본 연구는 실제 복합 상수도 관망 시스템에서 서지탱크의 직경 및 설치 위치에 따른 수두 감쇠 효과를 수치해석적으로 평가하고, 천이류 분석을 통해 상수도 관망 시스템에서 수격 방지 장치로서 활용되는 서지탱크의 최적 설계 및 배치 조건을 선정하고자 하였다. 천이류 기반 수치해석은 서지탱크 해석 이론이 결합된 특성선 방법 기반 모델을 통해 실제 상수도 관망을 단순화⋅골격화한 관망 시스템을 대상으로 수행했으며, 관망 시스템에서 천이류의 영향을 크게 받는 특정 절점을 선정하여 각 절점에서 밸브 조작 조건에 따른 천이류 발생 시나리오를 설정하였다. 먼저 밸브 급폐(1.337 s) 조건의 단일 시나리오에서 서지탱크의 직경별 성능을 비교한 결과, 수두 감쇠율이 0.61%∼13.31%로 나타난 직경 0.2 m 조건이 최적 직경으로 선정되었다. 다음으로 밸브 완폐(12.033 s) 조건의 시나리오에서 선정된 직경 0.2 m 서지탱크의 설치 위치를 평가한 결과, 46개 지점 중 37번 절점에 서지탱크를 설치하는 것이 수두를 25.44%∼32.22% 감쇠시켜 본 연구 조건에서 최대 감쇠 효과를 나타냈다.

The study investigated the applicability of a freestanding retaining wall system, with a combination of H-beams and precast concrete blocks. Additionally, the study utilized finite element analysis in ABAQUS. The concrete damaged plasticity and Mohr–Coulomb models were employed to model concrete and soil, respectively. The key parameters included H-beam size (100 × 100, 200 × 200, and 300 × 300 mm), wall height (6.0, 4.5, and 3.0 m), and embedment depth (3.0, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 m), with displacement limits of 24, 18, and 12 mm. For 6.0-m walls, only the 300 × 300-mm H-beam with a 3.0-m embedment met the displacement criteria. Most combinations for the 4.5- and 3.0-m walls met the criteria, with the exception of the smallest displacement limit at 4.5-m walls with reduced embedment. The results showed that, assuming proper embedment, wall behavior is governed by H-beam stiffness, with 300 × 300-, 200 × 200-, and 100 × 100-mm beams suitable for 6.0-, 4.5-, and 3.0-m walls, respectively.

본 연구는 해양 환경에 설치되는 도교 구조물의 강재 부재의 부식 문제를 해결하고자 내부식성 재료인 FRP 제품으로 대체하 는 연구 과제의 일환으로써, 대체 구조물 설계 및 구조적 건전성 검증과 FRP 거더(GFRP, CFRP) 적용 시의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 수치해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 대체 구조물의 경우, 인천항 갑문 인근의 리딩피어 연결도교의 제원을 기반으로 각종 KDS 기준에 근거하여 설계되었으며, ABAQUS를 이용한 3차원 유한요소해석 모델을 통해 재료 변화에 따른 구조 거동을 비교⋅분석하였다. 하중 조건은 보도교 설계기준에 따라 0.0035 MPa의 등분포 활하중 등을 고려하였으며, 두 가지 하중 조합(극한한계상태, Case 1 및 사용 한계상태 Case 2)에 대해 검토하였다. 해석 결과, 사용성 측면에서 모든 하중 조합에 대해 허용 처짐(22.22 mm)을 만족하였다. GFRP 는 낮은 강성으로 강재 대비 처짐이 약 23.4% 증가했으나, CFRP는 강재 대비 약 0.3% 감소하여 강재와 유사한 거동을 보였다. 동적 특성 분석 결과, 모든 재료가 보행자 유발 공진 가능성이 낮은 것으로 확인되었으며, 내구성 측면에서 또한 마찬가지로 모든 재료가 휨, 전단, 축 하중에 대해 충분한 구조적 안정성을 확보하였다. GFRP 적용 시, 낮은 강성으로 인해 하중이 난간으로 재분배되는 현상 이 관찰되었으며, 이로 인해 난간의 축 압축 Damage가 강재 대비 약 24.9% 증가하였다. CFRP는 강재와 유사한 거동 특성을 보였으 나, 전단력 Damage에서 강재 대비 약 209.2% 및 GFRP 대비 약 110.2% 높게 산정되어 휨 성능 대비 전단 성능이 내구성 검토 시 더 불리하게 작용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 FRP 거더, 특히 CFRP가 강재의 부식 문제를 해결할 수 있는 효과적인 대체재 로 작용할 수 있음을 정량적으로 검증하였다. 다만, 제시된 해석 모델은 Beam 요소를 이용한 단순화된 모델로써, 재료의 이방성 및 접합부 국부 거동을 상세히 규명하는 데에는 한계가 명확하다. 따라서 후속 연구로써 상세 해석을 통한 최적 설계 검토가 필요할 것으 로 판단된다.

