Background: Back stabilization exercises have been applied to decrease low back pain. Pilates exercise can help stabilize the low back and pelvic alignment, and uses equipment such as cadillac, reformer, chair, and barrel. Objectives: This study was conducted to confirm the effects of pilates exercise using cadillac equipment and self-exercise using back pain educational materials on pain, pelvic inclination, and single leg stance ability in adult women with back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-five participants (female 25) with unspecified low back pain with lumbar hyperextension and anterior pelvic tilt were recruited. 25 adult women with back pain were randomly divided into a pilates group and a selfexercise group. Pilates exercise intervention using a cadillac was administered to the pilates group, and posture and lifestyle education materials for back pain were provided to the self-exercise group. All of the interventions were conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks, 50 minutes per session, and the results are as follows. Results: Data analysis in each group revealed statistical differences between self-exercise and divided into a Pilates intervention. A visual analog scale (VAS)/oswestry disability index (ODI) decreased pain in both groups, Independent t-test decreased pain in both groups, but there was no significant difference. Data analysis divided into a pilates group revealed statistical differences between a VAS/ODI and pelvic tilt angle and static balance. It has been shown to increase scores or relieve pain. Conclusion: Through this study, it was confirmed that the pilates exercise using cadillac can be effectively used to reduce back pain, improve pelvic alignment, and improve single leg stance ability in adult women with low back pain.

In the contrasting reports of the THAAD deployment in South Korea, the conflicting national media stances are reflected in the discursive patterns of the Chinese and Korean newspapers' headlines. Grounded upon van Dijk's socio-cognitive perspective in the critical discourse analysis, these patterns are analyzed in terms of the Attitude systems of the Appraisal Theory. The data of headlines are collected from online articles in Chinese and Korean major daily newspapers. The findings show that the newspapers' contrasting stances on the THAAD issues are discursively differentiated into their attitudinal representations of the headlines. These results also demonstrate the discursive strategy of positive self and negative other presentation to establish each nation's solidarity involved in the THAAD issues.

본 연구의 목적은 골프 스윙 시 3가지 스탠스에서 클럽헤드 스피드와 볼의 정확성을 유지하기 위한 신체 전략을 하지의 운동학적 변인과 지면반력 변인을 통하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 대상은 공식 핸디캡이 2인 남자골프선수 10명으로 하였다. 모든 대상자들은 스탠스 조건(스퀘어, 오픈, 클로즈드)에 따라 어드레스 자세를 유지한 후 스윙을 수행하였다. 3차원 동작분석 시스템과 지면반력기를 이용하여 각 스탠스에 따라 7번 아이언 풀스윙을 수행한 결과를 산출하였다. 연구결과로 신체중심의 변위, 고관절 각변위, 무릎관절 각변위는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 발목관절 각변위는 어드레스부터 다운스윙까지 왼쪽에서 오픈 스탠스가 저측굴곡이 크게 수행되었고, 오른쪽에서 클로즈드 스탠스에서 저측굴곡이 크게 수행되었다. 지면반력에서 전후, 수직은 차이가 없었지만, 어드레스부터 테이크백까지 왼발은 오른쪽 방향, 오른발은 왼쪽 방향의 힘이 오픈이 클로즈드 스탠스보다 크게 나타났다. 결론적으로 다양한 스탠스에도 불구하고, 임팩트 시 동일한 자세를 유지하는 것이 클럽헤드 스피드와 볼의 방향에 긍정적으로 작용되는 것으로 판단 된다.

Transnational money laundering is a global issue that requires international solutions. This paper examines the concept of Free Movement of Judgments which should be realized in the legal integration process of the ASEAN in order to overcome the negative impacts of money laundering. This research will analyze the regulation for criminalizing money laundering in the ASEAN and compare it with the criminal cooperation in the European Union. The ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (MLAT 2004) is expected to be an alternative to an extradition treaty. If adopting the Free Movement of Judgements, judicial decisions of an ASEAN member country regarding transnational crimes of money laundering would be recognized and implemented in other member’s jurisdiction reciprocally. This adoption is expected to be an effective solution to overcome impunity in cross-border money laundering actors.

