In accordance with the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency, operators of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP)s must conduct full cyber security exercise once a year and partial exercise at least once every half year. Nuclear operators need to conduct exercise on systems with high attack attractiveness in order to respond to the unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage of nuclear facilities. Nuclear facilities identify digital assets that perform SSEP (Safety, Security, and Emergency Preparedness) functions as CDA (Critical Digital Assets), and nuclear operators select exercise target systems from the CDA list and perform the exercise. However, digital assets that have an indirect impact (providing access, support, and protection) from cyber attacks are also identified as CDAs, and these CDAs are relatively less attractive to attack. Therefore, guidelines are needed to select the exercise target system in the case of unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage response exercise. In the case of unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material, these situations cannot occur with cyber attacks and external factors such as terrorists must be taken into consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the list of CDAs that terrorists can use for cyber attacks among CDAs located in the path of stealing and transporting nuclear material and conduct intensive exercise on these CDAs. A typical example is a security system that can delay detection when terrorists attack facilities. In the case of sabotage exercise, a safety-related system that causes an initiating event by a cyber attack or failure to mitigate an accident in a DBA (Design Basis Accident) situation should be selected as an exercise target. It is difficult for sabotage to occur through a single cyber attack because a nuclear facility has several safety concepts such as redundancy, diversity. Therefore, it can be considered to select an exercise target system under the premise of not only a cyber attack but also a physical attack. In the case of NPPs, it is assumed that LOOP (Loss of Offsite Power) has occurred, and CDA relationships to accident mitigation can be selected as an exercise target. Through exercise on the CDA, which is more associated with unauthorized removal of nuclear or other radioactive material and sabotage of nuclear facilities, it is expected to review the continuity plan and check systematic response capabilities in emergencies caused by cyber attacks.

The cyber-attack on Natanz nuclear facility in Iran which called Stuxnet showed how cyber could affect the physical system. If cyber-attack on NPPs compromise digital I&C system, it may occur some malfunction on actuators and at worst, radioactive material released into the environment. However, it is hard to test the cyber security on operating NPPs because of the safety problems. So, it is necessary to develop a test-bed to test both the cyber security of NPPs and the effect of cyber-attack on NPPs. KINAC has been developing NPPs test-bed to evaluate the cyber security of NPPs, validate cyber security controls of licensee and train the inspectors. In this paper, the conceptual design of NPPs cyber security test-bed will be discussed. Actual I&C systems such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and DCS (Distributed Control System) are essential for testing cyber security. Also, NPPs simulator is one of important part to evaluate or analyze the effect of cyber-attack on NPPs. Usually, NPPs simulator consists of software which contains nuclear model, thermal-hydraulic model, execution program and GUI and hardware which contains workstation, operator console, PC and large display panel. It provides very similar to actual NPPs to users. However, in case of conventional NPPs simulator, I&C part is implemented as a software, so it is impossible to test the cyber security. To solve this issue, in case of the NPPs cyber security test-bed, I&C part should be hardware and simulation code should be modified to connect the hardware I&C part and software simulator using the HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop) method. The main purpose of this NPPs cyber security test-bed is to utilize in NPPs cyber security regulation. So, KINAC is developing the test-bed with APR 1400 simulator model and KNICS PLC and DCS platform. These real hardware I&C system will be connected to hacker’s PC to test cyber security of NPPs. Also, the data set will be updated with real NPPs data set after the test-bed development finished. Furthermore, to give various analysis environment, archiving equipment that archive major plant process data, network packet between I&C systems and the like will be added. This NPPs cyber security test-bed combined the good points of conventional NPPs simulator and cyber security test-bed. It can test the cyber security of NPPs that conventional NPPs simulator cannot do. Also, it can evaluate and analyze the impact of cyber-attack on NPPs that cyber security test-bed cannot do.

