The attraction effects of light emitting diode (LED) trap to Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura adults were evaluated in greenhouse and compared with those of no light trap, which is typical used in commercial trap. At this time, in order to attract these two species of moths, sex pheromone traps were installed at the top side according to the degree of tomato growth inside the tomato cultivation greenhouse around the LED trap. In addition, two types of light-emitting traps (420 nm, 470 nm) were installed in the greenhouse at 1/40 m2, respectively. Also two sex pheromone were installed inside of the greenhouse according to the height of the tomato plants. 10 days later, Blue-light trap(BLB, 470 nm wavelength) was 3.1－3.5 times more attractive than Violet-light trap(VLB, 420 nm wavelength) in S. exigua (105.6 ± 7.3) and S. litura (42.0 ± 3.1) respectively, whereas the no-light trap was little attractive to S. exigua (33.7 ± 2.8) and S. litura (12.0 ± 1.5). On the other hand, after the installation of the sex pheromone trap and the LED trap, there was no damage to S. litura (Fabricius) and S. exigua in the pesticide-free area, indicating a high possibility of control. At this time, the operating cost of the two types of LED traps was 80 won/m2 per unit area, and it was confirmed that both types of moths could be controlled. In addition, as a result of confirming the number of two types of moths caught in the sexual pheromone trap and two types of LED traps after 4 months, it was judged that eco-friendly control was possible as more than 373 moths/trap were attracted to the two types of moths.

Matsucoccus thunbergianae is the main forest insect pest of the Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) in the west, south and east coast of South Korea. The main damage pattern appears to be the cumulative damage over many years by the second instar fixed under the pine bark. The adult male has a pair of wings and is attracted sex pheromone emanating from the adult female so that during the mating period (Generally, middle period of March) adult male is attracted to the adult female which has no wing. Using this mating behavior from the adult male, we developed sex pheromone trap to reduce mating success rate by reducing the density of the adult male in the field. In this study, In the indoor induction experiments and the field experiments, sex pheromone trap showed high induction effect on the adult male. Thus, we expect to reduce the damage to the Japanese Black Pine by Matsucoccus thunbergianae.

Insect pests on cruciferous crops and their natural enemies were surveyed during 2009~2011 in Daegwallyeong highland region which has been famous for summer Kimchi cabbage production in Korea since 1970s. Totally 15 insect pests have been reported in cabbage field in Daegwallyeong. Diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) imported cabbage worm (Artogeia rapae L.), cabbage armyworm (CAW, Mamestra brassicae L.), cabbage looper (CL, Trichoplusia ni), cabbage sawfly (Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev), and turnip aphid (Liphapis pseudobrassicae (Davis)) were the dominant pest species among the 15 species. For monitoring as well as controlling insects with weak flight, yellow sticky cards (10×15㎝) were used in cabbage fields. The sticky cards were hanged on plastic stick and placed at a 2-5 m distance within cabbage field (1,000㎡). Sex pheromone traps were employed for monitoring and controlling insects with strong flight. The survey result showed that there was significantly reduced pest occurrences in treated, compared to untreated condition. Similarly, The results from the sex pheromone traps were coincident with those of sticky trap. DBM, CAW and CL were found less in the treated than untreated fields; by 67.5%, 70.6% and 44.0%, respectively. Although the control efficacy of such traps was less than that of chemical spray, the use of sticky card trap combined with sex pheromone trap could be useful management tools for controlling insect pests in cabbage fields.

A male specimen of Lymantria albescens (called as Okinawa gypsy moth) was captured in Busan, by sex-pheromone trap for Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2- methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure]. Up to now, this species is distributed only in Ryukyu Islands of Japan including Ishigaki and Okinawa. The male of Okinawa gypsy moth might be attracted to AGM pheromone trap. If L. albescens is occurred in Korea, more many male individuals must be captured in pheromone trap. Therefore, we considered that the individual might be imported from Japan by inanimate pathway. Although it is high probability that L. albescens might be imported from Okinawa, it is important to a survey on an invasive pathway of the species in a view point of quarantine inspection. Through this presentation, we provided a detection method on Lymantria species using DNA barcoding. On the basis of this study, we will conduct on an invasive pathway and inhabitation possibility.

