Temperature is a crucial environmental factor for rice cultivation due to the climate change and can influence the rice growth and development. Therefore, the effect of temperature on plant growth characters was examined during the vegetative growth stage. Plants were grown under three different temperatures: 23°C/13°C for 18°C, 26°C/16°C for 21°C and 29°C/19°C for 24°C in the phytotron. The temperature was treated after transplanting and ended in early panicle initiation stage. Heading date of the two varieties were strongly affected by the temperature and were delayed in the 18°C. The plant height in the 18°C was 21 % shorter than the 21°C and 24°C and the tiller and leaf number were increased in the 18°C. All the growth rates of the characters were the slowest in 18°C. The stem dry weight was significantly increased in 18°C. Nitrogen content was increased in the leaves of 18°C whereas available phosphate and potassium contents was found to be increased in the stems of 21°C and 24°C. OsNRT2.1 was overexpressed in the leaves and stems of 18°C and OsNRT2.3a could be expressed in 18°C and 21°C temperatures whereas more expressed in 21°C. OsPT1 and OsPT6 could be expressed in the leaf of 18°C and 24°C but could be expressed more in the stem of 18°C. OsHAK1 and OsHAK5 could be overexpressed in the leaves and stems of 18°C. For hormone, OsCKX2 gene was found to be up regulated in the leaves of 18°C and OsIAA1 gene could expressed more in the stem of 24°C.

The germination characteristics of the resting cysts of Pheopolykrikos hartmannii collected from the southern coastal sediments of Korea were studied at different temperature conditions, and the morphology and phylogeny of the germlings were examined. The resting cysts of Ph. hartmannii were round and characterized by a red accumulation body and many arrow-like spines and could germinate at temperature of 10 to 30°C. High germination rates (>90%) were observed at 15 and 20°C, indicating that the resting cysts could act as seed populations for the bloom initiation of Ph. hartmannii in Korean coastal waters in early summer or early fall. The morphology of the germlings was generally consistent with the previous description, and an apical groove characterized by a fully enclosed loop was observed. Phylogenetic analysis based on large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA gene sequences revealed that the germlings shared an identical sequence with the Korean and American isolates of Ph. hartmannii and was a sister clade of Polykrikos species.

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of pig slurry application with acidification and biochar on feed value, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of maize forage, and ammonia (NH3) emission. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control, C), 2) only pig slurry application (P), 3) acidified pig slurry application (AP), 4) acidified pig slurry application with biochar (APB). The pig slurry and biochar were applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1, respectively. The AP and APB treatments enhanced all feed values compared to C and P treatments. The NUE for plant N was significantly increased 92.1% by AP and APB treatment, respectively, compared to the P treatment. On the other hand, feed values were not significantly different between AP and APB treatments. The acidification treatment with/without biochar significantly mitigated NH3 emission compared to the P treatment. The cumulative NH3 emission throughout the period of measurement decreased by 71.4% and 74.8% in the AP and APB treatments. Also, APB treatment reduced ammonia emission by 11.9% compared to AP treatment. The present study clearly showed that acidification and biochar can reduce ammonia emission from pig slurry application, and pig slurry application with acidification and biochar exhibited potential effects in feed value, NUE, and reducing N losses from pig slurry application through reduction of NH3 emission.

The objective of this study was to prove the effect of pig slurry application with charcoal on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), feed value and ammonia (NH3) emission from maize forage. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control), 2) only pig slurry application (PS), 3) pig slurry application with large particle charcoal (LC), 4) pig slurry application with small particle charcoal (SC). The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1, and the charcoal was applied at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 regardless of the size. To determine the feed value of maize, crude protein, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrient, and relative feed value were investigated. All feed value was increased by charcoal treatment compared to water and PS treatment. Also, the NUE for plant N was significantly higher in charcoal treatments (LC and SC) compared to PS treatment. On the other hand, there is no significant difference for feed value and NUE between LC and SC. The NH3 emission was significantly reduced 15.2% and 27.9% by LC and SC, respectively, compared to PS. Especially, SC significantly decreased NH3 emission by 15% compared to LC. The present study clearly showed that charcoal application exhibited positive potential in nitrogen use efficiency, feed value and reducing N losses through NH3 emission.

