The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sowing dates on the growth, yield, and forage quality of two triticale cultivars, Joseong and Hanmiso-1ho. Field experiments were conducted with sowing dates ranging from September 25 to November 13, 2023. The results indicate that both cultivars and sowing date significantly influence growth characteristics, dry matter yield, and nutritional composition. The highest yields were obtained from the earliest sowing (September 25), with Joseong producing 10,979 ± 366 kg/ha and Hanmiso-1ho 12,201 ± 2,124 kg/ha. Yields remained relatively high on October 5 and 16 sowings but declined sharply after October 25, reaching the lowest levels on November 13 (Joseong 4,991 ± 458 kg/ha; Hanmiso-1ho 6,353 ± 338 kg/ha). Delayed sowing increased plant height but reduced forage biomass. Forage quality also varied with the sowing date. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 8–11%, with higher values in early sowing (10.7% for Joseong, 10.3% for Hanmiso-1ho) and lower at mid to late sowing dates. Fiber content such as NDF and ADF levels increased with the sowing dates delayed, but declined slightly with the November sowing dates. Overall, end September to early October sowings provide optimal yield and forage quality for both triticale cultivars.

Field drying remains the primary bottleneck to consistent alfalfa haymaking under Korea’s humid, rain-prone summers. This study evaluated how dry matter (DM) yield and tedding frequency shape seasonal drying trajectories and leaf shatter in Cheonan during 2024. The experiment was conducted in May, June, August, September, and October 2024 with three DM yield levels (3, 5, and 7 ton/ha) and three tedding regimes (no tedding, once daily, and twice daily). Favorable May–June weather enabled swaths to reach <20% moisture within 100 h, whereas in September–October, moisture commonly remained ≥50%, indicating conditions unsuitable for dry hay. Yield effects on drying were generally small except in August, when re-wetting events accentuated between-group differences. Tedding effects were season-dependent: treatment differences emerged after rainfall in August and were evident in September, with twice-daily tedding producing the lowest moisture among tedding treatments. Leaf dropout rose with greater tedding frequency and higher DM yield; significant tedding effects were detected in June and September, and twice-daily tedding often exceeded no-tedding for leaf losses, particularly at 7 ton/ha. Collectively, omitting tedding is a viable option for May–June hay (4 days to ~20% moisture), while for post-June harvests, tedding offers limited drying benefits and may elevate leaf shatter; ensiling is therefore recommended when drying conditions are suboptimal.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using domestic agricultural by-products—pruned branches of apple and pear trees, soybean stems, and spent cocopeat substrate—as alternative substrates for the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes. Chemical analysis showed that Substrate 1 (apple branches replacing corncob) and Substrate 2 (pear branches replacing corncob) had total carbon (42.6%) and total nitrogen (1.5%) contents most comparable to those of the Control. Mycelial growth in all mixed substrates exceeded that of the control. Fruiting body yield was higher in Substrate 2 (273.4 g/1,100mL) and Substrate 1 (238.0 g) compared with the Control (231.5 g). Fruiting body quality in Substrates 1 and 2 was equivalent to that of the control. These results indicate that woody by-products such as apple and pear pruned branches can serve as effective replacements corncob in F. velutipes cultivation.

저온기 엽채류 생산시 저온, 저광 등으로 인해 생육 저하 및 수량 감소가 발생한다. 저온기 근권부 가온을 통해 지상부 저 온 스트레스를 경감하고 생육 및 수량을 개선할 수 있다. 최근 루꼴라, 고수, 바질, 공심채 등 향신채소의 국내 수요가 증가하 면서, 연중 생산의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 양 액 가온을 통한 근권부 온도 제어 효과와 지상부 생육 및 수량 에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 저온기 경남 함안 에 위치한 유리 온실에서 실험을 실시하였으며, 루꼴라, 고수, 바질, 공심채를 분무경베드에 정식하여 무처리 대조구와 양 액 가온 설정온도별 처리구(NSH20, NSH25, NSH30)를 설 정하였다. 양액 조성은 PBG 엽채류 조성을 따랐으며 재배기 간 동안 폐기 없이 표준 양액(EC 1.8, pH 5.5)으로 보충하여 사용하였다. 양액의 특성 및 이온 농도는 약 3일 간격으로 분 석하였으며, 작물의 생육 및 수확 조사는 각각 정식후 2주와 4 주차에 수행하였다. 재배 기간 동안 온실 내부의 일일 최저, 평균, 최고 온도는 각각 13.75℃, 18.66℃, 30.08℃였으며, 재 배 기간 중 온실 내 최저 온도는 9.97℃였다. 대조구의 근권부 온도는 최저 13.35℃, 평균 17.17℃로 근권부 저온으로 인한 뿌리 생육 저하, 지상부 생육 감소를 유발할 수 있다. 설정 온 도별 가온 양액을 공급한 경우 근권부 평균 온도는 NSH30는 24.61℃, NSH25는 21.41℃, NSH20는 18.62℃였다. 호냉 성 작목인 루꼴라와 고수는 근권부 온도에 따른 생육 및 수량 변화가 확인되지 않았다. 반면 호온성 작목인 바질과 공심채 는 양액 가온을 통한 근권부 온도 제어시 생육 및 수량 개선이 확인되었다. 바질은 NSH25와 NSH30 처리구에서 유사한 생 육 및 수량 개선 효과가 확인되었으며, 에너지 효율성을 고려 했을 때 양액 가온 온도를 25℃로 설정하는 것이 더 경제적인 근권부 온도 관리 방안이 될 것으로 생각된다. 반면 공심채는 NSH30에서 수량이 대조구 대비 107%, NSH25 대비 60% 증 가한 것으로 보아 양액 가온 설정 온도를 높게 유지하는 것이 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

