This paper explores the key figure of minjung misul (“the people’s art”), Kim Bongjun, and the art collective Dureong in the relationship between ‘dialogue’ and the dissidents’ structural critique of Korea’s modernities. During the 1980s’ prodemocracy movement, the minjung artists and other dissident intellectuals used the notion of dialogue as metaphor for and allegory of democracy to articulate not only Koreans’ experience of modern history, which they saw as “alienating” and “inhumane,” but also the discrepancies between Koreans' predicaments and their political aspirations and their working toward the fulfllment of those ideals. Envisioning alternative forms of modernities, Kim Bongjun and other Dureong members paid attention to the fundamental elements of art, which consist of art as a modern institution, as well as the everyday lives of people as the very site of Koreans’ modernities. They endeavored to create “art of life,” which presumes its being part of people’s lives, based on the cultural and spiritual traditions of the agrarian community. They also participated in the national culture movement, the minjung church, and the alternative-life movement to radically envision everyday lives through the indigenous reinterpretation of democratic values. Despite the signifcant role played by the church mission and its community involvement, its effects on minjung misul have received little attention in the relevant studies. Thus, I consider in particular the minjung church’s and the alternative-life movement’s confuence of multiple cultural and social constituencies in relation to Kim and the Dureong collective’s vision of a new art and community.

This writing aims to observe Korean art through keywords such as culture, art and the everydayness and its relationship with mass culture, Korean art after the 1990s and its daily world. It was during the latter part of the 1980s that the Korean society entered mass society. The Asian Games of 1986 and the Seoul Olympic Games of 1988 accelerated the internationalization of Korean society and the local political scene was approaching the political democratization through the 6ㆍ29 Declaration of 1987. Outside Korea, the Soviet Union, which represented the communism block of the world, collapsed, leading to the dismantling of the ideological confrontation between communism and capitalism. The Western postmodernism also made its way to Korea affecting the social ambience and allowing various values to coexist beyond the ideological opposition of the left and the right. The reason why I intend to take the correlation between mass culture and Korean art as the main point of Korean art after the 1990s, is that the quotidian aspect began to be reflected in art due to the emergence of mass culture and the subsequent expansion of art into daily life. This thesis examines how the mass culture and daily element is rendered in Korean art after the 1990s through three categorical points of discussion: Text/comprehension that acts as a sign, Reciprocity/relationship that involves the active intervention of the audience, and Commonness (popular vein)/anti-elitism that reflects the mass sentiment. I paid attention to what happens on the surface of society and its certain regular signs, desires and the fixed ideas in the consumption of text/comprehension, the transgressing between art and life through the process of representation by sharing it with the other, and finally, how art tries to reveal mass sentiment or show a critical consciousness of art that is considered vacant because of its utilization of discarded materials once produced by modern society in commonness (popular vein)/anti-elitism. Such tendency disintegrates the classical norm of art that divides art and life and reflects the alienated quotidian life, ultimately making us re-think our conventional ideas and modes of action. This writing is an attempt to discern the point of change in the development of the Korean contemporary art.

Historian Eric J. Hobsbawm once said “the task that historians have is to analyze the meanings of the past within the context of society and to track the changes and implementation.” It would not be too far of a stretch to apply Hobsbawm's quote to art historian since art history, although quite specific, is still history. In addition, Hobsbaum also asserted that, “a mold called the past continuously forms the present or at least thought to be.” It is my recognition that the major westernization of the last century took place under the Japanese colonization which served as the channel to usher in western art; however, the current 20th- century Korean art history fails to recognize that the mold of the past, namely western art in this case, has formed the modern art of the present. Based on this recognition, attention was given to what lacked in the analysis of the current 20th-century Korean art history in terms of “Informel” which was identifed as the turning point towards “modern art” in the Korean art history as well as the following “experimental art.” My belief is that the art history of Korea has to be reassessed from , a socio-cultural perspective as well as adopting multi-level and diachronic understanding. However, the existing Korean art, especially the one between the end of 1950s to the 1970s was based on the perspective of “severance”; thus, raising the needs for the starting point of a new perspective. It is my conviction that meta perspective on writing is most essential in order to lay a solid basis for the Korean art scene to have a productive discussion. I feel the utmost necessity to reinterpret the typifed history analysis and criticism which stemmed from the trauma under the Japanese colonization. The most urgent task is to avoid academic closeness and to share the research. Painting is an individual expression of the artist, but the act of expression is not free from the cultural and societal infuence to which the artist belongs.

