porous CNFs containing 0.5 wt% SAN polymer exhibited the improved methanol oxidation and electrocatalytic stability compared to Pt/conventional CNFs and commercial Pt/ C(40 wt% Pt on Vulcan carbon, E-TEK).

Methanol was directly produced by the partial oxidation of methane with four-component mixed oxide catalysts. Four-component(Mo-Bi-Cr-Si) mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. The catalyst prepared by the sol-gel method showed about eleven times higher surface area than that prepared by the co-precipitation method. From the O2-TPD experiment of the prepared catalysts, it was proven that there exists two types of oxygen species, and the oxygen species that participates in the partial oxidation reaction is the lattice oxygen desorbing around 750℃. The optimum reaction condition for methanol production was 420°C, 50 bar, flow rate of 115 mL/min, and CH4/O2 ratio of 10/1.5, providing methane conversion and methanol selectivity of 3.2 and 26.7%, respectively.

We have observed the deuterated methanol, CH3OD, toward the hot core MM1 in the massive star-forming region DR21 (OH) using the Submillimeter Array with a high angular resolution of about 1 arcsecond. The position of the hot core associated with the sub-core MM1a was confirmed to coincide with the continuum peak where an embedded young stellar object is located. The column density of CH3OD was found to be about (2 ± 1) x 1016 cm-2 toward the MM1a center. The abundance ratio CH3OD/CH3OH was measured to be ~ 0.45, which is about the median value for low mass star-forming cores but much larger than those of the massive star-forming cores. The ratio is believed to change depending on, for example, the chemical condition, the temperature and the density of the source. This ratio may further depend on the evolutionary phase especially in the massive-star-forming cores. The sub-core MM1a is thought to be in the very early phase of star formation. This large abundance ratio found in this source indicates that even the massive star-forming cores, during a relatively short period in the very early stage of star formation, may also show a chemical state resulted from the cold and dense pre-collapsing phase, the enhanced deuteration as found in low mass star-forming cores.

페롭스카이트 촉매와 Mo, Bi를 기본으로 하는 복합 산화물 촉매를 이용하여 천연가스의 주성분인 메탄의 부분산화를 통하여 메탄올을 직접 합성하였다. 페롭스카이트(ABO₃) 촉매는 A 및 B site 성분을 변화시키면서 사과산법으로 제조하였으며, Mo, Bi를 기본으로 하는 3성분계 복합 산화물 촉매는 공침법으로 제조하여 반응특성을 살펴보았다. 페롭스카이트 촉매에서 A site에 알칼리 금속인 Sr을, B site에 전이금속인 Cr을 도입한 SrCrO₃ 촉매가 400℃에서 메탄올 선택도 11%로 가장 우수한 결과를 보였다. Mo, Bi를 기본으로 하는 3성분계 복합 산화물 촉매의 경우 모든 촉매에서 메탄 전환율에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, Cr을 첨가한 Mo-Bi-Cr 복합 산화물 촉매가 400℃에서 메탄올 선택도 15.3% 로 가장 우수한 결과를 나타냈다. 3성분계 복합 산화물 촉매에서 촉매의 활성과 메탄올 선택도는 촉매의 표면적에 정비례하였다.

본 연구에서는 기능성 식품 및 화장품 소재로써 갈색 느티만가닥버섯(Hypsizygus marmoreus)의 이용가능성을 조사하기 위해서 갈색 느티만가닥버섯 메탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 tyrosinase 저해 효과를 갓(pileus)과 대(stipes)로 분리하여 부위별로 조사하였다. 메탄올 추출물 중 갓과 대의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 8.7±3.27ug/mg과 5.6±2.85ug/mg이었고플라보노이드 함량은 각각 2.8±3.81ug/mg과 1.4±1.95ug/mg이었으며 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량 모두 대보다 갓에서 높게 나타났다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 추출물의 농도에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나 양성 대조구로 사용한 2% 알부틴(arbutin)과 비교했을 때 1200mg/ml의 고농도에서도 갓은66.9%, 대는 57.97%의 낮은 저해 활성을 나타내었다.항산화 활성은 DPPH에 의한 라디칼소거 활성을 측정하여 확인하였으며 갓과 대의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 20mg/ml의 농도에서도 각각 52.55%와 30.35%로 낮게 나타났다. 추출물이 B16BL6 mouse melanomacell에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 WST-1 assay (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulphonate)를 이용하여 세포생존율을 조사하였으며 갓과 대 모두 200-2,000ug/ml의 농도로처리하였을 때 100% 이상의 생존율을 나타내었고추출물의 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 세포생존율도증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 양성대조군인 0.04%adenosine을 처리한 경우보다 높게 나타났다.

