최근 국가뿐만 아니라 도시에서도 자발적 지역 검토(Voluntary Local Review, 이하 VLR)를 실시하고 이를 토대로 보고서를 발표하는 지방자치단체가 늘고 있다. 도시 수준의 SDGs 조치는 새로운 도시 의제, 기후 변화에 대한 파리 협정, 센다이 재해 감소 프레임워크, 생물다양성에 대한 아이치 목표와 같은 다른 국제적 약속과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다. 이 논문은 지방정부의 VLR 방향을 제언하는 것을 목적으로 세계 여러 도시의 2030 의제 실행 보고의 구체적인 프로세스에 대해 논의한다. VLR 프로세스는 지자체와 지역 사회 문제를 해결하기 위한 맞춤형 접근 방식, 지역 기술을 강화하기 위한 역량 강화, 하위 국가 수준의 데이터 환경 개발, 학계, 민간 부문 또는 지역 사회와 같은 정부 및 비정부 이해관계자의 다양한 영역과의 오래 지속되는 파트너십 구축이 포함되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 VLR의 분석을 통해 식별된 VLR 프로 세스의 각 단계 내 주요 구성 요소에 대해 논의한다. 본 연구는 VLR 개발 프로세스의 여러 단계를 개략적 으로 설명하고 지침에서 각 단계의 주요 구성 요소에 대해 살펴보고 이것이 가진 의미를 검토한다.

유엔과 유엔 산하 기관은 ‘지속가능발전목표 현지화(SDGs Localization)’라는 용어를 매개로 초국가적 지 속가능발전목표(SDGs) 이행에 관한 논의를 선도해 왔다. 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 현지화는 지역 차원의 결과로 효과적으로 전환하기 위한 구체적인 메커니즘, 도구, 혁신, 플랫폼 및 프로세스가 포함된다. 새로운 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 연구의 흐름은 도시와 지방정부의 자발적 지역 검토(VLR)와 많은 부분 접점을 형성한다. 도시와 지방정부는 특히 지속가능발전을 촉진하는 해법을 구현하는 데 앞장서고 있다. 지속가능 발전 노력에서 점점 더 많은 지방 및 지역 정부가 지속가능발전목표(SDGs)의 현지화, 계획, 집행과 후속 검토 단계를 구축하기 위해 자발적 지역 검토(VLR)를 귀중한 정책 도구로 사용하고 있다. 자발적 지역 검토(VLR) 연구는 한국 도시 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 성취도, 혁신 과제, 나아가 한국 지속가능발전목표 (SDGs)의 특수성과 보편성을 해명하는 데 필수적일 뿐만 아니라, 다른 부문의 사례를 통해 간접경험을 할 수 있다는 점에서 유용하고 중요한 연구 영역이다. 본 연구는 자발적 지역 검토(VLR)의 한국적 수용과 확산을 목적으로 최근 전 세계 자발적 지역 검토(VLR) 연구의 핵심 주제, 한국에서 중점적으로 다루어야 할 연구 주제, 그리고 자발적 지역 검토(VLR) 정착과 확산을 위한 과제를 제언한다.

본 연구는 거점 세종학당을 통한 세종학당의 현지화를 제안하며 해 당 지역의 특성을 바탕으로 현지화의 역량과 정책적 방향을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본고에서는 11개의 지역을 세종학당 현지화 대상 지역으로 선정하였다. 연구 결과 11개의 지역 중 베트남의 현지화 역 량이 가장 높았으며 인도네시아, 중국, 미국도 현지화 역량이 다소 높 은 것으로 나타났다. 베트남은 늘어나는 한국어 수요에 비해 교원이 매 우 부족한 상황이므로 교원의 현지화가 시급하다. 인도네시아는 현지화 를 위해 지역 간 세종학당 개소 수를 균형적으로 늘려야 한다. 중국은 현지 세종학당 개소 수의 감소를 막기 위해 현지의 한국학 기관과 연 계하는 방법의 현지화가 필요하다. 미국은 현지화된 한국어 교재를 통 해 한국과 미국의 문화적 거리를 좁혀 학습자들이 한국어를 좀 더 친 근하게 느낄 수 있는 방법으로 현지화를 진행해야 할 것이다.

