This paper aims to investigate how and to what extent ‘critical’ global citizenship is reflected in middle school English textbooks in Korea. Framed within Freire’s concept of critical literacy, the study is concerned with analyzing the written texts in two English textbooks, with a focus on the issue of representations. Using critical content analysis, the research centers on unpacking how race, racism, or racialization, especially in the United States, is represented, and to what extent these representations may be associated with global citizenship education in English language learning. The major findings indicate a notable absence of sufficient sociohistorical and cultural contexts of race in the United States as presented in the concerned English textbooks. Based on the analysis, this paper calls for an expansion of the dimensions of critical global citizenship in English language learning settings, aiming to provide students with broader opportunities to question colonial discourse and challenge issues related to power and systemic oppression.

This study investigates the social construction and continual (re)production of the cultural Other through educational materials, focusing on Korean middle school English textbooks. Twelve middle school English textbooks from four publishers were collected and analyzed, with a focus on how they (mis)represent cultures and practices of minority groups. Utilizing critical content analysis to examine both visual and written texts in the textbooks, this research uncovers recurring patterns of exoticizing and commodifying Hawai’ian culture, homogenizing African culture, and romanticizing Indigenous peoples. The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of how cultural representations in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks shape perceptions and influence societal dynamics. They also illuminate how these representations reflect and perpetuate Eurocentric colonialist discourse. Moreover, the results underscore the importance of equipping educators, especially English teachers, with critical literacy. This empowers them to identify hidden power relations that reinforce stereotypes, and actively engage in the construction of a more inclusive and equitable society.

핵심정서(core affect) 이론에 따르면, 정서는 정서가(valence)와 각성가(arousal)의 독립적인 두 차원의 구성으로 이루어진다(Russell, 2003; Russell & Barrett, 1999). 기존 정서 연구에서는 정서를 유발하는 여러 시청각 자극들이 핵심정서 차원에 위치한다는 사실을 밝혀냈다. 하지만 기존 연구에서 사용된 대부분의 자극은 시각과 청각에 국한되 어 있었으며, 미각 자극들을 활용한 연구는 많지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정서유발 자극으로서 미각 자극을 활용 하여 유발된 정서가 미각 자극의 속성에 따라 핵심정서 차원에 표상되는지 알아보고자 하였다. 실험 자극으로 실생 활에서 접할 수 있는 식품들을 4가지 기본 맛 유형(단맛, 쓴맛, 신맛, 그리고 짠맛), 그리고 2가지 맛의 강도 설계로 자극을 선정하였다. 참가자들에게 각 자극을 제시하고, 자극에 대한 맛 평정과 참가자가 느낀 정서를 평정하도록 하였다. 수집된 자료는 일변량분석방법인 반복측정변량분석과 다변량분석방법인 다차원척도법(multidimensional scaling) 및 분류분석(classification)으로 분석하였다. 변량분석 결과, 참가자들은 단맛을 지각할수록 긍정적인 정서 를, 쓴맛 혹은 짠맛을 지각할수록 부정적인 정서를 경험하였다. 각성가 결과에서는 맛의 강도가 강할수록 더 높은 각성 경험이 보고되었다. 다차원척도법 분석 결과, 1차원에서 단맛 대 쓴맛 그리고 짠맛 대비를, 2차원에서 쓴맛과 짠맛 구분을 확인하였다. 벡터 피팅 결과는 핵심정서이론의 설명대로 1차원이 정서가, 2차원이 각성가 차원으로 구 성되었음을 지지하였다. 분류분석 결과 참가자들의 정서 반응을 통해 미각 자극의 맛 유형을 유의미하게 예측할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 미각 자극도 자극 속성에 따라 핵심정서차원에 위치한다는 것을 시사한다.