In this study, PtRu nanoparticles deposited on binary carbon supports were developed for use in direct methanol fuel cells using carbon blacks (CBs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The particle sizes and morphological structures of the catalysts were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and the PtRu loading content was determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The electrocatalytic characteristics for methanol oxidation were evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry with 1 M CH3OHin a 0.5 MH2SO4 solution as the electrolyte. The PtRu particle sizes and the loading level were found to be dependent on the mixing ratio of the two carbon materials. The electroactivity of the catalysts increased with an increasing MWCNT content, reaching a maximum at 30% MWCNTs, and subsequently decreased. This was attributed to the introduction of MWCNTs as a secondary support, which provided a highly accessible surface area and caused morphological changes in the carbon supports. Consequently, the PtRu nanoparticles deposited on the binary support exhibited better performance than those deposited on the single support, and the best performance was obtained when the mass ratio of CBs to MWCNTs was 70:30.

This study was undertaken to determine free radical scavenging capacity and oxidative DNA damage protecting activity of methanol extract of red tea stem. The extract was subjected to assess their antioxidant potential using various in vitro systems such as DPPH•, ABTS•+ , super oxide and nitric oxide free radicals and it exhibited IC50 values of 68.88 ± 1.1, 12.08 ± 0.65, 404.38 ± 1.6, 93.6 ± 2.7, µg/mL respectively. Red tea extract also showed ferric reducing ability (FRAP) with 2606.85 mmol Fe (II)/g of extract. Furthermore, Methanol extract of red tea stem showed significant DNA damage protecting activity in concentration dependent manner against H2O2+UV induced photolysis on pUC19 plasmid DNA. Results of this study showed that the methanol extract of Red Tea stem has strong antioxidant potential along oxidative DNA damage protecting capacity that would be the significant sources of natural antioxidants, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stress generated diseases. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidants, which may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

본 연구에서는 항암제와 면역 조절제로 널리 사용되는 차가버섯을 피부 미백제로 이용할 수 있는지 가능성을 알아보기 위해 멜라닌생성 저해 효과와 자외선 차단 작용과 관련된 여러 실험을 수행하였다. 메탄올을 이용해 차가버섯의 자실체에서 추출한 물질의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량은 각각31.85mg/g과 28.33mg/g으로 측정되었다. B16/F10melanoma와 NIH3T3 세포주에 추출물의 농도를10~500g/mL으로 처리한 세포생존율 시험에서 시험 세포주의 52% 이상이 생존하여 세포독성은 없는것으로 확인되었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 금속이온 제거능 등의 항산화 시험에서 추출물의 항산화활성은 양성대조군인 tocopherol이나 BHT에 비해낮았으나 추출물의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 항산화 활성은 비례적으로 증가하였다. 멜라닌 합성의 초기단계에 관여하는 티로시나아제와 L-DOPA에 차가버섯메탄올 추출물과 양성대조군인 kojic acid와 arbutin을 각각 직접 처리하고 저해 효과를 측정한 결과 추출물은 양성 대조군인 kojic acid 및 arbutin에 비해 저해 효과가 매우 낮았다. B16/F10 Melanoma 세포에추출물과 arbutin을 처리하고 세포내 티로시나아제의저해 활성을 조사한 결과, 100g/mL의 농도에서 추출물은 68.59%, arbutin은 58.36%의 활성이 저해되어메탄올 추출물이 arbutin에 비해 티로시나아제 저해활성이 약 10% 높았다. 또한, B16/F10 melanoma 세포에 차가버섯 추출물과 arbutin을 처리하여 생성된멜라닌의 양을 측정한 결과, 추출물과 arbutin을 처리한 모든 군에서 생성된 멜라닌의 양은 유사하였으며,처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 생성된멜라닌의 양은 감소하였다. 따라서 차가버섯 메탄올추출물은 세포 밖에서 직접 티로시나아제를 저해하는작용은 양성 대조군에 비해 매우 낮았으나 melanoma세포내에서 티로시나아제와 멜라닌의 생성을 양성대조군과 대등하게 저해하여 피부에 미백효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 차가버섯 메탄올 추출물을 200-400nm 파장에서 분광광도계를 이용하여 흡수스펙트럼을 측정한 결과, 280-350nm의자외선 영역에서 흡광도가 높아 자외선을 효율적으로 차단하는 것으로 나타났다.

비록 천연유래물질 중의 하나인 통초가 항산화작용, 항염증작용 및 해열작용과 같은 효능이 있다고 알려져있지 만, 종양에서의 암예방효능에 대한 연구는 보고된 바가 없 다. 본 연구에서는 사람 자궁경부암세포주인 HEP-2세포에서 통초메탄올추출물의 증식억제 효능 및 관련 분자표적을 확인하고자 하였다. 통초메탄올추출물은 세포증식을 유의성있게 억제하고, 세포사멸을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Bid의 발현에 영향을 주어 truncation을 유도하고, 이로 인해 cytochrome c가 마이토콘드리아에서 세포질로 이 동하도록 유도하였지만, Bid 이외의 다른 Bcl-2 family 에는 영향을 주지 못했다. 따라서, 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 통초메탄올추출물은 자궁경부암에서 암예방효능을 가진 잠재성있는 천연추출물이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.