In conventional construction methods, the slab-balcony junction often experiences thermal bridging. This phenomenon arises from the discontinuity of insulation materials, leading to energy loss and condensation that can compromise the structure's usability and durability. To address this issue, thermal break insulation systems were installed between the slab and balcony to effectively prevent thermal bridging and energy loss, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of buildings. This study aims to enhance both the structural performance and thermal efficiency of slab-balcony connections in residential buildings. To assess the impact of the thermal break insulation system, two experimental specimens were prepared: one incorporating the system and the other without it. Experimental results confirmed that the inclusion of reinforcing bars significantly improved the connection's structural load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed that the thermal break insulation system outperformed conventional insulation methods by reducing the thermal damage ratio and maintaining higher surface temperatures at the connection. In addition, a structural analysis using an FEM (finite element analysis) program was conducted to evaluate the load distribution across the specimens, demonstrating that the experimental data accurately predicted the structural behavior of the connections.

This paper was studied to improve the efficiency of big fans through the modification of the impeller shape while maintaining other parameters such as casing geometry(shape), entry and exit diameter, rotation speed, number of blades, flow rate, and static pressure in accordance with the field requirements including the existing installation. Numerical calculation based on semi-empirical formula(SEF) and the methodology of computational fluid mechanics(CFD) were used. It is widely used in the chemical industry, and a large fan with a nominal flow capacity of 510,000 m/h and a static pressure of 11,000 Pa was used as a case study. In this study, the theoretical performance comparison and field measurements of the existing fan and crystal fan geometry designs were conducted. The results of the study showed that the modified geometric design can contribute to reducing the absorption power by up to 135 kW, thereby increasing the fan efficiency by up to 5.87%.

Small VTOL platforms envisioned for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) require compact and high–disk-loading propulsion systems, for which coaxial propellers are a suitable option. While counter-rotating coaxial propellers have been widely studied due to their torque-cancellation advantages, combined experimental and CFD-based research on coaxial co-rotating systems remains limited. This study investigates the aerodynamic performance of such a system using RANS-based CFD simulations, complemented by parallel experiments for validation. A pair of 18-inch, two-bladed propellers was arranged in a stacked layout, with mounting angle and inter-rotor spacing treated as key design variables. Results indicate that rotor–rotor interference leads to a maximum Figure of Merit (FoM) of 0.51 when the upper rotor leads at H/D = 0.07 and index angle of +15°. Increasing axial spacing generally improves the performance of both the upper and lower rotors, with the maximum thrust of 17.5N obtained at H/D = 0.07 and +45°. These performance trends were confirmed experimentally, and differences between CFD predictions and measurements remained within 5% for thrust and 6% for torque, demonstrating strong agreement. This study identifies influential design parameters for coaxial co-rotating propeller systems and provides a validated numerical methodology, offering a useful foundation for future high-efficiency Electric Distributed Propulsion System (EDPS) development.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of applying a bending process as an alternative to the conventional welding method for rolled homogeneous armor(RHA) steel used in the turret structures of tanks. After analyzing the turret geometry and the mechanical characteristics of RHA steel, the upper and lower die profiles were optimized based on the MIL-DTL-12560 specification. Through forming simulations, the appropriate die opening width and punch stroke were derived. In particular, the final bending conditions were determined by accounting for springback effects. Structural analysis results confirmed that the maximum residual stress and total strain remained within the allowable mechanical limits of RHA steel, and the strain values approached the material’s elongation limit of approximately 15%, ensuring practical forming stability. This study presents a practical guideline for die design and bending conditions applicable to high-strength armor steels, and is expected to serve as a foundational reference for process optimization in the manufacturing of military vehicles and protective structures.