This paper analyzes six different ways of articulating the relationship between art and politics. It calls attention to the differences that lurk behind the seemingly simple phrase—everywhere in vogue today—the “politics of aesthetics.” Five of these models are drawn from contemporary discussions regarding the politics of art. The last model is the attempt to develop an account of the politics of aesthetics that is faithful to the diffcult and ambiguous dimensions of the aesthetic experience that were hinted at by the texts of classical philosophical aesthetics. Most notably, this paper is concerned with the idea that the aesthetic experience can be understood as a form of disinterested contemplation—one that is not reducible to cognitive or moral considerations—and with some of the consequences that this entails. It explores some of the political signifcance that can be attributed to this idea of disinterested contemplation, arguing that the aesthetic should be understood as a withdrawal from the world’s pre-established meanings. Unlike some of the other thinkers discussed in this paper, this author doubts that a single, uniform meaning can be ascribed to the aesthetic experience. I thus argue that we need to approach the aesthetic through the networks of textual signifcance that have been built up around it. Throughout this paper, I attempt to explain how the efforts to link art and aesthetics to politics simultaneously give rise to ideas about the nature of the human community. In looking at the sixth and fnal model, what I have called the “anarchical politics of aesthetic ambiguity,” I argue that the aesthetic tradition offers a rather unique way of understanding the relationship between the individual and the community. Here, we see that the aesthetic is prone to a number of paradoxes, central among them the one that makes art the bearer of a solipsistic pleasure in which we nevertheless discover our capacity for genuinely communicating with others, outside of clichés and banalities.

본 연구는 무용에서‘실기에 기반을 둔 연구(Practice Based Research, 이하 PBR)’를 탐구하기 위함이다. 우선 오스트리아, 영국, 캐나다 그리고 미국에서 예술가들이 자신의 작품을 연구하기 위한 하나의 연구 방법론으로 자리를 잡고 있는 PBR의 등장배경과 그 개념을 탐구하였다. PBR 의 과정으로 준비, 연습과 공연 그리고 분석과 평가 단계를 제시하였다. 한국은 고등교육기관에서 공연예술, 음악, 미술 등 예술계열이 많이 개설되어 있고 예술 전공 자를 많이 보유하고 있는 나라이다. 학문을 연구하는 상아탑에서 예술을 전공하는 교수의 예술 활동은 학문과 어떻게 연결되고 어떠한 관계가 설정되어야 하는가. 만약에 예술 활동과 학문이 무관하다면 고등교육기관에서 예술계열이 존재할 근거가 없을 것이다. 고등교육기관에서 예술분야가 존재해야할 이유는‘실기’를‘연구’할 수 있다는 대전제가 설득력을 갖기 때문이다. 또한 실기를 연구한다는 것은 예술의 질을 성장시키고 또한 지식 창출에 기여하게 된다. 이렇게 예술 분야의‘연구’가 실기의 현장을 파악하고 발전시키는 것을 그 내용으로 한다고 할 때‘실기’와 ‘연구’는 통섭적인 관계가 형성된다. 다수의 예술가들이 대학에 자리 잡고 교수로서 활동하고 있는 상황에서, 교수들이 자신들의 예술 활동을 연구하는 것은 예술가 개인에게 뿐만이 아니라 예술 현장에도 예술적이고 학문적인 의미를 갖게 된다. 한국에서‘실기에 기반을 둔 연구’는 이제 시작의 단계이고 본 연구는 화두를 던진 것에 불 과하다. 따라서 한국의 예술학자들이 보다 깊은 논의과정을 통해서 실기를 기반으로 한 연구를 지속적으로 발전시켜야 하는 숙제를 안고 있다. 본 연구를 시작점으로‘실기에 기반을 둔 연 구’에 대한 보다 활발한 논의와 다양한 연구들이 생산되기를 기대한다.

The tradition of the representative art style in the Sinosphere, Shanshui hua, expresses the traditional representation of the harmony and principle of the universe. This tradition is reflected in the Chinese garden. These Chinese gardens were precisely the three-dimension representations of Shanshui hua, a visual form of abstract expression of the oriental philosophical thinking. This research determines and draws attention to the vestiges of the reflection of Shanshui hua in the European gardens through visual art and culture. It will also approach the two subjects, Shanshui hua and garden, from a transcultural view to integrally analyze visual art. The appearance of Anglo-Chinese gardens, reflecting Shanshui hua, foreshowed a big change in traditional European gardens. This is a concrete example of the transcultural phenomenon. This has formed the typical naturally curved English gardens in the gardening history. This also divided these English gardens completely from the symmetrical, geometrical French gardens. This study considers the influence and the reverberation of Shanshui hua reflected on European gardens in the European culture. The cultural exchange of European and Chinese styles in the 18th century left an impact on the European gardening style history. Finally, this study analyzes the origin of these Anglo-Chinese gardens and its content to approach it with a transcultural view as a research methodology.

