친환경농업기술 개발의 일환으로 화학비료 절감 및 토양 비옥도 증진 효과가 있다고 알려진 두과작물인 헤어리베치와 화본과 작물인 호밀을 녹비작물로 생산 후 토양처리 하여 분해양상과 양분가용화 속도를 조사 분석하여 유기물 시용효과를 구명코자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 녹비작물은 5월 중순까지 재배하여 토양에 약 2000kg/10 a 정도의 양을 로터리 처리 하였다. 녹비의 분해 양상과 양분 가용화량을 조사 분석 하기 위하여 채취 건조된 녹비작물 10 g을 연구용으로 제작된 Pack에 넣어 토양 5 cm 깊이로 투입한 후, 40일 까지는 5일 간격으로, 그 이후 80일까지는 10일 간격으로 시료를 채취하였다. 분해율 50% 도달일수는 헤어리베치 처리구가 14일, 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구는 25일, 호밀 처리구는 37 일이었다. 녹비처리 후 20일까지의 분해양상은 헤어리베치 처리구가 60%, 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구 74%, 호밀 처리구 37.9%로 초반에 급속히 증가 하였고, 처리 후 80일 후에는 헤어리베치 처리구가 84.5% 이었고, 호밀 처리구가 % 이었으며, 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구가 %으로 나타났다. 질소가용화율의 경우 헤어리베치 처리구는 처리후 15일에는 55.3%였고, 80일 후에는 86.7%로 조사되었으며, 호밀처리구에서는 37일에 85.1 %였고, 80일 후에는 88.3%로 나타났다. 인산의 경우는 헤어리베치 처리구에서 15일에는 86.3 %였고, 80일 후에는 92.8 %였으며, 호밀 처리구에서는 37일에 90.6 %였고, 80일 후에는 94.4 %였다. 유기물의 화학비료 시용효과를 10a 단위면적으로 계산한 결과는 토양처리 후 80일까지 질소는 헤어리베치구가 14.0kg/10a, 호밀 처리구는 9.8kg/10a, 그리고 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구는 11.9kg/10a 로 산출되었다. 인산이 경우는 헤어리베치 처리구가 3.1 kg/10a, 호밀 처리구 2.8 kg/10a , 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구는 2.9 kg/10a 로 나타났다.

인삼은 연작지 재배가 불가능하고 주산지의 우량 예정지 고갈로 인하여 제주도를 제외하고 국내 전국에서 재배하고 있다. 지역별 기후형태가 상이함에도 불구하고 동일한 해가림 구조로 재배하고 있어 일부지역에서 피해가 발생하고 있어 지역에 적합한 표준 해가림 재배기술이 필요하다고 생각된다. 따라서, 본 연구는 남부지역(밀양, 나주, 해남)에서의 적정 해가림구조를 밝히고자 실시하였다. 실험은 2008년 부산대학교 부속농장(밀양)에 묘삼을 이식하였고 해가림 시설은 차광망(검정 차광망), 차광판(비누수 광반사 차광판), 차광지+망(청색 비누수차광지에 검정색 차광망), 차광지(청색 비누수차광지)를 후주연결식으로 설치하여 삼집내 광량과 온도를 측정하였고(Li-cor사의 LI-2000) 광합성속도와 엽록소 형광반응은 생육하고 있는 2년생 인삼을 이용하여 Li-cor의 LI-6400으로 조사하였다. 해가림 자재별 광량은 차광판과 차광지에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 차광판의 경우 전주에서의 반사광의 유입으로 삼집내 광량이 높은 경향이 있었고, 차광지의 경우 투광량이 높아 광량이 높게 나타냈다. 차광지+망과 차광망에서는 광량이 낮은 경향이었다. 온도는 차광판이 가장 낮은 경향이었는데 이는 직접광이 삼집내로 투과되지 못한 원인으로 사료되며, 다음으로 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 차광지의 경우 투광량이 높아 인삼에서 고온장해가 생기는 현상이 나타났다. 광합성의 경우, 광강도가 증가함에 따라 광합성속도가 증가하는 경향이 있었고, 해가림 자재에 따라 비교하면 차광판에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 다음으로 차광망과 차광지+망이 높았고, 차광지에서 낮은 경향이었다. 엽록소 형광반응에서 Fo는 차광판에서 낮은 경향이었으며, 다음으로는 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. Fv/Fm에서는 차광판에서 높았고, 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지 순으로 낮은 경향이 있었다. ETR은 차광판에서 가장 높은 경향이 나타냈으며, 다음으로 차광망, 차광지+망, 차광지로 낮은 경향을 보였다.

