This research aims to study the simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) using microwave irradiation with methanol as solvent and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The microwave-assisted insitu transesterification of C. vulgaris is assessed at various ratios of biomass-to-methanol, reaction times, and catalyst concentrations during the centrifugation and evaporation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is performed to confirm fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. Biodiesel preparation is carried out by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of microalgae from C. vulgaris. The product is then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR); microalgae are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highest amount of FAME is obtained at a biomass-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, reaction time of 40 min, and catalyst concentration of 2 wt%. Biodiesel shows conversion to about 77.64% of methyl ester (methyl myristate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl arachidonate, and methyl 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentanoate).

폐식용유를 원료로 한 바이오 디젤의 제조 과정에 초음파 에너지를 조사하여 폐식용유의 전이에스테르 화반응 특성을 조사하였다. 초음파 조사는 두 가지 효과가 있는데 촉매의 대체역할과 공동현상이다. 실험의 매개 변수는 메탄올의 몰비, 반응온도, 촉매량이며 이를 변수로 최적공정조건을 구명한 결과 최적의 공정조건은 몰비가 1:7, 온도가 55 ℃, 촉매량은 1 wt％로 나타났다. 또한 초음파 에너지를 조사하는 실험의 매개변수는 초음파에너지 조사시간과 초음파에너지의 세기로서 이를 변수로 하여 초음파에너지조사가 바이오디젤 성능에 미치는 영향을 비교 하였다. 그 결과 최적의 초음파에너지 조사시간은 30분, 초음파에너지의 세기는 500 W로 나타났다. 또한 초음파에너지의 촉매 대체 가능성을 알아보기 위해 최적공정조건에서 촉매를 넣지 않고 초음파에너지를 30분간 조사하였을 때는 초음파에너지를 조사하지 않은 일반공정보다 바이오디젤의 성능은 BD(BioDiesel)수율이 2.4 %, FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)함량이 1.3 % 증가한 것으로 나타나, 초음파에너지가 촉매를 대체 할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The biodiesel production characteristics in a pulsed-corona plasma reactor has been investigated through parametric tests. Transesterification of rapeseed oil together with camelina oil was done with the change of such variables as voltage of power, molar ratio, KOH catalyst and temperature. The energetic electrons emitted from pulsed-corona plasma has contributed to the enhancement of yield on rapeseed oil in short time (15 min). The higher yield on camelina oil was observed in 5 min. The optimal parameters were shown as the voltage of 23 kV, the molar ratio of 5/1, the content of KOH catalyst of 0.6 wt% and the temperature of 28℃ under the rotating rate of spark gap of 900 rpm.

The analysis of reaction kinetics provided that the reaction order was the 1st of triglyceride and the rate constant was 0.067 min-1. The transesterification of camelina oil using 0.6 wt% mixed catalyst which consists of 40 v/v% of potassium hydroxide (1 wt%) and 60 v/v% of tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide (0.8 wt%), was carried out at 65℃ on the tubular reactor packed with static mixer. The conversion was shown to be 95.5% at the 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, flow rate of feed of 3.0 mL/min and 24 of element of static mixer. The volume of washing water emitted by 0.6 wt% mixed catalyst was the half of the volume emitted by 1 wt% potassium hydroxide.

The transesterification of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and mixed fat were conducted at 65℃ with Al2O3-supported CaO, 0.8 wt% KOH, 1 wt% NaOH and mixed catalyst. The overall conversion(%) of rapeseed oil indicated to be 96% at the 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 8 wt% CaO and 2 wt% water. The pH ranges of biodiesel for mixed fat using four catalysts and for three fats using 8wt% CaO were 7.3-9.1, 7.3-7.5, respectively. The volumes of water needed to wash biodiesel from rapeseed oil using 0.8 wt% KOH and 8 wt% CaO were 15 mL and 3 mL.

Nowadays, Tra catfish fat is given attention as an appropriate material for biodiesel production in Vietnam. The aim of this work is to investigate the optimal conditions of refining biodiesel and recovering glycerin by the transesterification from Tra catfish fat using KOH catalyst. As our results, the yield of transesterification was achieved to 94.17% at 50℃ for 45 min with 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to fat in the presence of 0.8% KOH catalyst, and wherein the biodiesel was refined by washing with distilled water at 70℃ and dried in a microwave oven. The yield of raw glycerin recoveries from the transesterification process was 78.58%. The purity of raw glycerin was 84.14% by the conditions of neutralization state with H3PO4 solution (pH = 5), 70℃, and 60 min. Activated carbon (3.0 wt.%) was used for the bleaching process at 80℃ for 20 min. The biodiesel was obtained in accordance with for ASTM D 6751 (biodiesel standard). The ash and water of raw glycerins were 7.32 and 8.01%, respectively, and implied that the raw glycerin is very promising candidate to be used as a raw material for textile and cosmetic industries.