An endemic plant to South Korea, Sedum zokuriense Nakai, has medical and floricultural potential and is of ecological importance. Today, many species under the genus Sedum are used as green-roofing systems, sold as ornamental plants, and studied for breeding programs. As such, optimization studies should be conducted to identify key environmental and cultivation factors that would affect their survival and vegetative growth. In this study, shading levels (50%, 65%, 80%, 95%, and 98%), potting mixes (decomposed granite, fertilizer-amended media, perlite, river sand, burnt husk, and vermiculite), and fertilization rates [(control, 0 ppm), 500, 750, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm] were investigated and the responses of S. zokuriense in terms of their survival rate, plant growth and development, CIELAB color reading, and chlorophyll content under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that these stonecrop species are shade-loving and thrive in low-light conditions. Although the fertilizer use had minimal impacts, growing plants at 65% shading, planted with RS:VL:PL (6:2:2, v/v/v) potting media have substantially produced a high survival rate in propagation using stem cuttings. Furthermore, this allowed plants to be established while supporting high vegetative growth, green and healthy plants with high chlorophyll content.

Soil acidity or alkalinity are serious limitations for crop production. The purpose of this study was to clarify the negative effects of extreme pH stress (low and high) on alfalfa vegetative growth (VG) and biomass accumulation (BA). Two-week-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to different pH (4.0, 4.5, 7.0, 8.0 and 8.5, respectively) levels for 72 hours. Alfalfa grown at pH 4.0 and 8.5 significantly reduced VG and BA, wherein as neutral pH (7.0) comparably exhibited better growth and biomass yield. These results indicate that extreme acidic or alkaline level are critical limiting factors for growth and biomass yield in alfalfa.

Photosynthetic characteristics and growth responses of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ orchid were determined in plants exposed to variable carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at 2-, 24-, and 36-weeks age (i.e., corresponding to juvenile, young, and mature vegetative growth stages, respectively). Plants were grown at 400 (control), 800, or 1,600 μmol･mol-1 CO2 for 6 hours during the nighttime for 32 weeks. Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’ in 2- and 24-week-old plants grown at 1,600 μmol･mol-1 CO2 had increased leaf number and net CO2 uptake compared with the plants grown at 400 μmol･mol-1 CO2. In 36-week-old of Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’, leaf number was significantly greater in plant grown at 800 and 1,600 μmol･mol-1 conditions compared with plants grown at 400 μmol･mol-1 CO2. Leaves that emerged after the start of the CO2 treatment were initially longer in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol･mol-1 CO2 than at 400 μmol·mol-1 C O2, but the final leaf length was shortest in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol･mol-1 CO2 condition. Plants showed crassulancean acid metabolism characteristic of nighttime CO2 uptake regardless plant growth stages. We found that growers may be able to promote leaf growth with increasing leaf number and reducing time to leaf initiation in the 36-week-old (i.e., mature stage) plants with 800 – 1,600 μmol·mol-1 CO2 and 2- and 24-week-old (i.e., juvenile and young stages) plants with 1,600 μmol·mol-1 C O2 for Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’.

