This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and variation in main traits by comparing the growth of individuals of Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under an aquaculture environment. This survey was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 at the aquafarm in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do (South coast of Korea). To classify the morphology of individuals in the aquaculture farm of E. cava, we investigated fourteen morphological characteristics and calculated four ratios between the measured values. Juvenile individuals showed a simple or oblong lanceolate, and at 3-4 months, a short stipe and holdfast developed, along with a bladelet that developed into the secondary blade form. At 5-7 months, secondary blades were found to develop irregularly on the primary blade. At 8-10 months, the primary blade expanded and secondary blades elongated. At 11-12 months, the secondary blades became oblong. At 13-14 months, the thallus area expanded. At 15-16 months, tertiary blades were formed, the thallus became more complex, the stipe thickened, and the holdfast widened. At 17-18 months, secondary blades clearly developed along with lobes. At 19-20 months, tertiary blades developed and became similar to mature natural blades. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the monthly population of the first year (Q1) and that of the second year (Q2) of the cultured population were divided along PC1, which is related to secondary blade morphological characteristics and the holdfast width. Q2 and natural populations are distributed in descending order of volume in Jeju (J), East Coast (E), and South Coast (S) along PC2, which is related to primary blade and stipe morphological characteristics. The results of this study were judged to offer important criteria for the development of different varieties of E. cava.

본 연구는 신품종으로 등록된 길뚝사초 ‘설맥’의 형태적 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 조사방법은 양적특성과 질적 및 유사질적 특성으로 구분하여 재배시험을 실시하였으며, 양적특성은 독립표본 t-검증(Independent sample t-test)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 질적 및 유사질적 특성은 국제 식물 신품종 보호연맹(UPOV : International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants)에서 발행한 지침(TGP 8/1 PARTⅡ : 8)을 참고하여 균일성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 총 28개의 특성 중 10개의 특성에서 구별성이 있었으며, 8개의 특성에서 균일성과 안정성을 확인하였다. 양적 특성 결과는 일반종보다 엽신의 수와 크기 등 영양기관 부위에서는 작았고, 화경 소수의 수, 소수화수 암꽃 수 와 같은 생식기관에서는 많았다. 질적 특성은 잎 가장자리 세로의 노란 무늬가 명확하였다. 길뚝사초 ‘설맥’은 형태적으로 일반종과 다른 새로운 품종임을 확인하였으며, 왜성의 노란색 세로 무늬종으로서 조경의 관상용으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

Chironomids are a large group of invertebrates that live in various aquatic habitats. The distribution range of these invertebrates has become varied due to anthropogenic impacts; as such, their distribution can be used as an indicator of environmental health. Adult chironomids are well known in South Korea; however, the larvae have rarely been studied due to difficulties associated with morphological classification. To address this lack of information, we collected larvae from four important rivers in South Korea and summarized their taxonomic morphological characteristics. The antennae, mandible, and mentum were used for larval taxonomic characterization. In this study, we describe the basic morphological features and key pictorial features of 20 species of chironomids, representing 16 genera.

건축 및 토목 구조물의 대표 재료인 콘크리트의 핵심지표인 구조 성능을 개선하기 위해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 아울러 구조물의 크기가 커질수록 강도가 높은 고기능 콘크리트의 필요성이 높아지고 있으며, 특히 내구성과 내후성이 우수한 콘크리트 재료의 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 강섬유와 함께 파라-아라미드 원사를 이용하여 피복 및 꼬임, 원사 데니어 및 섬유 길이에 대한 차별화된 원사가공을 적용한 복합재료인 슈퍼섬유를 콘크리트에 혼입하여 구조적인 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 최적화된 슈퍼 섬유로 보강된 슈퍼 콘크리트는 도로, 교량, 상수도 및 하수도 등 기존 SOC 의 수리 및 보강에 적용될 유망한 성장 기술 분야가 될 것으로 예상된다.