Prior to 1990s, most farmers customarily sprayed the agrochemicals that only just recommended by association or pesticide dealers, regardless of the monitoring for the disease incidences and pest occurrences. In 1993, agrochemicals sprayed in apple orchards a year had been done about 15 ~16 times. As founded the Apple Research Station (ARS) in 1991, a study for the construction of Integrated Pest Managements (IPMs) were actively done during 1990s and the IPM was paved the way to control on apple diseases and pests during the 2000s. The co-work between ARS and Seoul National University during 1996 to 2001 for the monitoring and development of IPM strategies using sex pheromone made easy understanding for IPM and occurrence monitoring results by showing the pests to apple farmers. Through the 2000s, IPM pilot project for the distribution of IPM technique utilizing sex pheromone trap and mating disrupter to the field has endeavored. Currently, sex pheromone trap plays an important role for monitoring of the major apple pests and the quarantine pest, C. sasakii on apple. Moreover, sex pheromonebased mating disruptor has been used almost all organic apple orchards for the control of one of major fruit-infesting pest, G. molesta and C. sasakii. Henceforth, the application of sex pheromone trap for monitoring as well as the active expansion and provision of mating disruptor for the control is needed. To this, first of all, it is very important to reduce prices by developing the techniques than other things. Second, reinforced education for monitoring staffs must be done continuously to instruct and to consult the farmers with the monitoring results to give guidance. Third, companies competing in good faith will improve and maintain their product quality.

비래해충인 멸강나방 성충의 발생을 실시간으로 예찰하기 위하여, 성페로몬 트랩에 원격감지장치를 설치한 트랩의 운용 효율성을 검정하였다. 원격감지트랩은 콘트랩 기반에 곤충의 유입을 광차단으로 감지하는 센서부, 신호전송부, 태양열기반의 전력공급부, 트랩 지지대, 웹페이지 기반의 자료수집부로 구성되었다. 연구과정에서 멸강나방 수컷 성충의 밤 시간대 포획의 일일주기성을 이용한 신호감지 시간대 축소, 신호발생 프로그램 조절, 1시간 간격의 전송간격, 신호전송 프로그램 변형 등을 통해 포획 나방수와 감지신호 발생 수의 격차를 줄여 최종적으로 신호 정확도를 92% 이상으로 개선하였다. 또한 실제 멸강나방 성충의 발생양상과 원격감지트랩에서의 신호 발생양상의 상관계수가 0.98이상으로 원격감지트랩에서의 신호 발생이 멸강나방 발생 양상을 정확하게 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 2011~2012년 멸강나방은 연중 여러 번 발생되는 것이 관찰되었는데, 모두 짧은 기간 동안 발생되어 가파른 피크가 특징이었다.

Lepidopteran pests monitoring in adult stage was generally performed using delta or corn typed trap including rubber septa impregnated sex pheromone (lure). Sometimes, unfortunately trapped samples were severly damaged because of biotic and/or abiotic environments such as micro-organism, predator and rain, sticky material, respectively. In our case, we monitored potato tuber moth, PTM, Phthorimaea operculella distribution during 2009~2012 in Korea. However, we encountered unexpected problem, another species can be trapped in species specific sex pheromone trap. Therefore, species confirmation was needed in trapped samples. Here we developed confirmation method by direct PCR (without DNA extraction) or sequencing methods which trapped samples that cannot identified by morphologically. We designed multi-plex PCR universal primers and species specific primers in rRNA region because to check the success of PCR and species identification. This direct PCR method can be applied in other species confirmation which monitored using pheromone trap.