In December 26, 2017, the Ministry of Science and ICT’s Cyber Infringement Response Division, the KCC’s Internet Ethics Team, and the National Police Agency’s Cyber Investigation Division announced the “Comprehensive IP Camera Measures” to prevent damage to users by strengthening IP camera security. The background was a countermeasure against the spread of public anxiety such as leakage of privacy and threatening national security as cases of illegal filming and distribution of videos by accessing IP cameras without permission at that time occurred. At that time, the measures consisted of three major strategies: institutionalization of products with security (manufacturing and import stage), rapid action and response to hacking threats in advance, and intelligent advancement of IP cameras (industrial development) and fostering various video and safety industries. This paper deals with the development of installation standards and evaluation indicators for CCTV systems installed in the relevant national security facility. When designing a CCTV system, the resolution and sensitivity of the camera, the angle of view of the lens, and the aperture should be selected in consideration of the length and width of the monitoring area. When it is necessary to determine an alarm based on the recorded image information, the resolution of the recording device should also be considered. If there is a restriction on the surveillance area of the camera due to topographic features, visitors, etc., additional cameras should be considered. Additional surveillance cameras should be considered to effectively monitor sections where fences are bent or sections with severe slopes. When designing a CCTV system, supplementary means that can be used for intrusion monitoring should be devised even if the entire or part of the system causes a failure. KISA’s performance test and certification procedures shall apply mutatis mutandis to intelligent CCTV image analysis test procedures and certification. Intelligent CCTV image analysis evaluates the performance of the equipment by comparing files of ground truth (GT) and system alarm (SA) for verification to calculate the evaluation score.

Nuclear security event involving nuclear and other radioactive materials outside of regulatory control (MORC) has the potential to cause severe consequences for public health, the environment, the economy and society. Each state has a responsibility to develop national nuclear security measures including nuclear forensics to respond to such events. In Japan, national nuclear forensics capability building efforts mainly based on research and development (R&D) have been conducted since 2010, in accordance with national statement of Japan at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington DC. Most of that work is undertaken at the Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Nuclear Security (ISCN) of the Japan Atmic Energy Agency (JAEA) in close cooperation with other competent authorities. The ISCN has made increased contributions to the enhancement of international nuclear security by establishing technical capabilities in nuclear forensics and sharing the achievements with the international community. The ISCN has mainly engaged in R&Ds for establishing and enhancing nuclear forensics technical capability. As for the laboratory capability, several new pieces of analytical equipment have been introduced for nuclear forensics R&D purposes. High-precise measurement techniques validated in the past nuclear forensics incidents have been established, and novel techniques that can contribute to the more timely and confident nuclear forensics signature analysis have been developed. The ISCN has been also developed a proto-type nuclear forensics library based on the data of nuclear materials possessed for past nuclear fuel cycle research in JAEA. These technical capability developments have been conducted based on the cooperation with international partners such as the U.S. Department of Energy and EC Joint Research Center, as well as participation in exercises organized by Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group (NF-ITWG). Recent R&D works have been mainly based on the needs of domestic competent authorities, such as first responders and investigators, and aim to develop technologies covering the entire spectrum of nuclear forensics processes from crime scene investigation to laboratory analysis and interpretation. One important key issue is the enhancement of technical capability for post-dispersion nuclear forensics. For instance, the ISCN has carried out the development of radiation measurement equipment coupled with the low-cost and mobile radiation detectors that uses machine-learning algorithms for quick and autonomous radioisotope identification to support first responders during crime scene investigations. Laboratory measurement techniques for samples collected at a post-dispersion crime scene are also among the important technical issues studied at the ISCN. The application of emerging technologies to nuclear forensics has also been studied. This includes the application of deep leaning models to nuclear forensics signature interpretation that could provide more confident results, as well as the development of contamination imaging technology that could contribute to the analytical planning on the samples in collaboration with conventional forensics. Many analytical techniques have been developed and the capability to analyze nuclear and other radioactive materials for nuclear forensics purposes has been considerably matured over the past decade. The challenges of post-dispersion samples, collaboration with conventional forensics and the development of novel signatures will be more important in the near future. Therefore, the ISCN will promote the R&Ds to further enhance the technical capabilities solving these issues. In addition, the ISCN is also promoting to expand the nuclear forensics research into universities and other research institutes in Japan. This is expected to contribute to the establishment of a domestic nuclear forensics network that enables to respond timely and flexibly to the MORC incidents, and to the maturation of nuclear forensics as a new academic field.