알려진 바와 같이 프롤레타리아 문화운동에서 말하는 “예술”이란 미술이나 음악을 가리키는 것이 아니라 주로 문학을 가리키는 말이다. 즉 프롤레타리아 문화운동은 문학이 중심이 된 운동으로, 다른 분야의 예술활동은 부수적인 존재로 인식되었다. 운동에서 주도적 역할을 한 것도 문인들이었다. 프롤레타리아 미술운동에 대해서 문학과 문인들이 미친 영향은 간과할 수 없는 정도로 컸다고 볼 수 있음에도 기존 연구에서는 문학과 미술 간의 관계에 관한 고찰이 부족하였다. 이 논문은 이러한 프롤레타리아 문화운동에서 문학과 미술이 어떤 관계였는가를 이른바 예술대중화논쟁을 통해서 살펴보고자 한다. 예술대중화논쟁이란, 프로레타리아 문화운동에서 “문학은 대중들에게 직접 작용하는 것이어야 한다”는 나카노 시게하루(中野重治)의 주장에 대해서 쿠라하라 코레히토(蔵原惟人)가 운동의 대상을 예술이 무엇인지를 이해하는 지식인층과 계몽이 필요하는 대중의 두 계층으로 나누어서 활동해야 한다고 반론하는 데에 시작된 논쟁이다. 예술대중화논쟁은 멀리 조선에도 전파되는 등 광범위하게 영향을 미쳤으나 일본 국내에서는 문학논쟁에 그치지 않고 미술논쟁으로도 발전해 나갔다. 1928년 2월에 발표된 나카노 시게하루의 글 회화에 관한 긴급한 하나의 문제 (絵画に関する緊急なる一問題) 는 이른바 미술분야의 예술대중화론이며 이 논쟁에서는 쿠라하라보다 오카모토 토키(岡本唐貴)가 중심적인 논객이었다. 여기서 나키노가 주장한 것은 회화는 선동(煽動)을 위해 쓰여져야 하고 노동자들 속으로 깊이 들어가서 노동자의 모습을 화폭에 담아야 한다는 것이었으며, 그에 대해 오카모토는 화면에 무엇이 그려져 있는지가 중요한 것이 아니라 그 작품에 어떤 정신성이 내포되어 있는가가 더 중요하다고 말했다. 오카모토는 프롤레타리아 미술운동에서도 미술의 자율성이 확보되어야 한다고 생각한 것이지만 그것은 아이러니하게도 프롤레타리아 문화운동이 부정해온 부르주아적인 사고방식이기도 하였다. 예술대중화논쟁이 쿠라하라 측의 승리로 끝나면서 미술분야에 있어서도 오카모토의 주장이 힘을 가지게 되고, 원래 낫프(NAPF)에서 활동해온 화가들이 모색 중이었던 마르크스주의 미술이론을 몰아냈고 프랑스 중심의 미술이론에 좌익사상을 접목함으로서 새로운 방법론을 등장시켰다. 이로써 서양중 심적인 미술개념을 극복하자는 프롤레타리아 미술운동의 맹아적인 시도가 말살되었을 뿐더러 이론 면에서도 모순이 내포된 채 활동이 진행되었다. 또한, 오카모토의 승리로 대정기(大正期) 신흥미술운동의 핵심단체였던 “조형(造型)”이 새로운 활동장소를 찾아서 프롤레타리아 진영에 합류했는데 그 길을 마련했다고 볼 수 있다.

Capriccio which has emersed in Italy of the 18th century is a new genre of the landscape painting. This genre represents reality, but it is very artificial product correspondingly its concept and character. It's birth place is distributed on various regions in Italy, but the main stage was Rome. Till the middle of the 18th century Rome was the Holy city of the Grand tour, the home of the Neo-Classicism and furthermore the field where archaeology and art history began to be instituted. On such historical situation the Capriccio came out and was recognized as the best popular genre in the visual art. It was favor of the art collection with the antiquity together and reflected the consciousness of the contemporary to the ancient. This study will examine the phenomena in the newly-developed archaeology and with few representative works of Giovanni Paolo Pannini as central term consider the Capriccio and the archaeological connotation. The systematical and institutional archeology which appeared at the age of the Enlightenment, on the contrary to the critical theories at the same time against capriccio, because it was regarded by them as paradoxical and too much sensitive, utilized it as a theoretical method very actively. Some among Historians and archaeologists did it, especially Francesco Bianchini distinguished the capriccio from simple imagination and made it a capacity of the knowledge. And through it he wanted to find out the historical truth. The visual art was influenced and encouraged by such attitude of the archaeology. However it's output spreaded out in various courses. While Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the best known Capriccist of the 18th century, tried to revive the antique through the epical value and his own imagination, Pannini gave priority to the strict historical research. In the such context Panni succeed Giovanni Battista Nolli who made the great map of the city Rome. Their Capriccio profited motive and was inspired by the historians and archaeologists such as Bianchini and Muratori. The Capriccio reflects not only the academic and popular interest for the antique, but also influenced on the upcoming scientific archaeology vice versa. It caused by their reasonable Interpretation and restoration of the antique through the visual medium. Finally as archaeological landscape Pannini's Capriccio is a historical case, in that the Capriccio applied the theoretical method of the archaeology to make art. It served as a momentum for the connotation to the archaeological thought.