The present study suggests that science fiction is a beneficial teaching resource to encourage students to develop ethical creativity. Liberal arts education is to cultivate a free and/or flexible thinker and introspect humanity and reading literary texts can help enhance ethicality as well as empathic understanding under the contexts of social acts of human relationships and interactions. Including these two features, science fiction suggests how to cope with two-faced future technology with both benefits and harm for humankind. This quality of science fiction helps students think critically but flexibly so as to make thoughtful choices considering humanity. Lowry's The Giver throws a question on the balance between technology and humanity, showing that memory and emotion are the most fundamental and essential value to be true humans. This study presents the reason why literature is beneficial to construct ethical reasoning by identifying the two key factors – memory and emotion – to understand humans and humanity. Also, the study attempts to share some ideas of how to adopt the text to help students enhance ethical/moral thinking skills, discussing the idea of humanity.

The present study examines the usage patterns of stance that constructions in Korean EFL learners' written corpora by two different proficiency groups (KEFL 1, KEFL 2) to figure out some developmental features of marking stance in L2 academic prose. Focusing on three main categories (stance verbs, adjectives, and nouns) controlling stance that clauses, the study compares the frequency of each feature by the categories and their subcategories across the corpora. Employing both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the study found a marked developmental path across the corpora as a cross-sectional study. Indeed, less proficient L2 learners tended to use spoken involvement features as ‘a subjective transmitter’, emphasizing the writer's view only with a private authorial voice. However, more advanced learners showed remarkable features as ‘an objective interpreter’ with more implicitly detached stances. Despite a few chunk expressions considered as being memorized, more complex grammatical resources appropriate for academic discourse were observed. Finally, as the final stage, this study suggests ‘a refined stance-taker’ referring to an expert writer in the academic discourse community, which may be devoid in untrained native speakers' writing. In accordance with the need for university students to transition into more advanced academic discourse sooner, this study provides some practical insights into teaching and learning of stance patterns in using that complement clauses in English academic discourse.

The arrest of Meng Wanzhou, CFO of international telecom giant Huawei Technologies, have fired up political and diplomatic commotions around the world. Meng’s arrest in Vancouver based on several indictment charges accused by the US government against Meng particularly situated Canada in a precarious position of standing strong as an ally of the US, but also avoiding needless enragement of China. Because the US filed a formal extradition request to Canada, Canada’s federal Minister of Justice has to determine whether Meng’s extradition hearing will take place, by examining legal prongs under the US-Canada Extradition Treaty. The international communities will be watching closely of this contentious extradition case that will certainly have huge implications on diplomatic, economic and political relationships between the Western world and China.

In argumentative writing, writers are expected to use hedged expressions and stance devices through specific linguistic expressions to convince their proposition effectively. Yet little research attention has been paid to whether the inclusion of such devices is related to the overall quality of second or foreign language learners’ argumentative writing. In this study, hedges and stance devices that are included in 28 advanced Korean EFL writers’ argumentative writing were analyzed to identify their potential relation to the overall writing quality. Analyses demonstrated that although hedges and stance devices were related to argumentative writing quality in general, the specific linguistic forms that predicted two different aspects of writing quality – formal and content quality – were different. Specifically, hedges played a significant positive role in only content quality of writing, and the specific stance devices that significantly predicted formal quality did not contribute to the content quality, and vice versa. The findings from this study provides important pedagogical implications for EFL writing instruction.