The transesterifications of beef tallow and the mixture of beef tallow and rapeseed oil were conducted at 65℃ respectively using TMAH, NaOH and their mixed catalysts. The reactants were emulsified with 1vol% emulsifier and propylene glycol. The overall conversion of beef tallow was 95% at such optimum conditions as the 1:8 of molar ratio and 0.8 wt% TMAH. The overall conversion of mixed fat at the 1:8 of molar ratio and mixed catalyst of 70 wt% TMAH 30 wt% NaOH was close to 97% which appeared at 0.8 wt% TMAH in 80min. And the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel mixture using the mixed catalyst was 6.5mm2/s at 40℃.

The transesterification of vegetable oils into Biodiesel at 60℃ was performed on the rotary viscometer. The overall yield(%) of fatty acid methyl ester from canola oil at optimum conditions was 95%. The viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters were predicted by Orrick and Erbarr's model. The overall yield increased as the viscosities of fatty acid methyl esters decreased. The limiting molar ratio of methanol to oil appeared to be 1:5. The content of sodium hydroxide as the optimum catalyst appeared to be 0.5wt%.

Biodiesel as methyl esters derived from vegetable oils has considerable advantages in terms of environmental protetion. In the present work, methyl esters were produced from soybean oil by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. To reduce inactivation of commercial immobilized lipases emulsified two-step process was developed using the stepwise addition of methanol with 4:1 molar ratio at 4h intervals. Also with immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica(Novozym 435) high conversion of 98.5 percent was possible at 45℃ of reaction temperature with 4:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 1%(v/v) methyl glucoside oleic polyester as an emulsifier in the presence of cosolvent.

Emulsified transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel was investigated using potassium hydroxide and sodium methoxide catalysts with methyl glucoside oleic polyester as a methanol-in-oil emulsifier. The transesterification reaction conditions were optimized to obtain high yields of fatty acid methyl esters of the quality defined by biodiesel standards. The developed process resulted in 95~96% of overall yield from soybean oil by alkali-catalyzed methanolysis at 45℃ of reaction temperature with 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 1(v/v)% methyl glucoside oleic polyester in the presense of 0.8wt% KOH and 1.2wt% NaOCH3.

Transesterification reaction between dimethyl phthalate and ethylene glycol was kinetically investigated in the presense of various metal nitrate catalysts at 170℃. The reaction rates measured by the amount of distilled methanol from the reaction vessel. The transesterification reaction was carried out under the first order conditions respect to the concentration of dimethyl phthalate and catalyst, respectively. The over all order was 2nd. By Arrhenius plot, the activation energy was calculated as 17.4kcal/mole and 17.2kcal/mole on the transesterification reaction with zinc nitrate and lead nitrate, respectively. Apparent rate constant, k' was appeared linear about concentration of catalyst.

Transesterification reactions (methyl methacrylate with diethanolamine, ethylene glycol with dimethylphthalate) were kinetically investigated in the presence of zinc compound catalysts at 120~170℃ The amount of reactants was measured by gas chromatography. and the reaction rates also measured from the amount of reaction products and reactants upon each catalyst. The transesterification reactions were carried out under the first order conditions respect to the concentration of reactants, respectively, The overall reaction order was 2nd. The apparent rate constant (k') was found to obey first kinetics with respect to the concentration of catalyst. It shows that according to an increase in basicity of anionic species the rate constant increase, and that a linear relationship exists between ln k and pKa in transesterification reaction of methyl methacrylate with diethanolamine.

The transesterification of dimethylphthalate by 1,4-butanediol was kinetically investigated In the presence of various metal acetate catalysts at 180℃. The quantity of dimethylphthalate reacted in the reaction flask was measured by gas chromatography. The transesterification was assumed to obey first-order kinetics with respect to dimethylphthalate and 1,4-butanediol, and a rate equation was derived. The linear relationship was shown between apparent rate constant and reciprocal absolute temperature, the activation energy has been calculated as 7.4kcal with lead acetate. The maximum reaction rate was appeared at the range of 1.5~1.6 of electronegativity of metal ions.

Lipases catalyzed the transesterification reaction between esters and various primary and secondary alcohols in a 99% organic medium, porcine pancreatic, yeast, mold lipases can vigorously act as catalysts in a number of nearly anhydrous organic solvents. Various transesterification reactions catalyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase in hexane obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The dependence of the catalytic activity of the enzyme in organic media on the pH of the aqueous solution from which it was recovered is bell-shaped, with the maximum coinciding with the pH optimum of the enzymatic activity in water. The catalytic power exhibited by the lipases in organic solvents is comparable to that displayed in water. In addition to transesterification, lipases Can catalyze several other processes in organic media.

Transesterification reactions (methyl methacrylate with monoethanolamine, methyl methacrylate with n-butyl alcohol, dimethylphthalate with ethylene glycol, dimethyl phthalate with monoethanolamine) were kinetically investigated in the presense of various metal acetate catalysts at 110℃. The amount of reactants was measured by gas and liquid chromatography, and the reaction rates also measured from the amount of reaction products and reactants upon each catalyst. The transesterification reactions were carried out under the first order conditions respect to the concentration of reactants, respectively. The overall reaction order was 2nd, Maximum reaction rates were appeared at the range of 1.4 to 1.6 in electronegativity of metal ions and maximum catalytic activities were obserbed at the range of 1.5 to 1,8 in instability constant of metal acetates.