친환경농업기술개발을 위하여 화학비료 절감 및 토양비옥도 증진효과가 있다고 알려진 두과 작물인 헤어리베치와 화본과 작물인 보리와 호밀을 녹비로 재배 후 토양투입 하였을 때, 이들의 분해과정과 처리 후 시기별 무기영양성분들의 가용화 과정에 살충제, 살균제 및 제초제 처리가 유기물 분해와 양분 가용화에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 조사 분석하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 녹비작물의 토양처리는 전년도 10월 중순에 파종하여 5월 중순 녹비작물들을 채취 건조하여 10g씩 연구용으로 제작된 Pack(350目/mesh)에 담아 논토양에 투입하였다. 분해양상을 조사하기 위한 시료채취는 처리 후 5일 간격으로 30일까지 하였으며, 농약과 제초제는 처리 후 10일과 15일에 각각 처리 하였다. 헤어리베치을 토양에 투입 후 무처리구의 부숙화의 진전은 토양 투입 후 5일차에 23.9%에서 일직선적으로 증가하여 30일후에 62.2% 정동의 부숙화율을 보였다. 토양 투입 후 10일 후에 농약과 제초제를 제1차로 처리한 후의 부숙화율은 무처리에 비해 살충제 2.8%, 살균제 3.3%, 그리고 제초제는 3.5% 감소된 것으로 나타났다. 제2차로 15일 후에 처리했을 때의 부숙화율도 약간의 차이는 있지만 제1차 처리결과와 비슷한 경향이었다. 하지만 30일차에는 농약과 제초제의 처리에 의한 부숙화율의 차이는 크게 없는 것으로 나타났다. 양분가용화율을 조사한 결과 10일차에 농약과 제초제 처리로인해 헤어리베치의 질소가용화율은 무처리구가 72.4%인데 반하여 살충제처리구는 62.7%, 살균제처리구는 70.0%, 그리고 제초제처리구는 65.3%로 무처리구에 비교해 2.4~9.7% 까지 감소되는 것으로 나타났으나 처리 후 5일이 경과한 후에는 처리간 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 농약 및 제초제 처리 시 작물의 유기물 분해와 양분가용화에 큰 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났다.

Recently with increase tendency of direct sowing cultivation, lodging problem which affect to the high quality rice plant is again raising its ahead. In order to reduce this lodging problem there is a chemical method which uses plant growth retardant. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lodging reduction as affected by plant growth retardant which is IBP-Metconazole (IPM) in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy field. IPM treatment carried out 50, 40, 30 days before heading. Hexaconazole treatment carried out 30 days before heading. IPM treatment 30 days before heading resulted the shortest plant culm among the IPM treatments. 4 internode length was shorter by 3.75㎝ in IPM treatmenst than in control. breaking strength was not a difference from between IPM treatments but breaking strength was significantly increased by IPM treatments than control. IPM treatments increased yield 10~11% as compared with control. The protein contents of flag leaves by 2-DE were visually higher in the plot treated with the IPM application than in the plot control plot. The proteome approach to elucidate the mechanism which inhibited gibberellin synthase will be future performed in the on-going research.

Acid rain due to air pollution has been believed to be harmful to vegetation and crops, either by direct deposition on the foliage or by indirect leaching of nutrients from the soil. This study was conducted to investigate physiological response and damage of soybean caused by acid rain in the glasshouse at the experimental station of Seoul National University. Soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Sinpaldal was subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) two times a week from R2 stage until its maturity. The pH values of SAR treatments were ranged from 2 to 5 together with tap water treatment (pH 7±0.2) as a control. The SAR was composed of H2SO4 and HNO3 at the ratio of 2:1 (v/v). SAR treatment at pH 2 caused clear visual damage on leaves and pods with severe chlorosis and necrosis even after the first SAR was applied, while those at pH greater than 3 showed no clear visual damage. Chlorophyll content (expressed as SPAD value) tended to decrease with decreasing pH with significant reduction at pH 2 as compared with pH values greater than 3. Photosynthesis also showed decrease with decreasing pH with significant reduction at pH 3 and 2. Soybean yield and its components were also affected by SAR treatment, particularly significant at pH 2.