The purpose of this study is based on Nam June Paik’s first solo exhibition, entitled ≪Exposition of Music-Electronic Television≫ which was held in 1963 at Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal, Germany. This was Paik’s first exhibition on the work of electronic television. Furthermore, this exhibition has provided the initial point of Video Art and that counts as an important meaning for researching Paik’s works. In 21st century many art museums are attempting to reproduce Paik‘s first exhibition itself. For this point of view the purpose of this study is focusing on the exhibition installation and its effects of the ≪Exposition of Music-Electronic Television≫. Paik has solely organized and directed this ≪Exposition of Music-Electronic Television≫ and also designed the poster. At Galerie Parnass Paik had made the exhibition with operated electric television, scenarios staged with prepared piano and mechanical sound objects along with record players and audio tape installations. Through this exhibition it turned the space of exhibition into an art work. The audience could freely experience the individual spaces which holds its own characteristics by operating the installed art works. All the different materials and physical effects installed in different rooms, all kinds of objects making sound or noise, and furthermore the works that needed audience participation have shown that characteristics of Paik’s major interest about the ‘space’, ‘sound of everyday life’, and ‘Audience participation’. Moreover, Paik has directed this ≪Exposition of Music-Electronic Television≫ not only dependent on standardized visual part but also multilateral experience approach for open exhibition. Paik’s intention for his exhibition was that the audience could be free inside exhibition space and this intention aroused the unknown artist Joseph Beuys to have spasmodic happening performance in his show. Joseph Beuys have smashed the lying piano on Paik’s show through this performance and Paik was satisfied with Joseph Beuys’s unforeseeable performance. This performance was not only about wrecking the art work but rather ‘homage to Nam june Paik’. For this kind of exhibition circumstance, Paik has made the television which was the linear communication with the audience to the ‘art work that is completed by the audience’. The passive viewers of television have become active viewers through making sound in front of television or operating the images with the sound volume while they are participating on Paik’s exhibition. Moreover, Paik has transformed the main classical instrument piano to attempt Art as a ‘playful’ thing, which was a priority only for the privileged classes. ≪Exposition of Music-Electronic Television≫ was Paik’s unique exhibition that holds ‘space and the sound’, ‘audience participation’, ‘experimenting new medium’. Paik has made the exhibition space as a one united space environment and did not segregate the ‘Art and everyday life’ and ‘Artist(subject) and Audience(object)’ which have made ‘space’, ‘audience’, ‘new medium’ as an Art.

《연강임술첩(漣江壬戌帖)》은 겸재 정선이 양천현령시절 제작한 화첩이다. 영조 18년(1742) 10월 보름날, 임술년을 맞아 경기도관찰사 홍경보가 경기 동부지역을 순시 중에 삭녕 우화정으로 경기도 관내 최고의 시인 연천현감 신유한과 최고의 화가 양천현령 정선을 불러들여 연천의 웅연까지 뱃놀이를 즐겼고, 정선은 이 이벤트를 〈우화등선(羽化登船)〉과 〈웅연계람(熊淵繫纜)〉두 점으로 그렸다. 그림의 제목대로 삭녕 우화정에서 배를 타고 출발하는 장면과 웅연에 도착하여 닻을 내리는 장면을 각각 담은 것이다. 이 모임은 같은 임술년(1082)에 가졌던 북송대 문인 소동파(蘇東坡)의 일화에서 비롯되었다. 660년 전의 고사(故事)를 추모하여 재연한 행사였던 셈이다. 이를 밝힌 홍경보의 서문과 신유한의 글 ‘의적벽부(擬赤壁賦)’ 일부, 그리고 정선의 발문(跋文)을 합하여 꾸민 서화첩이 《연강임술첩》이다. 기존에 알려져 있던 화첩본 이외에 새로이 2011년 11월 필자가 참여한 동산방화랑 기획전에 또 다른 《연강임술첩》이 공개되었다. 정선이 화첩의 발문에 밝힌 대로 세 화첩 가운데 두 번째가 출현한 셈이다.《연강임술첩》의 〈우화등선〉(도6)과 〈웅연계람〉(도7) 두 폭은 소동파 적벽부 관련 고사도이자 실경산수화이면서, 동시에 경기도관찰사의 선유 행사를 담은 기록화이다. 옆으로 긴 화면을 적절히 소화한 대가다운 구성방식을 보여준다. 고운 비단에 비교적 강한 먹을 쓰고 옅은 담채와 먹의 농담으로 늦가을의 정취가 살짝 감돌게 그렸다. 강변의 절벽과 암봉(岩峯)은 북종화풍인 농묵의 부벽준(斧劈皴)을, 먼 토산과 근경언덕은 피마준(披麻皴)과 태점(苔點)의 남종산수화풍을 구사했다. 남북종화풍을 조화시켜 임진강변의 풍광을 그렇게 담아낸 것이다. 겸재가 통상 현장사생을 거의 하지 않았듯이, 아마 두 점도 관아에 돌아와 기억으로 이미지를 재구성했을 것으로 본다. 실경그림과 실경현장을 비교하기 난감할 정도로 이상화 시켜 놓았다. ‘의취(意趣)를 살리며 외형 닮기에 소홀히 했다’는 당대 문인 이하곤(李夏坤)의 지적을 실감케 하는 진경작품이다. 그리고 좌우로 긴 풍경에 행사장면과 그 주변 등장인물이나 경물들을 소홀히 다루지 않고, 기록화적 성격까지 적절히 살려놓은 명작이다.