본 연구에서는 분류학적 실체에 대해 많은 논쟁이 있어왔던 황철나무와 물황철나무의 분류학적 재검토를 통해 두 분류군의 유연관계를 밝히기 위하여 엽형질과 미세형질들을 분석하였다. 엽의 크기를 암·수 구분 없이 전체 평균 너비, 길이, 면적으로 비교한 결과 종간 및 종내 모두 1%에서 고도의 유의차가 검증되었고, 황철나무는 55.56 mm, 73.5 mm, 28.72 mm2, 물황철나무는 76.80 mm, 117.82 mm, 68.61 mm2로 측정되어 황철나무의 엽 생장은 물황철나무에 비해 작은 것으로 나타났다. 황철나무의 엽병과 엽맥에는 털이 발견되지 않았지만 물황철나무의 엽병과 엽맥에는 양면 모두 털이 밀생하였다. 성숙한 황철나무의 삭과는 3개로 갈라지며 동일한 시기에 물황철나무는 4개로 갈라지는 것으로 확인되었다. 조사된 형질을 종합한 결과, 황철나무와 물황철나무의 종간 분류에 중요한 정보를 주는 요인으로는 잎의 크기와 삭과가 터지는 유형, 엽병 털의 유무 등이 있었다.

Silica is used in shell materials to minimize oxidation and aggregation of nanoparticles. Particularly, porous silica has gained attention because of its performance in adsorption, catalysis, and medical applications. In this study, to investigate the effect of the density of the silica coating layer on the color of the pigment, we arbitrarily change the structure of a silica layer using an etchant. We use NaOH or NH4OH to etch the silica coating layer. First, we synthesize α-FeOOH for a length of 400 nm and coat it with TEOS to fabricate particles with a 50 nm coating layer. The coating thickness is then adjusted to 30–40 nm by etching the silica layer for 5 h. Four different shapes of α-FeOOH with different colors are measured using UV–vis light. From the color changes of the four different shapes of α-FeOOH features during coating or etching, the L* value is observed to increase and brighten the overall color, and the b* value increases to impart a clear yellow color to the pigment. The brightest yellow color was that coated with silica; if the sample is etched with NaOH or NH4OH, the b* value can be controlled to study the yellow colors.

The mandible character of the Lucanidae is vary by considering of developmental difference in male individual specimen. Especially, species of Genus Cyclommatus Parry, 1862 presents strong mandibular allometry. In this research, The species group which related to Cyclommatus montanellus Möllenkamp, 1904 has been evaluated for the first time in this research with inner teeth composition and positioning to establish clear taxonomic key to each species.

Morphological differences in multi-layered graphene flakes or graphene nanoplatelets prepared by oxidative (rGO-NP, reduced graphene oxide-nanoplatelets) and non-oxidative (GIC-NP, graphite intercalation compound-nanoplatelets) routes were investigated with various analytical methods. Both types of NPs have similar specific surface areas but very different structural differences. Therefore, this study proposes an effective and simple method to identify structural differences in graphene-like allotropes. The adsorptive potential peaks of rGO-NP attained by the density functional theory method were found to be more scattered over the basal and non-basal regions than those of GIC-NP. Raman spectra and high resolution TEM images showed more distinctive crystallographic defects in the rGO-NP than in the GIC-NP. Because the R-ratio values of the edge and basal plane of the sample were maintained and relatively similar in the rGO-NP (0.944 for edge & 1.026 for basal), the discrepancy between those values in the GIC-NP were found to be much greater (0.918 for edge & 0.164 for basal). The electrical conductivity results showed a remarkable gap between the rGO-NP and GIC-NP attributed to their inherent morphological and crystallographic properties.

연구에서는 북부 터키에서 Paranemastoma속의 통거미 1신종을 기재하였다. 본 종Paranemastoma karolianus의 다리, 등면 표피 및 생식 기의 미세구조를 제시하였다. 본 신종과 유사종과의 구별점에 대하여 고찰하였다.