우리나라에서 가장 남쪽에 위치한 제주도 지역은 겨울철 기후가 온화하여 올리브 재배가 가능할 것으로 판단되어 올리브 5 품종을 국내에 도입하고 시험재배를 통하여 수체생육 및 과실특성을 평가함으로써 제주도에서 올리브 재배가 가능한지를 검토하고자 수행하였다. 온난화대응농업연구소에서 올리브를 식재한 노지 시험포장의 일 평균, 최고, 최저 기온을 측정한 결과, 겨울철 최저 기온은 -5oC에서 -6oC이며 1월에서 2월 사이에 영하로 내려가는 날이 많았지만, 연중 기온 변화에 따른 올리브 수체생육은 정상적으로 잘 이루어졌다. 생물계절 양상은 잎눈이 발아하는 시기(BBCH 11)는 3월 30일~4월 10일, 꽃눈 출현(BBCH 51)은 4월 3일~4월 15일, 개화(BBCH 61) 는 5월 20일~5월 30일, 과실의 성숙(BBCH 81)은 10월 5일 ~11월 5일, 과실 수확(BBCH 89)은 11월 10일~11월 30일에 이루어졌다. 수체생육은 ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Maurino’ 품종들이 수세가 약하고 신초가 많이 발생하는 경향을 보였으며 ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Verdale’ 품종들은 수세가 강하고 신초 수가 적은 경향을 보였다. 품종별 개화특성은 ‘Maurino’ 품종이 다른 품종에 비해 다소 우수한 경향을 보였다. 과실 무게는 ‘Koroneiki’ 품종이 0.9 g으로 가장 낮았고 다른 품종들은 2.4 g에서 2.6 g으로 품종 간의 유의차는 없었다. 건조한 과실의 오일 함량은 품종간의 유의차는 없었으며 40.9% DW에서 43.7% DW의 오일 함량을 나타냈다. 정식 후 5년 후의 수확량은 모든 품종들이 5,290 g/tree~5,820 g/tree으로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 제주도에 도입한 올리브 5품종들은 겨울철 최저기온에 정상적으로 생육하였고 과실 수확이 가능했다. 따라서 우리나라 제주도 지역에서는 올리브 노지재 배가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to investigate how changing the period of light and dark influences the vegetative growth and the photosynthesis of Doritaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’. Clones of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ at 4-month-old stage were grown in a closed-plant factory system with four different light/dark cycles; 06/06 h, 08/08 h, 10/10 h, and 12/12 h. Temperature and relative humidity were set at 28oC and 80%, respectively, with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 160 ± 10 μmol·m-2·s-1. Repetitive measurements showed that the leaf length and the leaf width were the longest under 12/12 h closely followed by 10/10 h. The fresh weight and the dry weight of leaves and roots were the heaviest at 10/10 h treated samples. Different CO2 uptake patterns were observed from different light/dark cycles. Under 10/10 h and 12/12 h treatments, the CO2 uptake started at early dark period. When the light/dark cycles were shortened to 06/06 h and 08/08 h, the CO2 uptake started at the middle of dark period. Total CO2 uptake amounts were the highest under 12/12 h treatment followed by 10/10 h, 06/06 h, and 08/08 h treatments. Quantitative measurements showed that the vegetative growths under 10/10 h treatment were comparable with that of 12/12 h treatment. These studies indicated that manipulating light/dark can modify the photosynthesis patterns and vegetative growth of Dtps. Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’, resulting in the reduction of the production period.

This study examined the relationship between dinoflagellate cysts and vegetative cells, to a certain extent, by conducting a germination experiment on dinoflagellate cysts collected from a sediment trap and surface sediment. The germination experiment showed that 56.8%, 25 of the 44 species of dinoflagellate cysts seen in the sediment trap, germinated, which confirmed the relationship between cysts and vegetative cells. The germination experiment also found that Votadinium carvum showed different forms of vegetative cells in all three forms of cysts, which required an accurate identification of the species through a genetic analysis. Furthermore, the species known to be the cyst of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was determined to be Cochlodinium sp., and the cysts of C. polykrikoides did not appear.

Waterlogging strongly affects maize (Zea mays L.) growth. It is necessary to find the screening method of waterlogging tolerant maize lines. This study was to investigate the growth characters at V3 stage of maize, when is very sensitive to waterlogging. Six Korean maize inbred lines were subjected to waterlogging at V3 stage for 30 days. The 30 days waterlogging treatment significantly reduced plant height, number of expanded leaves, and SPAD value, compared with the control plants. SPAD values were significantly different among the six inbred lines, KS140 was the highest. The dry matter accumulation of aerial and root part were significantly decreased by 30 days waterlogging. KS140 was the weightiest among inbred lines. The dry matter of adventitious root showed same trend. Waterlogging treatment significantly reduced to ear length and thickness, grains filling length, grain number per ear, and maize grain. Plant height, SPAD value, and number of fully-expanded leave showed high correlation with maize grain yield, but number of senescent leaves, dry matter of adventitious root and TR ratio did not, suggesting that the former three traits may be good indicator for evaluating 30-day waterlogging tolerance of maize inbred lines. KS164 was the highest yield by increasing of grains filling length and grain number per ear of among waterlogging inbred lines. According to the results, evaluation of maize waterlogging should be consider both early growth characteristics and resilience in the later growth stages.