본 연구는 스탠스 자세와 운동면의 차이가 어깨돌림동작 시 활동근의 %MVIC를 비교분석하여 어깨강화운동을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 남성 8명을 무선배정하여 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세, 런지자세와 이마면, 수평면, 시상면에서 회전동작을 10회씩 수행하였다. 수행 중 가시위근, 가시아래근, 작은원근, 앞세모근, 배곧은근, 척수세움근, 큰가슴근, 넓은등근의 근활성도를 측정하였다. SPSS 22.0 통계프로그램을 사용하여 반복측정 일원분산분석(repeted one-way ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 첫째, 이마면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 척추세움근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 수평면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 앞세모근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세과 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났으며, 큰가슴근에서는 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 시상면 바깥돌림 동작 시 배곧은근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자 세에서 높게 나타났다. 배곧은근에서 두발지지 자세와 런지자세보다 한발지지 자세에서 높게 나타났고 척추세움근은 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 스탠스와 어깨의 운동면의 차이가 어깨위팔관절의 돌림운동 시 활동근들의 근활성도에 미치는 영향은 스탠스자세와 운동면에 따라서 다른 양상이 나타났으며, 이를 어깨 강화 운동프로그램에 적용한다면 보다 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있는 운동프로그램이 될 것으로 생각 된다.

Kim, Kyu-hyun. 2017. “Topic Marker -Nun as an Exploratory Device: Shifting Domains for Stance Management in Pursuit of Intersubjectivity“. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 29~72. From the conversation-analytic perspective, this paper investigates the interactional import of -nun used in assessment activities. The analysis of naturally-occurring interactions suggests that the domain-shifting function of -nun is closely attuned to shifting, or even reversing, the valence of the speaker's evaluative stance in a way that invokes a hitherto unmentioned domain as grounds for soliciting the interlocutor's agreement/affiliation, expressing partial agreement, or marking oblique disagreement. Often formulated as an overstatement to be retracted and/or as a move to solicit the interlocutor's collaborative uptake through claiming knowledge (or lack thereof), the nun-utterance furnishes the speaker with a resource for obliquely implementing face-threatening actions, pursuing common ground, or upgrading affect. Embodying the speaker's ‘exploratory’ stance, the use of -nun conveys the sense that the speaker is going beyond the ‘appearance’ of the matter at hand (e.g., a sub-domain from which a new generic feature may be drawn and attributed to the referent). This practice, which is further supported by the nun-marked adverbials formulated as a ‘logical guidepost expression’, provides for the basis on which the speaker organizes assessment activities in an other-attentive way, e.g., through upgrading affiliation and downgrading disaffiliation vis-à-vis the interlocutor's prior action, while sustaining his/her baseline stance and epistemic independency.

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the difference of the ankle joint movements during landing. Seven adult males voluntarily participated in the study and the average foot size of the subjects was 269.8 mm. Image analysis equipment and the ground reaction force plate (landing type) was used to measure th kinetic variables. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the vertical ground reaction force peak point appeared once in the barefoot with forefoot, while two peak points appeared in the barefoot and functional shoe foot with rear foot landing. About ankle angle, fore foot landing ankle angle, the average with bare foot landing was -10.302° and the average with functional shoe foot landing was -2.919°. Also about rear foot landing, ankle angle was 11.648° with bare foot landing and 15.994° with functional shoe landing. The fore foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1423.966N with barefoot and 1493.264N with functional shoes. But, the rear foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1680.154N with barefoot and 1657.286N with functional shoes. This study suggest that the angle of ankle depends on the landing type and bare foot running/functionalized shod running, and ankle joint forces also depends on landing type.

Kim, Kyu-hyun. 2016. “The Topic Marker -Nun as an Interactional Resource: Domain Shifting as Stance-Managing Practice”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 65~94. From the conversation-analytic perspective, this paper examines the interactional meaning of -nun with reference to its constitutive role of organizing assessment activities in naturally occurring conversations. -Nun is analyzed as a grammatical resource deployed for ‘shifting’ the domain whose relevancies are transiently invoked as a new assessable being brought up, or as delimiting the scope of valency to be accorded the assessable. The domain-shifting makes relevant a new set of stance-taking possibilities, which is done in an ‘other-attentive’ way; the shift is made either towards minimizing stance difference and promoting rapport among the participants in the context of disagreement, or towards further elaborating stance alignment what agreement is already in place. The ‘other-attentive’ orientation that the nun-speaker displays in managing his/her stance vis-à-vis the other’s is countervailed by his/her epistemic claim about the invoked domain, whose valency is additionally modulated by sentence-ending suffixes (SESs). The domain-shifting practice, mediated by -nun, draws upon membership categorization work as its organizational basis. Tied to the categories or category-bound features invoked in the prior context, different aspects or types of the assessable, marked by -nun, are transiently brought up as part of a contrastive device. This practice furnishes the speaker with a resource for formulating his/her action as an ‘affiliative’ (though not necessarily ‘aligning’) move geared towards managing stance and face as a collaborative interactional business.