본 연구에서는 희귀수종인 가침박달의 외부형태학적 형질을 재검토하여 기존 문헌 및 선행 연구와의 차이를 파악하 였으며, 식물상 문헌 및 표본정보를 통해 국내 분포도를 작성하였다. 또한 토양의 이화학적 특성을 분석하여 외부형태형 질과 토양 조건과의 상관성을 고찰하였다. 가침박달 자생지 토양분석 결과, 유기물함량 3.25-29.83%, 전질소함량 0.15-1.14%, 유효인산 3.0-156㎎/㎏, 치환성 K+ 0.39-1.49cmol+/㎏, 치환성 Ca2+ 2.48-38.07cmol+/㎏, 치환성 Mg2+ 0.77-18.29cmol+/㎏, 양이온치환용량 7.3-23.0cmol+/㎏으로 확인되었으며, 토양 pH는 4.6-7.1인 것으로 조사되었다. 대구 앞산 집단의 경우, 유기물함량, 전질소, 양이온치환용량이 가장 높았고, 화서의 길이가 길고, 꽃의 수가 많아 다른 지역에 비해 유의성 있게 차이를 나타냈다(P < 0.001). 또한, 집단의 유전적거리와 지리적 거리, 일부 외부형태형 질의 차이를 통해 이들의 상관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 희귀 수종인 가침박달의 생육특성을 파악하고, 서식지 내 보존을 위해 외부형태형질, 유전적 구조, 생육상태, 식생구조, 환경특성 등 다양한 데이터의 종합적 고찰이 필요하다.

Although chemical fertilizers have a quick effect and broad applicability to agricultural fields, they have caused many problems like increasing soil acidity or decreasing soil organic matters. Environmental-friendly agriculture has been attempted in various ways such as organic agriculture, natural farming, low input and sustainable agriculture. The common interest of all environmental-friendly systems is to decrease burden to agricultural environment by low input of agricultural labor and materials. This study was conducted to estimate overwintering capacity and genetic distance among Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus, CMV) collections based on morphological characteristics and AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Furthermore, the effect of CMV as green manure was observed in mix-cultured paddy fields with rice, sesame and sweet-potato. An another objective of this study was also to compare the pattern of weed occurrence in paddy fields with or without CMV and different rice transplanting times. The CMV collected from Paju district in central region of Korea was successively occurring through self-reseeding without artificial management. However, there was no noticeable difference in growth habit between Paju native CMV and introduced CMV from China which is currently used in farm fields. On the basis of multi-dimensional scaling and tree analyses, there are no significant difference of agricultural growth characteristics among Paju and chinese collections only excepting leaf angle and root length. The flowering time of Gurye collection was fast for 1 week as compared to other collections. AFLP that was commonly used for plant classfication, was applied to exam the genetic variation of CMV collections. Total 579 PCR products and 336 polymorphic fragments were generated using 8 primer pairs.

A diversification of external morphology and genital characteristics among conspecific animal populations that are geographically divided is particularly important to study the context of evolution and it is regarded as the early stage of allopatric speciation. The aim of the present study is to understand the morphological variations of Callipogon relictus Semenov from the three different populations (South Korea, China, Russia) in the Eastern Palaearctic region. A morphometric analysis was performed based on 87 selected external and internal characteristics from 95 specimens. As results of the present study, South Korean specimens shows remarkable morphological differences in genital characteristics compare to Russian ones. In Principal Component Analysis (PCA), South Korean and Russian populations are divided into two groups and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis indicate that these two populations have significant differences in 14 morphometric characteristics.

Halyomorpha halys(Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is a recent invasive pest in America and Europe. It originated from East Asia such as Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) which is regarded as important species for biological control of H. halys, was described 6 species previously in Korea. But biology and taxonomic character of this genus is poorly known in Korea. Herein, we report two species from Korea, T. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 and T. plautiae Watanabe, 1954. We have investigated the morphological characters and COI sequence, and conducted an experiment about parasitic preference on BMSB's egg. Morphological key and picture of two species, and result of sequence investigation and experiment will be presented.