This study was carried out to classify Korean soybean varieties based maturity group. One hundred (100) domestic soybean varieties ( 56 for fermentation, 26 for sprouting, 17 for mixed with rice) were used and seeding date was scheduled at April 30. This experiment carried out at Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute, NICE situated at Miryang from 2005 to 2006. Classification of maturity group in 100 soybeans was followed by Kweon et al's method (1974) The main difference between this experiment and that of Kweon et al's method (1974) were the planting region and planting date. This experiment was conducted on April 30 at Miryang while Kweon et al. was conducted on May 23 in Seoul. Results of maturity grouping of Korean soybean varieties showed that Keunol, which was represented among 3 varieties, belonged to Group 0, Seonnok and Danmi in GroupⅡ, Shinrok in GroupⅢ, Seonyu, represented by 17 cultivars, in GroupⅣ, Taekwang, having 44 cultivars in GroupⅤ, Daewon, represented by 25 cultivars in GroupⅥ, and Kwangdu and Keumdu in GroupⅦ.

Rice as a typical silicified plants needs the intemal absorption of silica, especially during the growing period. The leaves and culm of plant are erected up by uptake of silicic acid. Sun light could reach the bottom leaves in the plant communities. In addition, the nitrogen uptake would be physiologically controlled by the application of silica and the quality of rice could be improved by reducing the quantity of protein in grian. In the field experiment designed, the rice cultivar was DonhjinⅠho, Daeanbyeo and transplanting day was May 25, 2007. N levels per ha were 100 and 200kg, respectively and liquid silica(ai 11%, manufactureed by Dongbuhiteck Co.) was sprayed on flag leaves according to 500fold and 1000fold with distilled water and 3 times at an interval of 1week from 30 days before heading. The rice culms treated with each liquid silica levels were shortened and panicle length were increase as compare with the control in the level of each N. The lodging was reduced in the plot that treated with the higher liquid silica application of 100kg as compared with 200kg plot in the filed. The rice yields of the plots treated with silica application were more increased than in the control plot. All yield components, except of panicle number in DongjinⅠ, increased as compare with 200kg plot in the filed. Changes measured by 2-DE in display expression of flag leaves and seed in relation to nitrogen treatment level and silica trements were similar in fashion, yet still displayed distinguishable differences in display strength spots.

This study was carried out to obtain general agronomic characteristics and identify its relationship with seeding date for high quality soybean seed production. One hundred(100) domestic soybean varieties were used and seeding date were scheduled at April 30 and May 30. This experiment was carried out at YARI, NICE situated at Miryang from 2005 to 2006. Maturity Group(MG) was classified by Kweon et al's method (1974). Correlation analysis of major agronomic characters showed positive relationship between days to flowering and growth days, seed weight and lodging in MG ,seed crack and growth days in Ⅳ～Ⅴ MG0～Ⅲ,seed crack and days to flowering in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ, seed crack and lodging in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ, seed crack and seed weight in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ, purple seed and growth days in MGⅣ～Ⅴ , purple seed and seed weight in MGⅥ～Ⅶ, phomopsis and growth days in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ, and phomopsis and purple seed in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ. In contrast, a negative relationship was observed between seed weight and lodging in MG0～Ⅲ. Correlating yield and major characters revealed negative relationship between days to flowering and growth days in MG0～Ⅲ and MGⅣ～Ⅴ, whereas positive relationships were obtained on MGⅥ～Ⅶ seeded on April 30. Lodging, seed weight and seed crack were all negatively correlated with yield in MGⅣ～Ⅴ and MGⅥ～Ⅶ