본 연구에서는 발레 기본으로서 발레 스탠스의 중요성이 발레교사와 학습자에게 암묵적으로 주지되었음에도 그 실행 수준의 양상이 매우 다양하게 나타나는 원인이 발레 스탠스의 개념, 목 적, 그리고 수행방법의 불확실성에 있다는데 주목하고, 발레 스탠스의 개념과 목적, 그리고 합리 적인 수행방법은 무엇인가를 밝히는데 연구목적을 두었다. 발레 스탠스의 개념은 ‘발레 양식적으 로 정렬한 전신 기본자세’로 정의하였다. 발레 스탠스의 목적은 ‘가장 작은 면적 위에서 몸무게를 이겨내고 전신을 정렬하는 방법으로 발레 양식적으로 움직일 준비 자세를 취하는 것’으로 정의하 였으며, 구체적으로는, ‘몸의 무게와 방향성을 고저, 전후, 좌우의 3차원에서 중립화하여 몸 전체 혹은 부위를 의도하는 어느 방향으로든 몸의 중심선과 무게중심의 변화를 최소화하며 움직일 수 있는 조건을 갖추는 것’이다. 하나 이상의 신체부위가 동시에 관여되고 특정 부위의 수행을 위한 선행 부위가 요구된다는 점에서 단계별로 서로 관련된 부위를 함께 기술하는 것이 학습자의 실제 수행을 촉진하는데 더 적절한 것으로 판단하고, 1단계(발목과 골반각 수정), 2단계(다리의 일직 선), 3단계(척추 양단의 일직선), 4단계(흉곽부의 조정), 5단계(턴아웃, 협응조정, 호흡)로 수행 순 서를 구성하여 초보 수행자의 이해와 실행력을 높이고자 하였다. 발레 스탠스는 전신의 근육이 협응 관여해 발레에서 요구하는 유연성과 근력 발달을 내포하며, 단일 균형에서 다양한 사지의 형태변화가 최소 중심변화로도 가능하다. 발레 스탠스의 이러한 특성이 발레 학습의 효율성과 직 접 관련된다는 점에서 발레 기본의 핵심 조건으로 여겨진 것이라 분석되었다. 차후, 발레 스탠스 에 대한 해부학적 관점에서의 연구, 단계별 적용의 효과에 대한 실증 연구, 관련 근육의 발레 스 탠스에 대한 기여도에 대한 분석이 후행될 필요가 있다.

The aim of the present study was to investigate age-related differences in stepping behavior in response to sensory perturbations of postural balance. The participants for this study were 2 healthy elderly adults (mean age=76.0) and 2 younger adults (mean age=25.5). Subjects were asked to step over a 10 cm high obstacle at self-paced speed with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on the secondary target (long step length). It was planned that the onset of the light would be prior to peak Fx of swing limb, between swing peak Fx and swing toe-off, and after swing toe-off. In the younger adults these secondary visual cues were provided at mean times of 240 ms (standard deviation (SD)=11), 402 ms (SD=13), and 476 ms (SD=88) following the movement onset. Corresponding mean times for the healthy elderly were 150 ms (SD=67), 352 ms (SD=39), and 562 ms (SD=115). Results showed great changes in both group and visual cue condition in Fx ground reaction forces and temporal events following the swing toe-off. Swing limb acceleration force (Fx) and stance peak Fx1 was much greater in the young adults compared to the older adults. Both young and older adults increased stance peak Fx2 in the visual cue condition compared to normal stepping. There was no difference in stance peak Fx2 between the visual cue conditions in both groups. Similarly, the time to stance peak Fx2 was much longer for the visual cue condition than for the normal stepping. It was not different between the visual cue conditions in the young adults, but in the elderly mid and late cue was much greater than early cue. In addition, time to stance peak Fx2 and swing and stance time were much longer in the older adults compared to the young adults for the visual cue conditions. These results suggest that unlike young adults, elderly adults did not flexibly modify their responses to unexpected changes in step length while stepping over obstacles.