The genus Apolygus China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), comprising 64 species in the world, is one of the most diverse groups in the subfamily Mirinae, including well-known insect pests such as A. spinolae and A. lucorum. A total of 56 species are known in the Palaearctic Region up to date, and most of them have been described from China (28 species), Japan (26 species) and Russia (13 species) respectively. In this talk, taxonomic study on the genus Apolygus from the Korean Peninsula is presented with three Apolygus sp. nov. and two newly recorded species. Photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters and biological information such as host plants and distributions for each species, and a key to the Korean species are provided. Besides, COI barcoding as a diagnostic tool for this group is discussed emphasizing on the low genetic distances between some species.

본 연구에서 한국에 자생하는 12종의 민자주방망이버섯과 13종의 프랑스, 스위스, 포루투갈, 일본 등지에서 버섯을 수집하였다. 이들 한국, 외국 품종의 민자주방망이버섯은 단핵균사를 얻기 위해 이들 버섯으로부터 단포자를 얻어 YB배지에 배양하였다. 또한 민자주방망이버섯 육종을 위하여 자실체의 형태적 특성과 단핵균주의 특성 등을 고려하여 교배 단핵균주를 선별하였다. 그 결과 선별된 11개의 교배계통(K1xK2, K1xK3, K1xK4, K1xK6, K1xK5, K2xK4, K2xK3, K2xK6, K3xK4, K4xK5, K4xK6)에서 clamp connection을 관찰하였으며, 또한 RAPD 패턴 분석을 통해 교배 여부를 판단하였다. 교배된 2핵균주를 다시 PDA 배지에 배양하여 교배균주의 양상을 관찰한 결과 선별된 11개의 국내 야생 민자주방망이버섯으로 이루어진 교배계통은 야생품종 2핵 균사 또는 외국 민자주방망이버섯 품종 보다 성장속도가 빠른 것을 확인 하였다. 이는 앞으로 민자주방망이버섯의 한국 고유 품종개발 시 우수 교배형 선택에 있어, 기초자료로서 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

To manage, sort, and grade fishery resources, it is necessary to measure their morphometric characteristics. This labor-intensive task involves performing repetitive operations on land and on a research vessel. To reduce the amount of labor required, a vision-based automatic measurement system (VAMS) for the measurement of morphometric characteristics of flatfish, such as total length (TL), body width (BW), and body height (BH), has been developed as part of a database management system for fishery resources management. This system can also measure the mass (M) of flatfish. In the present study, we describe a morphological image processing algorithm for the measurement of certain characteristics of flatfish. This algorithm, which involves preprocessing, edge pattern matching, and edge point detection, is effective in cases where the flatfish being measured has a deformed tail and is randomly oriented. The satisfactory performance of the proposed algorithm is also demonstrated by means of experiments involving the measurement of the BW, TL and BH of a flatfish when it is straightened (BW : 117mm, TL : 329mm, BH : 24.5mm), when its tail is deformed, and when it is randomly oriented.

 ,  , The walnut leaf beetle, Gastrolina depressa, belongs to family Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), and is one of the major pests of walnut trees. G. depressa eggs were oval and dark orange. The three G. depressa larval ins tars were gray in color. The larval period was approx. 8.14 days (24 ", C, 16L:8D). Adults of both sexes were dark blue, and females were larger than males. Overwintered adults emerged in late April, and laid eggs in clusters on young leaves of the host tree. Mature 3rd instar larvae pupated after a short prepupal period. Adults emerged starting mid-May and entered into diapause shortly afterward.

The root crown of forage legume is an important organ which connects underground root system and aboveground branches. And its morphological characteristic is closely related to yield of grass, overwintering ability, regeneration in spring and sustainable productivity of Medicago sativa L. Therefore, in order to understand the morphological mechanism on cold resistance of the root of Melilotoides ruthenica (L.) Sojak t㏊t is a relative species of M sativa, the root morphology of different growth years' M ruthenica had been observed and analyzed. It aims to provide theoretical basis to M. sativa genetic improvement.