Background: The regulation of maternal immunity is critical for the establishment and maintenance of successful pregnancy. Among many cell types regulating the immune system, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are known to play an important role in innate immunity. Although some reports show that ILCs are present at the maternalconceptus interface in humans and mice, the expression and function of ILCs in the endometrium have not been studied in pigs. Methods: Thus, we determined the expression, localization, and regulation of ILC markers, CD127 (a common marker for ILCs), BCL11B (a ILC2 marker), and RORC (a ILC3 marker) at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs. Results: The expression of BCL11B and RORC, but not CD127, in the endometrium changed during pregnancy in a stage-specific manner and the expression of CD127, BCL11B, and RORC was greatest on Day 15 during pregnancy. CD127, BCL11B, and RORC were also expressed in conceptus tissues during early pregnancy and in chorioallantoic tissues during the later stage of pregnancy. BCL11B and RORC proteins were localized to specific cells in endometrial stroma. The expression of CD127 and BCL11B, but not RORC, was increased by the increasing doses of interferon-γ (IFNG) in endometrial explants. Conclusions: These results suggest that ILCs present at the maternal-conceptus interface may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating the innate immunity in pigs.

The decision between standardization and localization (or adaptation) of advertising strategy is crucial for the performance of product/service in foreign markets. Since the online advertising media have diluted the physical boundaries between countries, decision making related to international advertising has focused more on message strategy rather than media strategy. In this paper, the authors utilize movie poster images as a typical example of online advertising of service business. Employing image deep learning approach, the researchers calculate the level of localization and its effect on the financial performance in a foreign market. This research will expand the academic discussion in international advertising strategy and movie marketing.

글로벌 자본주의와 그 실패에 대한 일본의 예는 억압된 것을 회복하기 위한 권력을 교정하는 글로벌리즘의 수정자로서 로컬리즘의 중요성을 시사한다. 다양성과 평등은 성숙한 민주주의 문화로 계승된 탈식민 문화 유산의 본질을 드러낸다. 19세기의 민족주의는 경쟁을 중심으로 하였다. 그러나 현대의 민족적 지역주의는 국제적 획일성에 대한 방어적, 구제적 입장을 취하는 경향을 보인다. 노벨상 수상 시인 셰이머스 히니는 󰡔말의 정부󰡕의 한 평론인 ｢몰수된 것의 회복｣에서 하디, 예이츠, 히니 자신의 출생지의 전통이 지닌 의미를 추적한다. 히니는 사회에서 방치되거나 사회에서 무시되거나 차별 받는 대상이나 사람들을 보상할 기회에 대해 언급했다. 이러한 맥락에서 이 논문은 사회 구조를 구성하는 각 구성원의 민주주의, 다양성, 평등이라는 인간적 측면을 실현하기 위해 스스로를 수정하는 힘을 획득하는 글로벌리즘의 중요성에 대한 논의한다. Heaney가 글로벌리즘이라는 단어를 강조한 것은 예이츠에게서 배운 것이다.