The purpose of the current experiment was to describe interlimb coordination when swing limb conditions are being manipulated by constraining step length or by adding a 5 or 10 pound weight to the swing limb distally. Subjects were asked to begin walking with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on one of the secondary targets (long and short step length). These three step length conditions were repeated while wearing a 5 pound ankle weight and then when wearing a 10 pound ankle weight. Ground reaction force (GRF) data indicated that there were changes in the forces and slopes of the swing and stance Fx GRFs. Long stepping subjects had to increase the propulsive force required to increase step length. Consequently, swing and stance toe-off greatly increased in the long step length condition. Short step length subjects had to adequately adjust step length, which decreased the speed of gait initiation. Loading the swing limb decreased the force and slope of the swing limb. Swing and stance toe-off was longest for the long step length condition, but there was a small difference of temporal events between no weight and weight condition. It appears that subjects modulated GRFs and temporal events differently to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb in response to different tasks. The findings from the current study provide preliminary data, which can be used to further investigate how we modulate forces during voluntary movement from a quiet stance. This information may be important if we are to use this or a similar task to evaluate gait patterns of the elderly and patient populations.

본 연구의 목적은 이중과업 방법론(dual task methology)을 사용해서 젊은 사람과 노인을 대상으로 독립된 두 사건(two separate concurrent events)을 동시에 수행하는데 요구되는 주의력에 대한 분석과 노인에서의 특징적 차이를 찾는 것이다. 본 실험은 대상자가 힘판(force plate) 위에서 장애물(10cm) 보행시에 경피자극(cutaneous stimulation)에 대하여 마이크로 스위치(micro-switch)를

The purpose of this study was to analyse the subtalar joint movement characteristics in human stance phase. The data of subtalar joint movement patterns are collected by CTA(calcaneus to tibia angle) measurements. CTA is defined as a angle formed between the bisect of the posterior shank and bisect of the posterior heel, as determined by placement of the retroreflective markers. The angle measured in degrees. The participants are 74 healthy individuals (37 men and 37 women) who have no orthopedic and neurological impairment, aged from 19 to 29 years(mean 22.95). Prior to participation, each subjecct informed the procedures of experiment from researcher and assistant researcher. The equipments of this study are walking grid, marking tapes, goniometer, video camera, monitor and ink for foot print are used in the study. In order to determine the statistical significance of result, the paired t-test and Pearson correlation were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. The results were as follows : 1. The reliability of measured CTA value are showed a high correlation, ranged from .86 - .94. 2. The mean value of step width are 7.67cm in men and 6cm in women. So, significant difference between men and women in 0.05 level of significance. 3. There was significant difference between man and women's TOA(toe out angle)(p<0.05). 4. The CTA of female's is more higher than male's one, however not statistical difference between man and women(p>0.05). 5. The CTA is reduced according to increasing TOA(p<0.05).

This study was done to determine a new qualitative base for educating and evaluating patients by comparing a 60 or over age group with a 20-30 age group when rising from supine to erect stance. Sixty normal adults were devided into 60 or over and 20-30 aged groups. Each persons was asked to standing from the supine position. This process was recorded by two video cameras. The results was classified into the three existing movement categories. And then they were analyzed by percent rate. The results showed that each group had its own different and special characteristics. This means that physical therapists need to select the best motor patterns according to age in teaching functional tasks such as rising from supine to erect stance.