최근 들어 하우스재배 감귤을 중심으로 발생이 증가하고 있는 귤애가루깍지벌레에 대해 효율적인 발생예찰과 함께 방제시기를 결정하기 위하여 합성 성페로몬을 이용하여 시기별 발생특성을 조사하였다. 귤애가루깍지벌레의 수컷 성충은 합성 성페로몬뿐만 아니라 색에도 반응하였다. 성페로몬의 농도는 5.0 mg까지 농도가 증가할수록 유인력이 높았다. 귤애가루깍지벌레 수컷 성충은 연 4회 발생되고 있었으며, 월동 후 수컷 성충이 처음 발생되기 시작하는 시기는 4월 중하순이었다. 수컷 성충발생이 가장 많은 시기는 제 1세대 발생기인 7월 상중순이었다. 성페로몬트 랩에 유인된 귤애가루깍지벌레 수컷 성충은 한 세대 내에서 3회의 발생성기가 나타났으며, 이는 귤애가루깍지벌레가 1~3령 약충으로 월동하기 때문인 것으로 추정되었다. 트랩에 유인된 수컷 성충의 밀도와 나무의 가지당 평균밀도와는 높은 정(+)의 상관을 갖고 있었다. 수컷 성충의 최대 유인시기를 이용하여 1령 약충 발생 시기를 추정할 수 있었으며, 그 적산온도는 산란전 기간과 비슷한 350DD이었다.

This study was conducted to see the initial increasing time of population of citrus leafminer(CLM) in spring and early summer seasons in 2007-2011. CLM adults were monitored using sex pheromone trap which is mainly composed of Z,Z-7, 11-hexadecadienal in the 4, 8 and 5 orchards of the east, south and north part in jeju island, respectively during 2007-2011 seasons. The traps and lures were changed at 10 days and 1 month interval, respectively. Though CLMs were captured on traps from March or April, it was 17, 28 and 28 May in 2007, 16, 26 May and 5 June in 2008, 8, 26 and 26 May in 2009, 27 May, 7 and 7 June in 2010 and 25 May, 2, 2 June in the south, east and north part of Jeju Island, respectively that the CLM population rapidly began to increase toward peaking. The accumulated temperature except less than developmental zero, 12.1 Ujiye T 1990). from January was 248.0, 270.5 and 289.7 in 2007, 193.2, 203.8 and 261.4 in 2008, 202.0, 245.5 and 259.9 in 2009, 261.4, 192.2 and 268.3 in 2010 and 243.4, 246.3 and 252.4 in 2011 at that time. After May overwintered CLM adults are little possible to be counted to the number of captured CLM because adult longevity is about 100 in degree days (Lim 2006). CLM populations in the south part of Jeju Island in first CLM adults increasing periods during 2007-2011 is higher than other parts.

An unidentified moth was captured in sex pheromone traps of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, especially at spring season in apple orchards and their vicinity. Though the captured males were similar in appearance to G. molesta males, they were easily distinguished by a marked difference in body size. Their occurrence pattern was also similar to that of overwintering G. molesta population from April to May, at which more males were captured in the pheromone traps installed in the vicinity of apple orchards than within apple orchards. After May, they were no longer captured in the pheromone traps. To investigate any larval damage due to this unidentified moth, molecular markers needed to be developed. Four PCR-RFLP markers originated from cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA could distinguish this unidentified moth from G. molesta.

The efficacy of different control techniques against the large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in organic pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) orchards was evaluated. In this study, field trials were conducted in three locations in Korea—Naju, Hampyeong, and Boseong—to evaluate different techniques to suppress these beetles. Pheromone traps, bio-insecticides (Hongmengye and Melchungdaejang), and a combination of the two were applied as treatments. In Naju, Hampyeong, and Boseong, the highest number of adult H. parallela were caught in the control plots (n=45, n=39, and n=20, respectively), while the fewest were caught in the pheromone plus bio-insecticide plot (n=19) in Naju and in the combined treatment plot in Hampyeong (n=10). In Naju, the greatest leaf damage was observed in the control (66%), and in all locations (Naju, Boseong, and Hampyeong), the least damage occurred in the combined treatment plots (42%, 36%, and 24%, respectively). Regarding the tree canopy, the greatest leaf damage was observed in the upper canopy, and less damage was observed in the lower canopy. These results demonstrate that the combination of sex pheromone traps and bio-insecticides can be used to manage H. parallela in organic pear orchards.