The ship security accidents that occur in ships, at sea, and in ports have become increasingly more serious in recent years, and in particular, maritime terrorism and the abduction by pirates are emerging as an international problem. Accordingly, the International Maritime Organization implemented a measures to enhance ship security by adopting SOLAS Chapter 11-2, ISPS-code in 2004. In this study, it was investigated whether JDS-S4, a directional sound receiver developed for responding to ship security accident, has durability and safety suitable for ships. For the purpose, the conducted emission test (CE102) of the US military standard test (MIL-STD-461F) was performed, and it was confirmed that JDS-S4 satisfies the test conditions sufficiently.

원남과 티베트는 중국 남서 국경 지역에 위치하고, 여러 민족과 종교가 혼재되어 있어 중국정부가 통치하는데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 또한 국 경선의 길이가 길어 국가의 중요한 방어구역이기도 하다. 하지만 이 지역 에 대한 학계의 관심과 연구는 상대적으로 빈약하다. 이러한 상황에서 본 논문은 이 지역들의 소속민족의 발전 및 건설 그리고 이들 지역의 고토수 비(守土固边)에 대해 연구한다. 문헌연구를 통해 국가안보차원에서 소수 민족 마을에 대한 건설과 고토수비현황에 대해 기초시설, 경제발전, 민생 발전, 생태문명 등 네 가지 분야로 깊이 고찰한 다음, 이를 통해 문제점을 발견하고 해결책과 발전방안을 제시하였다.

After becoming North Korea's leader, Kim Jongen conducted nuclear tests and missile launches, which not only deepened the relevant countries’ concern about the security situation in the Korean peninsula, but also caused the South Korea to introduce THAAD system from the US, causing a series of knock-on effects. After going through Park Geunhae government’s “Choi Sunsil scandal”, Moon Jaein became the new president of South Korea. As North Korea walked to more extreme on the nuclear issue, Moon government, which originally wants to inherit and carry forward the "Sunshine Policy", has gradually changed security strategic diplomatic stance by not only strengthening the "traditional" alliance with the United States, but also by discussing necessity of enhancing Korea-US and US-Japan alliance. However Moon government knew the “violence to violence” method might help improve the military deterrence against North Korea, but it’s not conductive to ease the situation. This paper adopted literature research method to analyze the influence of South Korea security diplomacy’s strategic change and its influence on the Korean Peninsula. South Korea realized that strengthening military alliance is not a rational choice, but insisting conversation and peace negotiation can find the way out of the dilemma. By doing this, South Korea performed a “sports diplomacy” to North Korea and brought Korea peninsula back to a relatively peaceful and consultative atmosphere.

이 논문의 목적은 ‘방위산업의 침해에 대한 보호’ 라는 관점에서 대내외 적인 방산안보 환경을 분석하고 방산안보정책을 검토하는데 있다. 첨단 분야의 기술을 바탕으로 나날이 발전하고 있는 방위산업 분야의 기술발 전이 새로운 국제안보 정보 환경을 초래하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 방위산 업 침해와 관련한 보호정책은 주로 ’기술탈취‘에 대한 보호에 중점을 두 고 있다. 국가전략 사업의 일환으로 발돋움하고 있는 방위산업이 국가안 보 및 국가경제에 미치는 막대한 영향을 고려할 때, 안보전략적 관점의 방산안보정책 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 방산안보정책의 방향이 방산기술 의 보호는 물론 북한, 외국기업, 외국인, 외국 정보기관 등의 부당한 활 동을 견제, 차단, 방어하기 위한 방산방첩 차원의 역량 강화에 관심이 제 고되고 있다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 방산침해와 관련한 방산안보정책을 검토하고 향후 방산방첩 차원의 방산안보정책 모색에 주안점을 두었다.