This study investigates the flow resistance and heat transfer characteristics of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger, applied to a water-cooled thermal management system designed for a cabinet-mounted high-performance computer operating aboard naval vessels. The analysis was conducted through both experimental and numerical approaches, focusing on the evaluation of heat transfer performance (j factor) and flow resistance (f factor) under varying air flow rates, while maintaining a fixed fin geometry and arrangement. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing the variation of the j factor along the total length of the heat exchanger to understand the impact of exchanger length on thermal performance. In the numerical analysis, instead of modeling the entire heat exchanger, a representative repeated unit composed of a single fin and twelve connected tubes was simulated. The outlet temperature from each tube segment was sequentially used as the inlet condition for the subsequent segment. This methodology significantly enhances computational efficiency while providing reliable predictions of progressive thermal characteristics along the flow path.

수치 모의 실험에서 보여주는 블랙홀 주변의 강착원반은 유입기체의 조건에 따라서 때로는 안정적으로 때로는 불안정적으로 나타난다. 이 연구에서는 여러 가지 다른 종류의 해석적인 해를 가진 기체들 중 충격파의 특성을 잘 보 여주는 점성을 가진 기체에 대하여 Lagrangian TVD+remap 코드를 사용하여 2차원적인 원통좌표계에서 수치모의 실험 을 시행하였다. 수치모의 실험은 점성이 0.01을 가진 점성 이류가스 (viscously advected flow)가 400rg인 바깥쪽 경계 면 (outer boundary)에서 유입되었다. 유입된 기체는 블랙홀 가까이에서는 해석적인 해와 잘 일치하였으나 100rg 부근 에서 나타나는 충격파의 위치는 시간에 따라 변화함을 보여주었다. 이 기체에 대한 해석적인 해에서는 100rg 부근에서 특정 각운동량 (specific angular momentum)이 역전되는 곳이 존재하는데, 수치모의 실험에서는 특정 각운동량이 역전 되고 있는 지점에서 충격파의 존재가 관측되었다. 이 충격파는 블랙홀에 의하여 흡수되는 질량 부착율이 증가할 때, 안 쪽으로 진행하면서, 때로는 안쪽에서 새로운 충격파를 생성하기도 하였으며, 안쪽과 바깥쪽의 충격파가 충돌하는 현상 을 보이기도 하였다. 평균 질량 부착율은 유입 질량의 20-30%로 나타나며, 가끔씩 평균질량의 2-3배 되는 질량 부착율 을 보여주기도 하고, 해석적인 해에서 예측하는 것처럼 z-축방향으로의 제트 흐름을 보이기도 하였다.

대부분의 원전 설비의 내진 해석에는 해석이 비교적 간편하고, 설계에 보수성을 적절히 반영할 수 있어 대부분 기기가 설치된 위치에서의 층응답스펙트럼 혹은 In-structure response spectrum을 이용한 응답스펙트럼 해석을 주로 이용하고 있다. 설비 공급자 는 설계 시방서에 층응답스펙트럼 선도의 형태로 입력 지진파 자료를 받게 되는데, 필요시 이를 바탕으로 인공 지진파을 만들어 해석 혹은 시험을 수행한다. 설계지반응답스펙트럼의 경우 RG 1.60에 주어지고 SRP 3.7.1의 요건에 따라 인공 지진파 시간 이력을 생성하 나, 층응답스펙트럼의 경우 명확은 기준이 없어 이를 따르고 있다. 층응답스펙트럼은 구조물의 동특성이 반영되기 때문에 지반응답스 펙트럼에 비해 형태가 복잡하여 기존의 P-CARES 등의 인공 지진파 생성 프로그램을 이용할 경우 SRP 3.7.1의 요건에 맞는 시간 이력 인공 지진파를 얻기 위해서는 상당한 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수치 최적화를 이용하여 복잡한 형태의 층응답스펙트럼이 라도 SRP 3.7.1의 요건 내에서 그 형태를 따르는 인공 지진파 시간 이력을 효율적으로 생성할 수 있는 절차를 개발하였다.