Korean families were separated in the wake of division of Korea into north and south. Separated families became refugees, defecting from North Korea. Therefore, it can be said that all of the North Korean refugees, who have currently settled down in South Korea, fall under the category of separated families. Under these circumstances, group experience and homesickness of North Korean refugees have been the driving force of their artistic creation, which has been reflected in their works. It was found that the North Korean refugee painters had felt homesick. Young-rim Choi also is North Korean refugee painter. He described the utopia that he had dreamed of in his works as they put emphasis on pain from loss of hometown and nostalgia for childhood. He also reflected his hometown indirectly in his works. His works have the common features such as landscape that is similar to that of his hometown, influence by tumulus murals, which can be assumed based on iconic and expressive technique. It is right to say that the common features express objects of ideology that is intrinsic to painter’s mind, rather than simple landscape or person. This is because his paintings connote painter’s longing, memory, dream, and hard feelings of deep sorrow simultaneously. As the painter look for images that are similar to those of his hometown due to physical absence of homeland, such images mean that consciousness of internal diaspora of Korea among North Korean refugee painter is expressed in the passive way. This study was meaningful in that the works and achievements by Young-rim Choi were examined in the perspective of internal diaspora of Korea, even though he has never been investigated until recently, with a view to getting an in-depth understanding of his works and positioning the painter on the historical map.

Pliny the Elder said that multiple cultures agree that the painting began as a shadow trace. A daughter of Butades, the potter in Corinth, traced an outline around a man's shadow, and it was the very beginning of painting. In this anecdote, the profile, i. e. the portrait substitutes body of the absent lover. It makes the absent body present and replaces his place. In this context Hans Belting put the anthropological value to this visual practice. Human being made images to cope actively with the shock of death and the disappearing of body. With the aid of the representation of the bodily presence, the image struggles to resist the death. This paper is a study on the critical meaning of representation in the context of bodily survival by image. The representation is the paradoxical trick of consciousness, an ability to see something as 'there' and 'not there' at the same time. So the connection between image and the body would be suspicious. Although this relation was tight in the ancient shadow painting and the medieval effigies, the modern visual practice forsakes this connection and exposes the trick of representation. It insists that image was not real and even expels the medieval visual practice from the boundary of fine arts. The genealogy of the portraiture is formed by two different visual practices. The belief and the disbelief in the image are observed in the process of representation and anti-representation, and this ambivalence transforms the ontological meaning of portrait in the visual representation.

This thesis is a study on dualism in Cy Twombly(1928-2011)’s series of Lepanto. Twombly made his debut with his scribble-like works in the 1950s when Abstract Expressionism enjoyed its golden age. In the New York art world where American Type Modernism was prevalent, Twombly was not permitted, and thus he had been a forgotten artist for a long time. After the advent of postmodernism, however, Twombly has been “rediscovered” continuously and become one of the most expensive artists. Hostility and hospitality, between these, does Twombly’s dualism exist. The subject of the series of Lepanto, the Battle of Lepanto, was the naval battle in which a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Papacy, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in 1571. Because the pivotal point of power between the East and the West had changed due to this event, the Battle of Lepanto has been considered as the crucial turning point of conflicts between the East and the West. Traditionally many Western artists have painted the Battle of Lepanto as a grand painting showing off the glorious triumph. However, it is the scrawl-like traces that Twombly’s series of Lepanto displays. Therefore, it can be said that not as representing the monumental event as it is, but as doodling it lightly, Twombly intended to break down the traditional binarism ― the East and the West, by extension, triumph and defeat, life and death. In the series of Lepanto, the galleys signify masculinity and the sea implies femininity according to Roman Jakobson’s rule of metaphor and metonymy. The masculinity and the femininity in Twombly’s series of Lepanto have a horizontal characteristic, different from Abstract Expressionism’s vertical dualism. Twombly’s series of Lepanto is included in the genre of a war painting, and like other war paintings, there are a large number of death in the series of Lepanto. Despite such a serious subject, however, sensuality exists in Twombly’s series of Lepanto. It is ascribed that extreme pain comes down to sensuality of death in the end. Life is a detour on the road to death and death is a process for life. pain and pleasure are one and the same. As a consequence, it can be deemed that the dualism in Twombly’s series of Lepanto is not for the confrontation, but for the union of opposites.

