여러 종류의 양이온성, 비이온성 및 혼합성 계면활성제 수용액에서 4-클로로벤조산의 가용화현상을 UV/Vis 분광광도법을 이용하여 연구하였다. 또한 온도의 변화에 따른 가용화상수값(Ks)의 변화를 측정함으로써 열역학적 함수값들을 계산하고 분석하였다. 그 결과 모든 계면활성제의 용액에서 4-클로로벤조산의 가용화에 대한 △Gos 값은 측정범위 내에서 모두 음의 값을 나타내었으며, △Hos 값과 △Sos 값은 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다. 계면활성제 종류와 계면활성제분자의 알킬-그룹 길이에 따라 Ks값이 큰 폭으로 변하였으며, 그런 결과로부터 4-클로로벤조산이 미셀 내에서 가용화되는 위치와 미셀과의 상호작용의 정도를 예측할 수 있었다.

4-클로로벤조산의 가용화현상을 이용하여 순수양이온성 계면활성제(DTAB, TTAB, CTAB), 비이온성 계면활성제(Tween-20, Tween-40, Tween-80) 및 이들 혼합계면활성제(TTAB/Tween-20, TTAB/Tween-40, TTAB/Tween-80)의 임계미셀농도(CMC)값과 반대이온 결합상수값(B)를 온도 284 K에서 312 K 까지 변화를 주면서 UV/Vis 분광광도법과 전도도법으로 측정하였다. 온도에 따른 CMC와 B값의 변화를 측정하여 미셀화현상에 대한 여러 가지 열역학 함수값(△G˚m, △H˚m, 및 △S˚m)을 계산하고 분석 하였다. 그 결과 측정범위 내에서 △G˚m 값은 모두 음의 값을 나타내었다. 그러나 △H˚m 과 △S˚m값은 계면활성제의 종류와 계면활성제분자에서 탄소사슬의 길이에 따라 양의 값 혹은 음의 값을 나타내었다.

The transformation of the liquid crystal complex made by binding of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), into high charge density cationic polymer, the homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) was induced by adding of nonionic surfactants and investigated by means of microscopy and FE.SEM. Among nonionic surfactants in this experiments polyethylene glycol (3 mol) ether of lauryl alcohol (laureth-3) made variation in the complex. The laureth-3 transformed the complex into spherulite vesicle with the size of ca.100μm. This change increased the viscosity and the turbidity of the solution phase separated originally. Microscope showed that they are spherulite particles and polarized microscope suggested they are multi.lamellar liquid crystals. FE-SEM also proved that explicitly.

The rheological properties and surface tensions of polymer solutions and polymer-surfactant mixed solutions were investigated. The polymers used in this study were a homopolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol, an allyl ether of sucrose, or an allyl ether of propylene (CARBOMER), acylate/C10-30 alkyl acylate crosspolymer (AAAC), and ammonium acryloydimethyltaurate/VP copolymer (ADTV). A solubilizing agent PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-40) and an emulsifying agent polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (POLYSORBATE 60) made the micelles intervening between AAAC polymers, resulting in the increase of viscosity. However, HCO-40 made this behavior over the wider range of surfactant concentration than POLYSORBATE 60. From the view point of surface tensions in the same range of surfactant concentration, AAAC/HCO-40 solution showed the area of increasing surface tension with surfactant concentration in contrast to the AAAC/POLYSORBATE 60 solution showing no increasing area.

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium α-sulfonated dodecanoyl ethyl esther (α-SR12Et) or sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) un water and in 0.1M sodium chloride solution at 25℃. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelles, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology, which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.

The synthesis and solution properties of polyglycerol alkyl ether(R12Gn) are described. The phase behavior, surface tension, cloud point and HLB value of polyglycerol dodecyl ether in aqueous solution and in mixed solution of surfactant /water /oil have been investigated and compared with values of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether. The surface tension showed that R12Gn have sufficiently low values of surface tension and cmc to serve as useful polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. The mesophases appearing in the R12Gn systems were more stable in a high temperature range than the mesophases of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether systems. The cloud point and HLB data indicated that addition of one glycerol group was equivalent to the addition of three oxyethylene group units, as far as the hydrophilic property was concerned. The phase diagrams of the polyglycerol alkyl ether /dodecane /water systems showed that the solubilizing and emulsifying powers of R12Gn were greater than those of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. It is concluded that the polyglycerol chain can be even more useful as hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants than the polyoxyethylene chain.

본 연구에서는 인지질-비이온계면활성제의 혼합계면활성제를 이용하여 옥틸도데실미리스테이트를 조성상전이 유화법으로 O/W 타입 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 혼합 계면활성제와 오일의 농도 비가 1 : 1 정도의 매우 좁은 영역에서 나노에멀젼이 형성되었다. 비이온계면활성제로만 제조된 나노에멀젼과는 달리 전상점 이후에 수용액상을 첨가함에 따라 에멀젼의 입자 크기가 감소하였다. 제조된 나노에멀젼은 실온에서 한 달 이상 안정하였다. 인지질을 함유하고 저에너지 유화법으로 제조된 나노에멀젼 제형은 화장품의 기재로서 널리 사용될 수 있다.

The environmental behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly governed by their solubility and partitioning properties on soil media in a subsurface system. In surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) systems, surfactant plays a critical role in remediation. In this study, sorptive behaviors and partitioning of naphthalene in soils in the presence of surfactants were investigated. Silica and kaolin with low organic carbon contents and a natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content were used as model sorbents. A nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, was used to enhance dissolution of naphthalene. Sorption kinetics of naphthalene onto silica, kaolin and natural soil were investigated and analyzed using several kinetic models. The two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) was fitted better than the other models. From the results of TCFOKM, the fast sorption coefficient of naphthalene (k1) was in the order of silica > kaolin > natural soil, whereas the slow sorbing fraction (k2) was in the reverse order. Sorption isotherms of naphthalene were linear with organic carbon content (foc) in soils, while those of Triton X-100 were nonlinear and correlated with CEC and BET surface area. Sorption of Triton X-100 was higher than that of naphthalene in all soils. The effectiveness of a SER system depends on the distribution coefficient (KD) of naphthalene between mobile and immobile phases. In surfactant-sorbed soils, naphthalene was adsorbed onto the soil surface and also partitioned onto the sorbed surfactant. The partition coefficient (KD) of naphthalene increased with surfactant concentration. However, the KD decreased as the surfactant concentration increased above CMC in all soils. This indicates that naphthalene was partitioned competitively onto both sorbed surfactants (immobile phase) and micelles (mobile phase). For the mineral soils such as silica and kaolin, naphthalene removal by mobile phase would be better than that by immobile phase because the distribution of naphthalene onto the micelles (Kmic) increased with the nonionic surfactant concentration (Triton X-100). For the natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content, however, the naphthalene removal by immobile phase would be better than that by mobile phase, because a high amount of Triton X-100 could be sorbed onto the natural soil and the sorbed surfactant also could sorb the relatively higher amount of naphthalene.