The thermal management of high-density electronics within military shelters is a critical challenge for ensuring operational reliability, particularly under harsh field conditions involving significant solar radiation. This study presents a numerical investigation using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to optimize an air-cooling system for an electronics rack housed in a military shelter. Four distinct cooling configurations were analyzed and compared: (1) a baseline model relying on natural convection, (2) a fan-assisted forced convection model, (3) a direct cold air supply model using an insulated duct, and (4) a hybrid model integrating both fans and the duct. Boundary conditions were established based on the high temperature and solar radiation criteria of the MIL-STD-810G standard. To quantitatively evaluate the cooling efficiency of each system, a normalized performance index derived from a weighted sum of the average temperature and temperature standard deviation was employed. The results demonstrate that the baseline configuration leads to critical overheating, with component temperatures reaching up to 124℃. In contrast, the hybrid fan-duct system exhibited the most superior performance, effectively reducing the maximum temperature to 59℃. This is attributed to a powerful synergistic effect, where the qualitative supply of low-temperature air via the duct is combined with the quantitative distribution of flow rate throughout the system by the fans. This study elucidates an effective thermal management strategy for electronics in military shelters exposed to severe environments, identifying the integrated fan-duct system as the most robust and optimal air-cooling solution.

This study simulated the thermal characteristics of a liquefied hydrogen (LH) tank with varying multi-layer insulation (MLI) thickness and surrounding conditions. A transient heat conduction simulation was conducted using ANSYS Fluent software to predict the temperature distribution of the LH tank. The LH tank is composed of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), MLI, and an Air layer for thermal insulation. A large MLI thickness delayed temperature changes inside the MLI due to its low thermal diffusivity. And then, the temperature rapidly increased near the outer wall, resulting in thermal non-uniformity. Therefore, when designing a LH tank with MLI materials, it would be necessary to optimize the design (i.e., MLI thickness) by considering structural stability issues caused by thermal non-uniformity. In addition, as the surrounding temperature increased and the convective heat transfer coefficient became higher, the enhanced heat transfer led to a higher temperature gradient within the LH tank, bringing the outer wall temperature of the LH tank closer to the environmental conditions. The results of this study will significantly contribute to establishing a comprehensive thermal database for predicting the thermal-structural behaviors, considering the thermal stress induced by the thermal distribution of LH tanks, which depends on the installation conditions and environment.

The use of aluminum-based hybrid metal matrix composite (HMMC) materials, especially in engine components like pistons, is intended to improve wear resistance and overall performance. Crucial tribological indicators, such as wear and friction coefficients, underscore the significance of these materials. However, present aluminum alloys have limited wear because of clustered reinforced particles and relatively high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), resulting in inadequate anti-seizure properties during dry sliding conditions. This research introduces a novel “Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite of Al7068 Reinforced with Fly Ash-SiC-Al2O3”. Al7068 is employed for its superior strength-to-weight ratio and specific modulus, which is ideal for components exposed to cyclic loads and varying temperatures. The integration of fly Ash (FA), silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina (Al2O3) as reinforcements enhances wear resistance, diminishes particle clustering, improves stiffness, mitigates CTE discrepancies, and fortifies the composite against strain and corrosion, thereby enhancing its overall performance. The Stir-casting method was used with optimized reinforcement percentages (10 % total), and comprehensive evaluations through wear tests and mechanical property analyses determined the composite's optimal composition. The proposed HMMC variant with the most suitable reinforcement percentage exhibited enhanced engine piston functionality, reduced wear, low deformation of 0.20 mm, and a comparatively higher ultimate tensile strength of 190 megapascals (Mpa).

Conductive polymeric composites (CPC) incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon fibers (CF) offer promising potential in self-heating applications due to their superior electrical and thermal properties. This study investigates the synergistic effects of CNT and CF on the electrical conductivity and heat-generation capabilities of CNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites. Three CF lengths (0.1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm) were systematically evaluated to establish hierarchical conductive networks. The incorporation of 6 mm CF into CNT/PDMS composites resulted in a 72% increase in electrical conductivity compared to composites with 0.1 mm CF. Despite these enhancements in electrical performance, the heat-generation capabilities, based on simulations and experimental validation, showed minimal dependence on CF length. A micromechanics-based numerical approach was used to compare and validate the experimental findings, identifying limitations in current analytical models, especially in predicting the heat-generation behavior.