This thesis is on installations of Barbara Kruger(1945~). Kruger has made viewers experience the work and grasp the meaning themselves by using images and texts. The artist doesn’t provide the meaning she thinks to viewers and make them accept her intention. Instead, she provides viewers with the work as the passage they realize the meaning of the work by. Those efforts of Kruger are maximized in the installations, which has been made since 1989. The installations where the images and texts were expanded to the floors the viewers stood and the walls and ceilings surrounding them stimulate the perceptions of the audience more aggressively than the plane works in 1970s and 1980s did. In the late 1970s, Kruger observed nearby buildings closely and made the work arranging the picture of building and the story which might have happened in it. Her interest in architecture which she thinks dominates and control one’s personal life gets connected to the idea of the subject leading a passive life in unequal power structure which is not so easy to perceive. In 1980’s Kruger criticized the social structure overflowing with visual images and informations indiscriminately by mass media. Also, she completed her style which combined the image and text at one place in 1980’s. The images in black-and-white and the texts in white and red became Kruger’s trademark. Based on such careers, Kruger produced installations in 1989 where images and texts were expanded to the three-dimensional space. Although Kruger has made installations with images and texts, there are some changes such as a large scale, using video and sound. Like the advertisement, the past work form which caught the people’s eyes in a moment was transformed into the large scale in order for viewers to encounter the work with their whole body rather than just see in front of their eyes. Through installations, kruger has intended to recover the subjectivity of consciousness of audience, which she believes has been controlled by mass media culture. This study considered this by using Guy Debord’s spectacle, who had referred to the society of spectacle where the essence, reality were less important than the imitation, illusion and the independent subject was alienated. Installations is site-specific in a way that its size, composition and the contents of images and texts depend on locational characteristics. As turning their heads, walking and moving around, the viewers get immersed in the work which Kruger made with images, texts and video using provided space. Kruger’s installation work becomes a place for experience, attracting the physical participation of audience and then the immediacy of experience is strengthened by her direct address. Through the personal pronoun, the interrogative and the dialogic sentence, Kruger encourages viewers to set their positions in the work. Accordingly viewers can make their own meaning of work, keeping their distance from it. In this way, Kruger made viewers absorb in the work and keep distance from it while she divided the space into the physical place and the place for them. Then the viewers can overcome the passive attitude prevalent in the spectacle society and be the independent subject after a creative process such as experiencing Kruger’s work themselves and making their own meaning.

본 논문은 18세기 중국회화사에 획기적인 변화와 발전을 가져온 양주화단의 형성에 주도적인 역할을 담당했던 휘상들의 문화적 성향과 경제적 영향력이 당시 그림시장에 어떻게 반영되었는지를 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 중국 商幇가운데 휘상들의 문화적 정체성과 문사적 향유를 중시하는 경제성향에 관해 문헌을 통해 고찰하였다. 아울러 연관 작품들의 비교 분석을 시도하였다. 강남부자를 대표했던 안휘출신 상인들, 이른바 휘상들은 세 명이 상인이면 한명은 유학을 공부할 만큼 문풍이 만연했던 문헌국 출신들로서 賈而好儒란 문화적 특성을 지니고 있다. 당시 유교적 사회제도에서 천한신분의 상인계층에 속하면서도 문사의 풍격을 숭상하는 지식인으로 평가받은 휘상의 독특한 문화적 정체성과 자부심은 안휘지역의 문화적 정서로부터 배양되었다고 할 수 있다. 특히 여타의 상방보다 本鄕의식속에 각인된 地緣중시의 결속력도 남달랐던 휘상들은 소금이나 쌀. 차 등외에도 고향의 특산품인 서화와 문방용품을 취급하였다. 일찍부터 서화상품에 조예가 있었던 휘상들은 명대 중. 후반기부터 서화와 고동품 소장에 참여하는 한편 예술시장에 무리로 움직이는 적극성을 보여주었다. 이후 휘상들이 막강한 경제력을 바탕으로 중국 화단에서 새로운 흐름을 주도하며 그 영향력을 행사한 것은 자신들의 본거지인 안휘와 지형적으로 근접한 거리에 위치한 양주에서이다. 16세기를 전후하여 양주에 진출했던 휘상들은 청초부터 소금사업으로 축적한 막대한 자금을 문화 사업과 서화시장에 유입시켜 양주화단의 새로운 변화와 활성화에 본격적으로 기여하였다. 그 결과 상류지식계층의 전유물이었던 문인화를 현실적이고 대중적인 시장상품으로 전환시켜 서화시장의 유통구조에 새로운 국면을 조성하였다. 특히 양주화단에 그림의 상품화가 본격화 되면서 작품가격 공개와 작품 값 흥정 같은 파격적인 현상들이 성행하였다. 이 과정에서 휘상들의 본향에 대한 각별한 자부심은 초일하고 분방한 안휘지역 화파의 화풍들을 자연스럽게 양주화단으로 전이시키는 동력이 되었다. 또한 안휘인들의 문화적 욕구 가운데 문사 숭상의 성향과 서화에 대한 조예는 양주지역에 서화소장과 감상을 즐기는 풍조가 만연하는데 중요한 역할을 담당하였다. 뿐만 아니라 새로운 것을 좋아하고 기이한 것에 관심이 높았던 휘상들의 심미 취향은 대중적 성향의 서화상품화와 그림시장의 흥행을 조장하여 화가들로 하여금 창신에 대한 독특한 표현방식을 가시화시키는데 중요한 계기를 제공하였다.