This article investigates from a critical discourse studies perspective the news media representations of inbound international students in Korean higher education. In light of the ideological workings of discourse and the media's social impact on the public consciousness, the current study examines the structures and detailed meanings of the media portrayals of international students as regards the three dimensions of the textual feature, discursive practice, and social practice. The findings suggest that the media representations of international students are racialized according to stratified power relations in the context of Korean higher education, and that the racialization and stratification is undergirded by neoliberal capitalist ideology of internationalization, ambivalent diversity discourse of Others, and benevolent care discourse of the minoritized. A range of discursive othering strategies are deployed in the news texts to render more newsworthy the reported issues and incidents concerning international students. The article concludes and argues that more fluid approaches to diversity should be developed to account for the complexity and multiplicity of transnational subjectivities.

News media discourses almost inevitably reflect their social and national context. A useful text case of this may be demonstrated with a critical analysis of the discursive patterns of metaphors in accounts of the social phenomenon known as the Arab Spring. In order to analyze those patterns, this paper uses data collected from online articles in the British national daily newspaper, The Guardian and the English version of the Chinese national daily newspaper, The People's Daily. The results demonstrate how the different ideological contexts of the two national newspapers are affirmed and reinforced in the discursive choices of metaphors on the Arab Spring. These results also reveal the newspapers' discursive strategy of positive self and negative other presentation to support their respective national context in the macro structure of political power and ideology.

In this paper, two Korean textbooks that are most widely used in American colleges are analyzed for representations of gender, race and nationality. Literature review shows that representation in textbooks does matter for learners and that representations of gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, cultural diversities, disabilities, sexualities, non-nativeness, occupations, age, socioeducational backgrounds, etc. have been concerns of the researchers. While there have been a lot of studies on representations in EFL/ESL textbooks, such research on KFL/KSL textbooks is relatively new, even though representation is an important issue to the Korean language education in the era of globalization and multicultralism. The main characters who have names, conversations and illustrations and keep appearing throughout the analyzed textbooks are investigated. The main characters' number of appearances, firstness-the number of times to be presented first in exericses, examples or sentences-occasions, all speaking turns and I (initiation in the IRF sequence, Sinclair & Coulthard (1975))s are tallied, and it is explored if the numbers are relevant to the gender, nationality and race of the characters. Some analyzation of conversations and illustrations are also done for more discussion, which includes how KFL/KSL textbooks could be better in terms of representation.

Although the concept of “common sense” is often taken for granted, judging whether behavior or knowledge is common sense requires a complex series of mental processes. Additionally, different perceptions of common sense can lead to social conflicts. Thus, it is important to understand how we perceive common sense and make relevant judgments. The present study investigated the dynamics of neural representations underlying judgments of what common sense is. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants indicated the extent to which they thought that a given sentence corresponded to common sense under the given perspective. We incorporated two different decision contexts involving different cultural perspectives to account for social variability of the judgments, an important feature of common sense judgments apart from logical true/false judgments. Our findings demonstrated that common sense versus non-common sense perceptions involve the amygdala and a brain network for episodic memory recollection, including the hippocampus, angular gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, suggesting integrated affective, mnemonic, and social functioning in common sense processing. Furthermore, functional connectivity multivariate pattern analysis revealed that interactivity among the amygdala, angular gyrus, and parahippocampal cortex reflected representational features of common sense perception and not those of non-common sense perception. Our study demonstrated that the social memory network is exclusively involved in processing common sense and not non-common sense. These results suggest that intergroup exclusion and misunderstanding can be reduced by experiencing and encoding long-term social memories about behavioral norms and knowledge that act as common sense of the outgroup.