In August 2021, in response to the rapidly changing trade environment, including the advancement of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and its services, the European Union (EU) implemented the Dual-Use Items Control Regulation 821/2021 to introduce an Internal Compliance Program (ICP) to the EU countries. Accordingly, the exporters should comply with the regulation to strengthen their transactions review systems. Sweden, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom have implemented ICPs and outreach activities for dual use items. In particular, France explicitly stipulates the introduction of ICP in the law to manage and supervise it. While Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom strengthen the supervisory authority of regulatory agencies then companies are encouraged to autonomously introduce ICPs. Before introducing the ICP for the trigger list items (the items) to the Republic of Korea (ROK), a comprehensive export license system for them should be firstly considered based on EU Regulations. Also the comprehensive export license might be implemented by expanding the subject for the existing license on technology export of nuclear plant into the items. The ROK does not introduce an ICP as it does not recognize a self-classification on the items in accordance with the nuclear export control law. However, in preparation for the export to the EU countries that have intentions to introduce nuclear plants, it is necessary to analyze the export control programs of Sweden, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. Like the programs of Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom, the EU regulations might be adopted to reduce the regulation burden in the ROK. With the reference of Sweden, the authority could support the Export Control Manager Certification (ECMC) system accredited by civil association then its outreach activities could be diverse and extended. Basically, the ECMC system could consist of Part I, II, III and IV and an applicant could be accredited by a civil association as the ECM after completing the courses of Part I and II. The ECMC courses might be as follow; 1) Part I: the Basic common course for beginner 2) Part II: the National export control system for the items 3) Part III: the International export control regulations 4) Part IV: Re-Certification within the certain period In this paper, we analyzed the export control programs in Sweden, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom and suggested the ECMC system that might be applied to the ROK as above.

The structural safety of prototype transport and storage containers for very low-level radioactive liquid waste was experimentally estimated for its localization development. Transport containers for radioactive liquid waste have been researched and developed, however, there are no standardized commercial containers for very low-level radioactive waste in Korea. In this study, the structural safety of the designated IP-2 type container capable of transporting and temporarily storing large amounts of very low-level liquid waste, which is generated during the operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, was demonstrated. The stacking and drop tests, which were conducted to determine the structural integrity of the container, verified that there was no external leakage of the contents in spite of its structural deformation due to the drop impact. This study shows the effort required for the localization of the technology used in manufacturing transport and storage containers for very low-level radioactive liquid waste, and the additional structural reinforcement of the container in which the commercial intermediate bulk container (IBC) external frame was coupled.

본 연구는 자원기반관점과 역량기반관점에 근거하여, 다국적기업 자회사의 역량(기술 및 마케팅 역량)이 자회사의 현지화 전략(조달 및 판매 현지화)에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 아울러 본사의 국제화 역량과 자회사의 업종이 이 요인들 간에 어떠한 조절역할을 하고 있는가, 나아가 자회사의 현지화 전략이 자회사 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한 것이다. 이를 위해 이론적인 연구모델을 수립하고, S&P 1000과 Russel 3000에 속한 미국 다국적기업들 중 2000~2018년 동안 한국에 단독소유 자회사를 운영한 51개 기업들을 대상으로 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 자회사의 기술적 역량과 마케팅 역량 모두 조달 현지화와 판매 현지화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 자회사의 마케팅 역량과 자회사의 조달 및 판매 현지화 사이에서 본사의 국제화 역량과 자회사의 업종이 조절효과를 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 진출 분야가 제조업인 경우 조달 현지화가 자회사 성과(ROA)에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 그동안 연구가 다소 미진했던 것으로 평가되고 있는 다국적기업 자회사의 현지화 결정요인으로서 자회사 역량을 중심으로 실증분석을 실시한 연구로서 그 의의를 지니며, 미국 다국적기업들의 실제 기업 재무 데이터를 수집하여 사용한 정량적 실증연구로서 차별성을 가진다.