This study focuses on Portraits of the Wyatt Family of John Everett Millais (1829-1896) who was active in England during Victorian Age. Portraits of the Wyatt Family refers to both James Wyatt and his Granddaughter, Mary Wyatt (1849) and Eliza Wyatt and her Daughter, Sarah Wyatt (1850), and these paintings were done for his patron James Wyatt in the early stage of Pre-Raphaelites Brotherhood (P.R.B.). In the 19th century, the British Academy of painting did not move forward from just imitating the works of the past, paying the best tribute to Raphael and Michelangelo and pursuing Joshua Reynolds’s Discourses on Art of 18th century. In criticizing such a stream, P.R.B. came up to the surface in 1848 initiated by Millais, William Holman Hunt, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti with an emphasis on recovering sincerity in painting. In Portraits of the Wyatt Family, it contains various features. In this paper, these specific features are divided into two parts: detailed expression and expression of distorted perspective. It seems that P.R.B.’s belief that thorough observation on small details opens to a window to find the truth in them played as a source to enable detailed depiction. And Portraits of the Wyatt Family distorted the perspective of the high Renaissance traditional perspective. Distorted perspective makes viewers to look at the painting with the same perspective, which suggests a new approach of seeing the picture, not separating the center and periphery in the painting. This study shows that ‘images-within-images’ of the Portraits of the Wyatt Family function reversely from those in traditional art and they are directly reflecting the ideology attached to women in the mid-nineteenth century of Britain. In this paper, it analyzes that ‘images-within-images’ have two different characters at the same time. Thus, this study is significant in that this approach provides a chance to explore the implications in wider extent, instead of just seeing Portraits of the Wyatt Family as family pictures. This study interprets the Portraits of the Wyatt Family in line with the characteristics of P.R.B.. Therefore capturing various hidden meanings from the Portraits of the Wyatt Family and allowing better understanding of the work.

9세기는 불교조각의 지역적 차이와 민중화가 가속화된 시대였다. 본고에서는 2009～12년에 사천성문물고고연구원 등과 공동조사를 실시했던 천불암 마애 중에 9세기에 유행했던 미타정인을 취한 아미타상과 성승상에 주목했다. 불공이 한역한 밀교경궤에 설해진 미타정인상(像)은 협강에서 17건이 확인되나 그 안에서 밀교적인 성격은 찾아볼 수 없고, 삼불 혹은 사불병좌감에서 종래의 전법륜인상을 대신하여 아미타불 형식으로 등장하고 있다. 한편, 돈황벽화에서는 9세기에도 미타정인의 작례를 찾아볼 수 없기에 지역 간의 차이를 엿 볼 수있다. 천불암의 중심구(区)인 제91호감은 승가・보지・만회라는 삼성승상으로, 9세기에 일본 승려 엔닌이 같은 주제의 단감상을 가져왔다는 사료를 가지고 유추하면, 특히 수난구제(水難救済)와 행로안전(行路安全)이라는 이점을 바라고 청의강 기슭의 낭떠러지에 이를 조각했다고 간주된다. 현세이익적인 영험력에 대한 민중의 요청에 응했던 이러한 조상 주제의 유행은 그 배경에 토번이나 남조의 침공이 반복되었던 9세기 사천지역의 사회적 불안이 깔려있는 것이다.

This article is based on the observation of <Braille Painting·Munja(Character) Painting>, an educational program for the culturally underprivileged people for the first half of 2013 by the National Folk Museum of Korea, and provides observation and analysis of the process how the visually challenged people experience and apprehend traditional art through the museum’s education program that focuses on Hyoje Munjado(character painting), traditional Korean folk painting. The <Braille Painting·Munja(Character) Painting> program helped the attendees with visual disability to learn about the folk painting, Hyoje Munjado, exhibited in the museum, and re-interpret and visualize the meaning of eight characters of Hyo Je Choong Shin Ye Ui Yeom Chi (filial piety, brotherly love, loyalty, sincerity, etiquette, fidelity, integrity, and shame) based on one’s unique experience, and create an art work of their own. This program was distinct as it allowed those with visual disability to learn about the ethics and culture of the Chosun society through the contents of Hyoje Munjado, while at the same time helped them experience the process of art creation by making an art work of one’s own. Hyoje Munjado is a special type of painting in which eight Chinese characters of Hyo Je Choong Shin Ye Ui Yeom Chi, the key ethical virtues of the Chosun society, were written and old sayings and figures are symbolized and drawn into the strokes in the eight Chinese characters. The ethical virtues expressed in the painting are still considered socially important and the program attendees can understand the meaning of the Hyoje Munjado reflected in their life and create their own munjado based on such contextual understanding. The program demonstrates how suitable a contextual understanding from constructivism perspective is in the exhibition and education of museums for the museum visitors with diverse cultural background, knowledge, and environment as well as the visually challenged. Furthermore, the program clearly indicates the effects of a constructivism education that creates a new meaning through a contextual interpretation of experiences in the education for the visually challenged. Although the program started out of an exploration into how to enable those with visual disability experience art, it also appears to be effective in allowing people with rare access to art and history of art experience art in their daily life experience.