Jang, In Chull & Yang, In Young. 2018. “Linguistic Representations of Korean Immigrant English in North American Media Space: An Analysis of Appa's English in Kim's Convenience”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(2), 1~36. With the increasing importance of the mass media in social life and the linguistic changes it incurs, sociolinguistic research on linguistic representations in cinematic discourse has been increasing recently. Situated within this growing body of emerging scholarship in sociolinguistics, this study examines how Korean immigrant English is represented in a Canadian TV sitcom, Kim’s Convenience. Drawing on the perspective that linguistic performances in fictional discourse serve as resources for sociolinguistic styling and characterization, this paper investigates how the linguistic representations of Korean immigrant English contribute to authenticating the character of a middle-aged male Korean immigrant called Appa in the TV series. For this purpose, Appa's English used throughout the TV series' first season (13 episodes) was analyzed at the phonological, syntactic, lexical, thematic, and semiotic levels. The analysis revealed that each linguistic level shows distinct but concerted efforts regarding the authentication of Appa as a Korean immigrant. The phonological features of his English effectively share those of Korean English, whereas the syntactic representations are characteristic of a simple register. The lexical, thematic, and semiotic representations additionally reinforce Appa's “Koreanness” through the sitcom's integration of topics and images related to Korean culture.

Quinto Edward Jay Mansarate. 2015. “Dichotomizing Ideological Representations in President Benigno Aquino III's October 30th Address”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(2). 65~95. On October 30th 2013, Philippine President Benigno S. Aquino III addressed the Filipino people in a 12-minute televised speech, in which he defended the government's spending program, Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP), against accusations of it being the President's version of lawmakers' Priority Assistance Development Fund (PDAF) or ‘Pork Barrel.’ This paper examined ideological representations through a systematic discourse analysis of the 19-paragraph, 1851-word speech. In particular, the paper examined lexical choices within the bounds of ‘biased lexical items’ in political discourse (van Dijk 2005) and ‘referential strategy’ (Wodak, De Cillia & Reisigl 1999). Analysis of data pointed to the polarization of pronouns representing ‘US’ and ‘THEM.’ Data also revealed that positive-self and negative-others representations were achieved through the use of two strategies in van Dijk's (1998) ideological square: (i) emphasis of good things about ‘US’ and (ii) emphasis of bad things about ‘THEM.’ These strategies framed the President and his administration under good governance and administration accomplishments, while framing the critics and opposition as enemies of good governance and part of a failed past. The President's discursive choices reinforced the underlying ideological implication, ‘the Disbursement Acceleration Program is not pork barrel.’ The paper closes with some implications for future research. (200)

Noh, Bo-kyung & Ban, Hyun. 2014. Deciphering Ideological Representations in Editorials of Two U.S. Quality Newspapers. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(2), 23-44. The United States federal government entered a shutdown due to the ideological dispute between Democrats and Republicans from October 1 through 16, 2013. This paper attempts to elucidate ideological representations through a thorough analysis of editorials in two elite newspapers, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. In particular, we examined how an in-group and an out-group were formed, and how the formation was reinforced in terms of in-group homogeneity and out-group exclusion, by means of linguistic features such as naming choices, the so-called editorial we, and lexical selections, following van Dijk's (1998) ideological square. The results are as follows: (i) the Wall Street Journal emphasized “their” bad properties more aggressively than the New York Times, while the New York Times emphasized both “their” bad qualities and “our” good qualities in a more moderate way than the Wall Street Journal; (ii) the two strategies of emphasis and mitigation enabled both newspapers to reinforce in-group homogeneity and out-group exclusion: The Wall Street Journal openly framed Republicans as the in-group and Democrats as the out-group, whereas the New York Times posited Americans and Democrats as the in-group, in relation to Republicans. (191)