This study quantitatively assessed the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on the suitability zones and dry matter yield (DMY) of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Korea. Baseline climate (2006–2015) and recent climate (2021–2023) conditions were compared using national meteorological and crop yield data. A significant decrease in total annual precipitation (−84.3 mm, p<0.001) was observed, while winter minimum temperatures showed a slight but statistically insignificant increase (+0.27°C, p = 0.111). Suitability zone classification based on agro-climatic zoning indicated regional shifts, particularly a decrease in the best suitable zones in 2021 and partial recovery by 2023. Dry matter yield increased by 31.6% in central Korea due to improved winter survival under warmer conditions, while southern Korea experienced a 9.4% yield reduction in response to a severe spring drought in 2022. Pearson correlation analysis showed a moderate positive but non-significant relationship between precipitation and yield (r = 0.518, p = 0.292), and multiple linear regression explained 97.9% of yield variation (R² = 0.979). Precipitation had a stronger explanatory effect than temperature, suggesting that water availability is a more critical factor for forage productivity. These findings provide scientific evidence of regional climate sensitivity and support future data-driven cultivation planning.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of gypsum application on dry matter yield (DMY), mineral content of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and soil properties in reclaimed tidal land in South Korea. The experiment was conducted in Seokmun, located on the west coast of South Korea, which is reclaimed with approximately 70 cm depth of degraded island soil. Treatments consisted of a control with no gypsum application (G0), 2 ton ha-1 (G2), and 4 ton ha-1 (G4) of gypsum application. The first harvest was carried out when the alfalfa reached 10% flowering, and subsequent harvests were conducted at 35-day intervals. Over the three-year experimental periods (2019-2021), the total DMY of G2 treatment was significantly higher than those of G0 and G4 (p<0.05). Although both G2 and G4 gypsum application treatments lowered soil pH, the G4 treatment increased the electrical conductivity (EC) content of the soil. Additionally, gypsum application affected the mineral contents of alfalfa, resulting in reduced concentration of sodium (Na) and Magnesium (Mg). Therefore, this present study suggests that a gypsum application rate of 2 ton ha-1 is optimal for improving alfalfa dry matter yield and mineral balance, as well as enhancing soil chemical properties in reclaimed tidal land in South Korea.

This study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science (RDA), in Cheonan, Korea, to develop a medium-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The newly developed tetraploid cultivar, named ‘Spider’, is characterized by its green leaves, semi-erect growth habit in late autumn, and erect growth habit in mid-spring. With a heading date of May 16, ‘Spider’ is classified as a medium-maturing variety. Compared to the control cultivar ‘Kowinmaster’, ‘Spider’ has a 1.0 mm wider leaf blade, a 1.6 cm longer leaf blade, and is 5 cm taller in plant height. Its dry matter yield (10,169 kg/ha) is significantly higher than that of ‘Kowinmaster’ (p<0.05). The crude protein content of ‘Spider’ is 10.4%, which is 0.2% higher than that of the control. Additionally, ‘Spider’ has a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 49.5% and an acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of 26.6%, showing a 2.2% lower NDF and a 0.2% higher ADF compared to ‘Kowinearly’.

본 연구는 고구마(Ipomoea batatas L.) 재배에서 토양 수분 함량별 고구마 괴근의 형태 및 수량 변화를 분석하기 위해 2023년부터 2024년까지 2년간 경상국립대학교 내동캠퍼스 부속농장에서 수행되었다. 시험 1년차(2023년) 처리구는 건조구(DD, dry)와 과습구(WW, wet), 대조구로 적습구 (N, normal)를 설정하였으며, 시험 2년차(2024년)는 건조구(DD), 반건조구(D, semi-dry), 과습구(WW), 반과습구(W, semi-wet), 대조구로는 적습구(N, Normal)를 설정하였다. 2년간 고구마 전 생육기간 평균 토양 수분함량은 반건조구 23.2%, 건조구 19.9%, 적습구 32.5%, 반과습구 43.3%, 과습구 47.6%로 나타났다. 2년간의 시험 결과, 괴근 길이는 적습구에서 각각 20.9, 21.3 cm로 가장 길었고, 괴근 직경 또한 적습구에서 각각 8.10 cm, 7.50 cm로 가장 길었다. 적습구의 장폭비는 2.58, 3.00으로 방추형으로 나타났고, 괴근 모양은 달걀형이 각각 주당 3.87, 5.06 개로 가장 높았고, 건조구와 과습구는 부정형 괴근의 발생 비율이 적습구 보다 증가하였다. 괴근 수량은 2년간 적습구에서 각각 3.15, 4.86 ton 10a-1로 가장 높았다. 반면, 적습구 대비 건조구에서는 평균 54.4%, 과습구는 평균 47.3% 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 토양 수분 함량에 따라 다양한 형태의 괴근이 생산될 수 있으며, 용도에 맞춰 형태 조절이 가능함을 확인하였다. 특히, 토양 수분을 약 30% 내·외로 유지할 경우 괴근 형성과 비대가 촉진되며, 수량 증대와 함께 선호도가 높은 달걀형 고구마 생산이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.