The transesterification reaction between diethanolamine and methyl methacrylate was kinetically investigated in the presence of various metal acetate catalysts at 120℃. The amount of reacted methyl methacrylate was measured by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, and the reaction rate also measured from the amount of reaction products and reactants under each catalyst. The transesterification reaction was carried out in the first order with respect to the concentration of diethanolamine and methyl methacrylate, respectively. The over-all order is 2nd. The apparent rate constant was found to obey first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of catalyst. The maximum reaction rate was appeared at the range of 1.4 to 1.6 of electronegativity of metal ions and instability constant of metal acetates.

The transesterification reaction between diethanolamine and methyl-methacrylate was kinetically investigated in the presence of various metal acetate catalysts at 120℃. The quantity of methylmethacrylate reacted in the reaction flask was measured by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, and the reaction rate was investigated by measuring of the quantity of products and reactnts under various catalysts. The transesterification reaction was carried out in the first order reaction kinetics with respect to the concentration of diethanolamine and methylmethacrylate, respectively. The apparent rate constant was found to obey first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of catalyst. The linear relationship was shown between apparent rate constant and reciprocal absolute temperature, and by the Arrhenius plot, the activation energy has been calculated as 11.08 Kcal with zinc acetate catalyst, 17.99 Kcal without catalyst. The maximum reaction rate was appeared at the range of 1.4 to 1.6 of electronegativity of metal ions and instability constant of metal acetates.

The transesterification reaction between ethanolamine and methyl-methacrylate was kinetically investigated in the presence of various metal acetate catalysts at 110℃. The transesterification was found to obey first-order kinetice with respect to the concentration of ethanolamine and methyl-methacrylate, respectively. By the Arrhenius plot, the activation energy has been calculated as 11.9 Kcal with lead acetate catalyst, 14.7 Kcal without catalyst. The reactivities has highest value where the electronegativity and instability constant (Kij) values for the metal acetate catalysts are about 1.6.

The transesterification reaction between diethanolamine and dimethylphthalate was kinetically investigated in the presence of various metal acetate catalysts at 130℃. The reaction was followed by the measurement of distilled methanol from the reaction vessel. The transesterification was found to obey first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of diethanolamine and dimethylphthalate and catalyst, respectively. The reactivities has highest value where the electronegativity and instability constand (Kij) values for the metal acetate catalysts are about 1.6.

산업혁명 이후 화석연료를 통한 에너지의 소비는 이산화탄소의 형태로 전례 없는 대기 중 탄소의 유입을 증가시켰다. 인류에 의해 발생된 이산화탄소 형태의 탄소 유입은 지구온난화와 같은 전 지구적 환경 문제를 유발하였다. 따라서 다양한 분야에서 탄소유입을 줄이기 위한 노력은 진행되어 왔다. 대표적으로 화석 연료의 대체가 가능한 바이오 연료는 비교적 쉬운 생산 공정과 기반시설에 대한 뛰어난 적응력으로 인해 상업화 되었다. 그러나 상업화 된 바이오 연료는 식용작물의 사용으로 인해 원료의 가격상승과 윤리 도덕적 문제를 초래하였다. 이를 극복하기 위해 폐유와 미세조류와 같은 비식용 작물의 바이오 연료 전환이 연구 되었다. 값싼 원료의 이점에도 불구하고, 원료의 불순물(유리 지방산, 수분 등)의 제거를 위한 전처리 공정의 추가와 다양한 공정 설비 및 운영비용은 새로운 바이오 연료의 생산기술 향상에 대한 요구로 나타났다. 특히, 전이에스테르화 반응을 통해 비교적으로 기술적인 연구가 활발히 진행된 바이오 디젤의 경우 초임계 조건, 효소, 초음파를 활용한 반응이 활발히 연구되어져왔다. 또한 다공성 물질을 활용한 촉매 모사 전이에스테르화 반응은 유리 지방산, 수분같은 불순물 하에서도 높은 전환율을 유지하는 것으로 확인 되었다. 촉매모사 전이에스테르화 반응은 수많은 공극이 존재하는 다공성 물질을 이용하여, 반응물의 충돌 빈도를 상승시킴으로써 촉매 사용으로 발생하는 단점을 최소화하였다. 이전까지 촉매모사반응의 다공성 물질로써 상업화된 실리카겔을 사용하였으나 바이오매스를 활용한 바이오 차의 다공성 물질로써 활용이 연구됨에 따라, 바이오매스 유래 바이오 차의 촉매모사 전이에스테르화 반응에 대한 적용 연구를 제시하고자 한다. 다양한 바이오차 중에 다양한 물리적 화학적 성질을 가지고 있는 계분은 촉망받는 다공성 물질로 여겨진다. 또한 폐식용유는 촉매모사 반응의 높은 유리 지방산 저항력을 증명하기 위해 원료로써 선택되었다.