Tight junctions are constituents of the blood–epididymis barrier that play roles in regulating the unidirectional transcellular transport of ions, water, and solutes to maintain optimal conditions for sperm maturation and storage. Claudin 1 (Cldn1) and 4 (Cldn4) are known as tight junction proteins and are expressed in the basolateral membranes as well as tight junctions in the epididymis of rodents. Here, we examined the expression and localization of Cldn1 and 4 to determine the function of these proteins in the pig epididymis. Cldn1 was highly expressed in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in the caput and corpus regions of the epididymis. In the cauda region, however, Cldn1 labeling was significantly decreased in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells. In contrast, labeling indicated that Cldn4 was expressed in the basolateral membrane in the cauda region of the epididymis and was present at punctate reactive sites in the caput and corpus regions. However, in no region of the epididymis did we detect colocalization of Cldn1 and 4 with labeled ZO-1, the distribution of which is restricted to the tight junctions. Our results indicate that Cldn1 and 4 were region-specifically expressed in the pig epididymis but not present in the tight junctions of epididymal epithelium. In addition, reciprocal regulation in specific regions of the epididymis between Cldn1 and 4 may play an important role in generating an optimal luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage in the pig epididymis.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) centrally plays a role in control of the hypothalamicpituitary- gonadal axis-related hormone secretions in the reproductive neuroendocrine system. In addition, hormone receptors like luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) are important element for hormones to take effect in target organ. However, ageing-dependent changes in terms of the distribution of GnRH neurons in the brain and LHR expression in the acyclic ovary have not been fully understood yet. Therefore, we comparatively investigated those ageing-dependent changes using young (1-5 months), middle (11-14 months) and old (21-27 months) aged female mice. Whereas a number of GnRH positive fibers and neurons with monopolar or bipolar morphology were abundantly observed in the brain of the young and middle aged mice, a few GnRH positive neurons with multiple dendrites were observed in the old aged mice. In addition, acyclic ovary without repeated development and degeneration of the follicles was shown in the old aged mice than others. LHR expression was localized in theca cells, granulosa cell, corpora lutea and atretic follicle in the ovaries from young and middle aged mice, in contrast, old aged mice had few positive LHR expression on the follicles due to acyclic ovary. However, the whole protein level of LHR was higher in the ovary of old aged mice than others. These results are expected to be used as an important basis on the relationship between GnRH and LHR in old aged animals as well as in further research for reproduction failure.

The objective of this study was to examine the expression pattern of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in the maxillary 2nd molar germs of rats. We used the maxillary 2nd molar germs in rats’ pup at postnatal day 3 (bell stage), 6 (crown formation stage) and 9 (root formation stage). The investigation on mRNA and protein levels were done using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Localization of Keap 1 in the maxillary 2nd molar germs were revealed through immunofluorescence staining. Keap1 from the maxillary 2nd molar germs were mostly manifested on postnatal day 3 and dramatically decreased on postnatal day 6 and 9 at mRNA and protein levels, while amelogenin and ameloblastin increased during the development of maxillary 2nd molar germs. During immunofluorescence analysis, the strong immunoreactivity against Keap1 was detected in the apical side of ameloblasts at the presecretory and secretory stages. However, Keap1 expression was hardly observed in the ameloblasts at the maturation stage. These results shows that Keap1 is strongly expressed in the presecretory and secretory ameloblasts of amelogenesis, and suggest that Keap1 may be a crucial molecule for the regulatory mechanisms tasked with the formation of enamel layer.

Mammals have 3 pairs of major salivary glands i.e., the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Saliva secretion of these glands is modulated by taste perception. Salivary glands are composed mainly of acinar and ductal cells. Primary saliva is secreted by acinar cells and modified during ductal flow. Recently, of the murine 35 bitter taste receptors, Tas2r108 was expressed at highest levels in the submandibular gland by qPCR. Further, Tas2r108-transfected cells respond to a range of bitter compounds, such as denatonium, quinine, colchicine, diphenidol, caffeine and dapson. The objective of the present study was to characterize the expression of Tas2r108 mRNA in acinar and/or ductal cells of the submandibular gland using in situ hybridization (ISH). Male 42-60 days old DBA2 mice were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the submandibular gland for generating digoxigenin (DIG) labeled-cRNA probes. These probes were transcribed in anti-sense and sense orientation using T7 RNA polymerase. Dot blot hybridization was performed using DIG labeled-cRNA probes, in order to estimate integrity and optimal diluting concentration of these probes. Subsequently, ISH was performed on murine submandibular gland to detect Tas2r108 mRNA. Dot blot hybridization data demonstrated that Tas2r108 DIG labeled-cRNA anti-sense probes specifically detected Tas2r108 cDNA. ISH results showed that the anti-sense probes labeled acinar and ductal cells in the submandibular gland, whereas no staining was visible in sense controls. Interestingly, the Tas2r108 expression levels were higher in acinar than ductal cells. These results suggested that Tas2r108 might be more associated with primary saliva secretion than with ductal modification of saliva composition.