중탄산이 고농도인 수경재배용 원수의 피해를 경감시키기 위한 목적으로 혼합상토의 pH를 조절할 때 영양번식중인 ‘싼타’ 딸기의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구수행을 위해 피트모스와 수피를 5:5(v/v)로 혼합한 산성상토를 조제하였고, 조제된 상토의 pH를 교정하기 위해 혼합하는 고토석회 [CaMg(CO3)2]의 양을 0(무처리), 1, 2, 3 및 4g·L-1로 조절하였다. 이 후 중탄산 농도가 240mg·L-1로 조절된 Hoagland 용액을 공급하면서 모주와 자묘의 생육, 상토의 화학성 변화, 그리고 식물체의 무기원소 함량을 조사 및 분석하였다. ‘싼타’ 딸기의 모주 생체중은 고토석 회 2g·L-1 처리구에서 102.1g으로 가장 무거웠고, 1g·L-1 처리, 94.7g, 3g·L-1 처리, 91.2g, 0g·L-1 처리, 75.4g, 4g·L-1 처리, 72.3g 처리 순으로 가벼워졌으며, 건물중도 생체중과 같은 경향이었다. 모주당 발생한 자묘수는 고 토석회 0, 1, 2, 3 및 4g·L-1 처리구에서 각각 5.8, 9.8, 11.8, 8.8 및 5.0개체였으며, 고토석회를 2g·L-1로 혼합한 처리구에서 자묘 발생이 가장 많았다. ‘싼타’ 딸기 모주를 재배하면서 측정한 상토의 pH 는 고토석회 1 및 2g·L-1 처리구에서 5.6-6.2의 적정 범위에 포함되었고, 3 및 4g·L-1 처리구는 이보다 높았다. 모주의 지상부 무기물 함량은 고토석회 2g·L-1 처리구에서 가장 많았으며, 4g·L-1 처리구에서 Fe, Mn, Zn 및 Cu의 미량원 소 함량이 감소하고 모주 및 자묘에 이들 원소의 결핍 증상이 발생하였다. 이상의 내용을 종합할 때 원수의 중탄산 농도가 높아 발생하는 피해를 경감하기 위해서는 pH가 약 4인 산성 상토를 조제한 후 기비로서 고토 석회를 2g 혼합한 후 ‘싼타’ 딸기를 육묘하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단하였다.

To investigate the photosynthesis and growth of Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ grown under different nitrogen fertilization and night-interruption (NI) illumination, we exposed plants to 9-h short days (SDs), SDs + 3 - 7 μmol·m-2·s-1 NI (low-light intensity of NI, LNI), or SDs + 120 μmol·m-2·s-1 NI (high-light intensity of NI, HNI) illumination with nitrogen supplemented at 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg·L-1. Cymbidium photosynthesized under 3 – 7 μmol·m-2·s-1 NI regardless of nitrogen treatment, promoting growth. HNI treatments and nitrogen supplements at 100 mg·L-1 increased the leaf chlorophyll concentration. LNI increased net CO2 assimilation (An), transpiration, and stomatal conductance. HNI without supplemental nitrogen reduced midday An. However, HNI with supplemental nitrogen increased midday An. Supplemental nitrogen should be provided to Cymbidium when high-irradiance NI is used to promote growth.

본 실험은 일몰 후 밤 동안의 적색 LED(light emitting diode) 처리가 성목기 ‘후지’/M.26 사과나무의 광합성, 영양생장 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 적색 LED 처리구의 주간 광합성속도, 기공전도 도 및 증산속도는 무처리구와 차이가 없었다. 그러나 적색 LED 처리구의 야간 기공전도도와 증산속도는 무처리구보다 낮았고, 일몰 후 밤 동안의 적색 LED 처리는 야간 광합성을 유도하지 않았다. 잎의 특성에 있어서는, 적색 LED 처리는 잎의 면적과 C/N율을 증가시켰으나 잎의 SPAD값은 감소시켰다. 과대지의 길이는 적색 LED 처리구가 무처리구보다 짧았다. 과실의 특성에 있어서는 적색 LED 처리는 과실의 에틸렌 발생량, 호흡속도, 가용성 고형물 함량 및 착색 정도를 증진시켰는데, 특히 착색 정도는 적색 LED 처리시간이 길수록 증가되었다. 결론적 으로, ‘후지’/M.26 사과나무의 일몰 후 야간 적색 LED 처리는 과실의 성숙을 촉진하였다.

임상의 동일 공간에 생육하고 있는 제비꽃속 세 종(고깔제비꽃, 왜제비꽃, 남산제비꽃)의 영양생장적 특징과 광량의 관계를 통해 각 종의 전략자적 특징을 알아 보았다. 본 연구는 광주광역시에 위치한 무등산의 다섯개 지점으로부터 1994년, 1995년, 2000년에 중점 조사가 수행되었고, 2007년과 2010년 추가 조사가 진행되었다. 각 종의 집단 내 개체수의 변동, 개체의 건중량과 엽수, 조도에 따른 종의 분포 유형 분석을 통해 세 종이 임상의 광양에 의해 서로 다른 생태적 지위를 얻고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 고깔제비꽃은 K-전략자로서, 왜제비꽃은 r-전략자로서, 남산제비꽃은 두 종의 중간에서 그 생태적 지위를 차지하는 것으로 해석되었다.