쿼드 2.0의 출현은 미국의 인도-태평양 안보 협력에 새로운 구도를 형 성하기 시작했음을 보여주는 대표적 사례라 할 수 있다. 2007년 이후 중 국의 경제 부상과 함께 나타난 군사 비용의 증가는 미국뿐만 아니라 중 국 주변국 모두에게 공동의 위협으로 인식되기에 충분했다. 중국이 지역 패권 강국으로 성장했음에도 미국이 중국을 견제하기 위해 인도-태평양 지역에 안보 역량을 집중하기에는 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 이에 미국은 인 도-태평양지역 동맹국을 중심으로 안보 협력체를 구성하고, 지역 안정화 와 미국의 이익을 지속시키기 위해 노력하고 있다. 특히, 쿼드와 말라바 르 훈련은 기존의 미국 중심의 안보 노력을 지역 행위자들의 공동 노력 으로 전환시키면서 동맹국들에게 지역 행위자로서의 책임감을 부여함과 동시에 미국의 안보 비용 절감을 가져왔다. 그리고 이를 통해 인도-태평 양지역에서의 영향력 유지와 중국 견제를 이어오고 있다.

In this study, the Euro NCAP-based AEB system evaluation simulation was conducted by applying the calculated corrected TTC by road condition estimation of scenarios (CPFA, CPNC, CPLA) of the V2P situation scenario using PC-Crash, a program used for traffic accident analysis. The scenario was evaluated in consideration of the two road conditions. the low-speed conditions among every scenarios avoided collision, but in the medium and high-speed conditions has been collided with pedestrian. It was confirmed that the time point at recognizing pedestrian was lower than set TTC at which AEB system was operated, even though the AEB was operated immediately, a collision occurred due to insufficient braking distance. As in this study, if studies such as V2V, V2P, and V2B considering road friction are actively conducted, it is expected to be useful data for automobile accident prevention and accident analysis.

최근 정부는 공익직불제를 도입하면서 직불금 지급의 근거로 농업 및 농촌이 제공하는 공익기능을 제시하였다. 농업·농촌의 공익기능은 「농업식품 기본법」에서 6가지를 제시하고 있다. 6가지 기능 중 대부분은 시장기구를 통하지 않은 외부성과 관련된 기능들이고, 시장과 직접 연관된 기능은 식량의 안정적 공급 기능이다. 식량의 안정적 공급 기능은 흔히 식량안보 기능으로 언급된다. 그동안 식량안보 기능이 공공재라는 주장은 많았지만 구체적으로 공공재 여부를 살펴본 논문은 없었다. 이 논문은 식량안보 기능을 비배제성과 비경합성의 측면에서 공공재 여부를 판단해봄과 동시에, 식량안보 기능의 수행 주체 및 식량의 범위 등에 대한 논점들을 정리하였다.