글로벌 스마트 어플리케이션 시장에서 스마트기기 게임 어플리케이션의 해외 진출을 위해서는 지역화가 반드시 필요하다. 하지만 현실적으로 대부분의 개발환경은 소규모이기 때문에, 지역화는 금전적, 시간적 부담이 크다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하는 방안을 연구함에 있어, 본 연구에서는 자발적인 참여에 의한 지역화의 가능성에 착안하였다. 본문에서는 자발적 참여에 의한 콘텐츠 개발 및 지역화 사례를 분석함으로써, 현재 개발환경에 적합한 지역화 플랫폼 모델 및 운영방안을 제시하고 있다.

During maxillofacial surgery, the infraorbital and mental nerves are blocked at eac foramen to induce local anesthesia. This study examined the relative locations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) and mental foramen (MF) based on soft-tissue landmarks. Twenty-eight hemifacial cadavers were dissected to expose the IOF and MF. The distances between the bilateral IOFs, the bilateral MFs, the alae of the nose (alares), and the corners of the mouth (cheilions) were measured directly on cadavers by using a digital vernier caliper. The vertical and horizontal distances of the IOF and MF relative to the alare and cheilion were measured indirectly on digital photographs using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe, CA, USA). The distance between the bilateral IOFs (58.09 ± 4.04 mm) was longer than the distance between the bilateral MFs (50.32 ± 1.93 mm). The distances between the bilateral alares and cheilions were 41.22 ± 3.44 mm and 58.43 ± 6.62 mm, respectively. The IOF was located 12.92 ± 3.75 mm superior and 7.88 ± 2.56 mm lateral to the alare, and the vertical angle (Angle 1) between these structures was 31.67 ± 13.36˚ superolaterally. The MF was located 21.83 ± 3.26 mm inferior and 5.56 ± 3.37 mm medial to the cheilion, and the vertical angle (Angle 2) between these structures was 14.05 ± 10.12˚ inferomedially. In conclusion, these results provide more detailed information about the locations of the IOF and MF relative to soft-tissue landmarks.

Na+/K+-ATPase, an energy-transducing ion pump, is responsible for maintenance of relatively high concentrations of potassium ions but low concentrations of sodium ions in the cell by transport of these ions across the plasma membrane. Na+/K+-ATPase consists of α, β, and γ subunits, but only α and β subunits are needed for basic functions. Na+/K+-ATPase is also involved in regulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration by coupling with Na+/Ca2+ exchanger involved in intracellular calcium extrusion. Our previous study showed that calcium regulatory molecules including Na+/Ca2+ exchanger are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs, however, expression of Na+/K+-ATPase in the uterine endometrium has not been determined. Thus, we examined expression of α1 (ATP1A1) and β1 (ATP1- B1) subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of ATP1A1 m- RNA in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy were higher than those during mid and term pregnancy, and that levels of ATP1B1 mRNA were highest on day (D) 12 of the estrous cycle. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 mRNAs were localized to luminal (LE) and glandular epithelia (GE) in the endometrium. During mid to term pregnancy, localization of ATP1A1 mRNA was confined to LE, GE, and chorionic membrane (CM) of areolae and ATP1- B1 mRNA was localized to LE, GE and CM with the strongest intensity in LE of areolae. Signal intensity of ATP1B1 mRNA in LE was slightly stronger than that in GE. RT-PCR analysis showed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 mRNAs were expressed in conceptuses on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. These results showed that ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 were expressed in the uterine endometrium and conceptuses during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy status- and stage-specific manner. These suggest that Na+/K+-ATPase may play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating intracellular concentrations of various ions including calcium at the maternal-fetal interface in pigs.