본 연구에서는 사람들이 공인에게 기대하는 바가 무엇인지 알아보고 이것이 공인으로 인식되는 사회 집단에 대한 실제 평가와 어떤 차이를 보이는지를 사회연결망 분석을 통해 알아보았다. 전자는 이상적 공인에 대한 인지적 표상이고 후자는 본 연구에서 밝혀진 바, 대표적인 공인으로 인식되는 정치인과 연예인에 대한 고정관념이라고 할 수 있다. 정치인과 연예인에 대한 사람들의 실제 평가는 이상적 공인의 모습과 상당한 거리가 있었다. 이상적 공인에 대해서 사람들은 도덕성과 따뜻한 인품, 능력과 성실함을 기대하고 있었지만 정치인에 대한 고정관념은 전반적으로 매우 부정적이었고 연예인에 대한 고정관념에도 이상적 공인의 표상에 나타나지 않은 부정적 특성들이 많이 포함되어 있었다. 본 연구에서는 각 집단에 대한 인지적 표상뿐만 아니라 정서적 반응에 대해서도 알아보았는데 사람들이 이상적 공인에 대해서는 긍정적 정서를, 정치인에 대해서는 부정적 정서를, 연예인에 대해서는 긍정적 정서를 중심으로 부정적 정서도 일부 함께 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 이러한 결과를 어떻게 이해할 수 있는지 논의하고, 이상적 공인 및 실제 공인의 특성에 대한 연구의 중요성과 앞으로의 연구방향을 제시하였다.

We investigated the possibility of whether there is a post-vocalic ‘r’ in phonological representations of Korean L2 English speakers and the extent to which they exploit their knowledge of mapping graphemes onto phonemes within each correspondence between orthography and phonemes. First, the results obtained in the pseudohomophone task showed that R-items were responded to with higher accuracy and shorter RT than Non-R items. It suggests that there is no post-vocalic ‘r’ in phonological representations of Korean L2 speakers unlike Australian native English speakers and that Korean L2 learners are truly non-rhotic speakers. Another striking finding is that accuracy and RT for visual lexical access varied depending on the transparency between orthography and its corresponding phonemes. This indicates that Korean L2 speakers’ knowledge about the association of graphemes and phonemes varies depending on each type of correspondence between spellings and phonemes. Finally, it was found that the frequency of the base words also affected the retrieval of words along with the orthographic depth in grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences.

게임을 접해보지 않은 사람들은 게임을 주로 이미지를 통해 판단한다. 폭력성, 선정성 등 게임에 대한 부정적인 담론 역시 대부분 게임의 시각 이미지에서 비롯된다. 하지만 게임의 이미지는 게임과 떨어져 독립적으로 존재하지 않는다. 게임 이미지는 규칙, 시스템, 움직임, 스토리 등 게임의 여러 요소와 결합되어 게이머에게 전달된다. 이 글에서는 다양한 게임 이미지 중에서도 게임의 캐릭터에 주목하였다. 게임 캐릭터는 규칙을 전달하는 단순한 기호에서 시작하여 각 장르별로 다양한 유형으로 발전하였다. 게임 캐릭터의 진화 과정을 통해 우리는 게임 이미지의 일반적인 속성을 보다 명확하게 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

Boredom has been recognized as an important cultural symptom in the formation of modernism. Charles Baudelaire, who had affected to a remarkable extent upon modernism, was representatively a poet of “spleen” or in other words, “boredom.” It is widely conjectured that T. S. Eliot, who was once under the influence of Baudelaire, was interested in the problem of boredom as a socio-cultural phenomenon. There have been several terms that designate the similar meaning to boredom such as, melancholy, acedia, ennui and so on. As they are various, the individual meanings and usages are slightly different. However, it is widely acknowledged that the concept of boredom first emerged before and after the World Wars to be merged into modernity. Therefore, the problem of boredom shows the slice of human mentality in an industrialized and urbanized society that may expands into the existential problems. In this respect, The Waste Land shows the barren and sterile landscape of human mind after experiencing the World War, in which people had witnessed absurdity, meaninglessness of life, the sense of emptiness, and the overwhelming boredom. Eliot suggests lots of images of boredom in the poem, these images sometimes appear directively and other times by way of providing barren images of natural landscapes that metaphorize the human existential conditions. Most of such images are very much poetic; and also at the same time, they are the life conditions that modernist writers tried to express as the core essence of life in modernism. The Waste Land is one of the most representative texts that show this relationship between boredom and modernism.