The inauguration of the collective Reality and Utterance (Hyŏnsil kwa Parŏn) in 1979 and 1980 marked a watershed moment in Korean art. This is not only be-cause the collective gave birth to the politically-engaged art movement that would come to be labeled “Minjung Art” by the middle of the 80s, but also because it enthusiastically embraced a wide range of images from the urban culture. With a special focus on the members’ early work, my research explores an issue largely neglected in the dominant narrative of Minjung art as a form of activism against the authoritarian Korean government during the 80s. The issue is what was at stake in Reality and Utterance’s exploration of contemporary urban visual culture. The aim of this essay is to recognize the engagement with the urban visual culture as central to the group’s early project and to consider it at some distance from the anti-urban and anti-mass culture perspective which was endorsed by the Minjung narrative. Focusing on members’ turn to urban visual culture, this essay instead argues that this turn was by no means merely a means to making art as social cri-tique, but more importantly, it was an experiment with the shared image world, as opposed to the rarefid visual vocabularies of abstract modernism. Visual produc-tions such as advertisements, billboards, posters, and kitsch paintings, which come from outside the narrow confins of fin art, were definitly ominous signs of the colonization of everyday life in the capitalist city, but at the same time they were an-ticipated to be a catalyst for redefiningKorean art in a more communicative, acces-sible, and democratized way. In this regard, in the early 1980s—in particular 1980 and 1982—the members’ gesture oscillated between critique and embrace, which allowed the group to occupy a unique domain in the realm of Korean art production.

663년 白村江戰鬪이후 일본열도로 건너간 백제 유민은 일본 열도의 율령 국가 형성에 큰 역할을 하였다. 정부에 중용된 자도 많지만 한편에서는 지방에 정착한 사람들도 많이 존재했다. 그 구체적인 예로서 문헌 기록에 남는 近江国(滋賀県) 蒲生郡의 유적들을 들 수 있다. 이 지역에 남겨진 「鬼室集斯墓碑」나 石塔寺三層石塔은 동 시대의 것은 아니지만 백제 유민의 기억에 관계된 기념물이라 할 수 있다. 동 시대의 유적으로서 사원유적이 중요한 중요한 의미가 있으며 石塔寺의 근처에 위치하는 綺田[카바타]廢寺가 백제 유민과 관계된 사원이라고 추측하였다. 이사원의 創建瓦인 「湖東式」軒瓦는 일본열도에서는 특이한 문양을 갖고 있고, 새롭게 한반도에서 가져온 것이라고 추정되지만 그 기점이 되는 사원이 近江[오오미]国愛知[에치]郡의 軽野塔ノ塚[가루노토오노츠카]廢寺이며, 愛知郡의 유력자인 依智秦氏[에치하타우지]로 추측되고 있다. 依智秦氏는 白村江에서 활약한 朴市田来津[에치노타쿠츠]를 배출했으며 백제 유민과도 접점을 가지고 있다. 이 依智秦氏의 寺院과 綺田廢寺가 기와에서 관계가 인정되는 것은, 5세기까지 한반도에서 일본열도에 도래한 사람들 이 7세기에 새로운 도래인의 정착과정에서 큰 역할을 하고 있었다고 생각된다. 말하자면 오래된 도래인이 기술이나 지식을 갱신하기 위해 새로운 도래인의 수용에 주력했다고 추정할 수 있다. 白村江에 참전한 일본 열도의 호족들이 귀국 후에 사원조영을 했다는 이야기는 『日本霊異記』에서 볼 수 있다. 특히 유명한 것이 備後国三谷郡(広島県)의 大領이 백제계 승려인 禅師弘済와 함께 귀국하여 三谷寺[미타니데라]를 건설한 이야기이며, 그 무대라고 생각되는 三谷寺의 수막새와 塼積基壇이 그 증거라고 생각된다. 비슷한 사례는 각지에 더 있었다고 생각되지만 문헌에 의해 판명된 사례로는 但馬国朝来郡(兵庫県)의 神直이 대 신라 전쟁에 종군한 것을 기록하고 있는 것에 대해, 현지의 法興寺廢寺에서는 역시 한반도의 특색을 갖는 수막새가 출토되고 있는 것을 들 수 있다. 이 사례들은 결코 특수한 예가 아니고, 문헌에 나타나지 않은 비슷한 사례는 더 많이 존재했다고 생각된다. 왜냐하면 7세기 후엽은 일본 열도에서 사원 조영이 급속히 진행된 시기이고, 새로운 기술자의 증대가 전망되기 때문이며, 중앙의 大寺와는 다른 기와를 창건 시에 이용한 사원의 대부분은 이런 새로 도래한 승려와 기술자를 받아들인 것으로 상정할 수 있기 때문이다. 이상에서 백제 멸망에 의한 새로운 도래인의 활동이 중앙 정부 이외에도 인정되며, 일본 열도의 문명화에 큰 역할을 했다고 평가할 수 있다.