점차 최근 들어 새로운 기술로 주목받고 있는 무인항공기 또는 드론을 이용한 테러공격의 개연성이 점차 심각한 위협으로 대두되고 있다. 테러 집단의 신기술에 대한 관심과 투자는 자신들의 테러 목적을 달성과 테러 활동을 지속을 위해 새로운 기술적 수단을 찾는 형태로 지속되고 있다. 이에 따라 오늘날 몇몇 테러집단들은 테러공격수단으로 상당한 수준의 드론을 확보하고 있는 상황이다. 이와 관련해 심각한 문제는 드론을 이 용한 공격이 전통적인 무기를 사용할 때 보다 더 많은 사상자를 발생시킬 수 있고, 대량살상무기들인 핵물질이나 화학물질과 함께 이용하면 그 살상력과 파괴력이 더욱 커진다는 점이다. 또한 드론은 값이 싸며, 조종 이나 이용이 간편하고 기존의 보안시스템을 회피할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 더 나아가 앞으로 테러집단의 드론을 이용한 테러공격이 가속화되고 정교화 될 경우 하드타켓에 대한 테러의 접근이 용이해 질 것으로 보여져 그 피해가 더욱 클 것으로 우려된다. 이 같은 무인항공기 또는 드론을 이용한 테러집단의 테러전략과 전술의 변화를 국제사회는 매우 심각하게 받아들이고 대응할 필요가 있다. 테러세력은 언제나 새로운 공격방법, 진전된 공격무기와 수단을 찾는 다는 점을 인식하고 국가안보기관의 대응 역시 새로운 기술발전의 추이에 발맞추어야 할 것이다. 그러나 국제적으로 기존의 항공법 등과 관련한 다수의 기존법률이 안보기관들의 무인항공기/드론 테러에 대한 대응을 효과적으로 지원하지 못하는 문제점이 존재한다는 점이 지적되고 있다. 국내의 경우도 마찬가지로 이 같은 대응에 대해 아직까지 입법적 조치가 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 따라서 이와 같은 관련 부문에 대한 필요에 따라 이 연구는 국내의 무인항공기 또는 드론의 법적 의미와 그 범위를 파악하고 국내의 무인항공기 관리와 그 문제점들에 대해 평가한다. 또한 미국의 안보기관의 드론 테러 대응 실험 및 연구, 테스트 등을 가능하게 하는 입법조치를 소개하면서 국내의 적용가능성에 대해 논의하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 안보체험관 운영실태 비교를 통해 나라사랑 교육방안을 모색하는데 있다. 약화되고 있는 국민의 안보의식 수준을 제고하고, 국민들로 하여금 나라사랑정신을 실천하는데 기여할 수 있도록 나라사랑 교육과 체험을 동시에 실시하는 방안을 정립하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 장기적 관점에서 나라사랑 안보체험 및 교육시설 건립방안에 초점을 두고 연구를 진행하면서 중․단기적 관점에서 안보체험교육 활용방안 및 대상별 프로그램설계를 부가적으로 연구하여 정책적 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 현재 국내·외에서 실시되고 있는 다양한 안보체험 및 교육시설의 현황과 운영실태를 분석하여 교훈을 도출하고 실행가능한 대안과 방향을 제시하는 데 있다. 둘째, 제시된 대안과 방향을 구체화하여 안보 체험과 교육을 동시에 실시할 수 있는 실행가능한 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 셋째, 관련 정부부처에서 실행 가능한 방안을 실천하고 적용할 수 있는 대상자별 안보체험 및 교육프로그램을 개발하여 제시함으로써 국민들의 국가안보에 대한 인식의 전환을 유도하고 나라사랑정신을 행동으로 실천할 수 있도록 기여하는 데 있다.

Today, the question on the legal instruments of international organisations that impose direct sanctions on individuals and legal entities have surfaced, such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolutions. States are obliged to implement the UNSC Resolutions but would face difficulties in this course. The UNSC’s coercive approach rubs international security against democratic legitimacy, especially when the Resolutions violate due process of law, principle of legality and human rights. To date, Indonesia’s stance on international law (including UNSC Resolutions) under its legal system remains unclear. This study analyses the implementation of the UNSC Resolutions in Indonesia, which has no uniformity without a UN Act. The case of North Korean vessel, MV Wise Honest, highlights the growing confusion in Indonesia because violation of the UNSC Resolutions has not been governed. Conclusively, Indonesia needs to enact a UN Act to provide legal certainty in the implementation of the UNSC Resolutions.

우리나라에서 사회보장이란 용어에 대한 정의와 범주가 명확하지 않고 사회복지라는 용어와 혼용 혹은 혼동되어 사용되고 있다. 일본에서는 일본국 헌법 제25조에 사회보장이라는 용어가 사용되었는데 이는 맥아더 헌법초안 social security가 사회적 안녕과 생활의 보장을 거쳐 사회보장으로 정착되었다. 맥아더헌법초안의 social security는 social welfare의 구체적인 시책 중의 하나로 나열된 것으로 헌법 상에서는 사회적 안녕에서 (사회복지를 포함하는) 공공의 복지로 다시 생활의 보장으로 변경되었으며 최종적으로 사회보장으로 표현되었다. 일본국헌법, 맥아더헌법 초안, 미국의 사회보장법의 모태가 되는 루즈벨트 대통령 의회 특별교서는 security를 the security of the home, the security of the livelihood, the security of social insurance 으로 설명하고 있다. 이에 따르면 사회보장은 주거보장, 생계보장, 사회보험의 보장인 것이다. 오늘 날, 사회주의 국가의 몰락과 자본주의 국가의 변화 등을 고려한다면 향후 다가올 새로운 시대의 새로운 형태의 사 회보장이나 다른 대체어(개념)의 발굴 및 재정립은 필수불가결 할 것이다.