This experiment was carried out to examine seed quality as affected by enviromental cutivation for the production of high quality domestic soybean variety at Miryang (altitude : 12m) and Muju(altitude : 600m). Variety used were Daewon, Daepung, Daol and Cheongja 3. Seeding was performed on April 30 to June 30 and planting density was 142,857 palnts/ha. Seed weight across regions was lighter as seeding date was delayed. Opposite trends between seed crack and seed weight was obtained. Seed crack decreased as seeding date was delayed and have higher occurrence in Miryang than in Muju. Perple seed and phomopsis decayed seed decreased as seeding date was delayed. There was a significant negative correlation between seed weight and mean temperature from R2 to R4 stages in all variety. Seed weight increased as mean temperature from R2 to R4 stage decreased to 22.0℃, which was greatly manifested on Daewon variety. At maturity time, Daewon variety had an average increase of 1.79g as mean temperature decreased by 1℃. Seed weight of Daewon obtained a significant negative correlation with mean temperature at R4～R6 stage and on rainfall at R4～R6 stage. Mean temperature and rainfall were able to estimate 100 seed weight of Daewon and Daepung variety with 98.1% and 96.6% probability, respectively. Phomopsis occurrence in late maturity type was closely related to rainfall during the R4～R6 stages.

This experiment was carried out to clear optimum planting time for yield enlargement by comparing yield with dry matter at Miryang from 2005 to 2006. Variety used were Daewon, Daepung, Daol and Cheongja 3. Seeding was performed on April 30 to June 30 with 20day intervals and planting density was 142,857 palnts/ha (70×20㎝, 2plants per hill) with black vinyl mulching. In R2～R4 stages, crop growth rate(CGR) was largest on June 10 seeding. Although net assimilation rate(NAR) increased as seeding date was delayed, NAR on June 10 seeding was the highest throughout the growth period. Positive relationships were observed between NAR from R2 to R4 the ratio of pod to total dry matter weight. The LAI and total dry matter weight at the R4 stage was higher at earlier seeding date. In the case when seeding date was delayed, the ratio of leaf(source) and pod(sink) increased. From the comparison of all factors such as dry weight, optimum LAI, and of source to sink, the optimum planting date for high seed production was June 10. The highest yield was recorded with on June 10 seeding. Also, this seeding date showed high ratio of seed yield to dry matter in R2 stage. Difference between surveyed pod no. and theological pod no. which was calculated by dry matter ratio compared with standard seeding date(June 10) at R2 stage was the smallest in June 10 seeding.

실험목적 한국에서 개발되어 한국, 북한, 중국으로 확대 보급되고 있는 복토직파기술은 2006년 중국에 최초로 4개성(강소, 안후이, 상하이, 녕하회족자치구)에 도입하여 농가현장실증시험을 한 결과 그 효과가 입증이 되어 2년차인 2007년도에는 중국국립벼연구소(CNRRI) 및 9개성(사천, 안후이, 호북, 절강, 상하이, 강소, 요녕, 녕하, 흑룡강)에 각각 도입하여 농가 현장실증시험을 통한 안정적인 벼 직파재배기술확립으로 획기적인 쌀 생산비 절감 및 생산성향상을 구명하고자 함. 재료 및 방법 ○ 시험 장소 - 중국국립벼연구소(CNRRI, 중국 항조우) ○ 시험방법 - 포장시험 o 품종 : 浙粳22(일반벼), 甬亻尤 1호(교잡벼-Hybrid) o 파종량 : 2.25kg/10a, 3.0kg/10a, 3.75kg/10a 실험결과 ○ 규산질비료 복토에 따른 성묘율은 무처리 60%에 비하여 山東규산질비료처리구에서는 80%내외로 매우 높게 나타났다. ○ 복토직파재배에서는 다른 처리구에 비하여 수장, 영화수가 각각 증대되었다. ○ 수량성은 손 산파, 조파, 복토직파를 비교한 결과 10a당 각각 549kg/10a, 523kg/10a, 577kg/10a로써 복토직파재배에서 577kg/10a로 가장 높게 나타났으며 파종량(교잡벼)은 10a당 3.0kg/10a에서 가장 높게 나타났다. ○ 복토직파재배기술은 중국의 교잡벼(Hybrid)에도 그 활용성이 입증이 되었다. ○ 복토직파재배에서는 다른 직파법에 비하여 줄기 및 흰 뿌리가 많았으며 하위 절간이 3cm 내외 깊게 묻히어 도복에도 강한 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to attain the basic data which will be used in the selection of adaptable varieties in honam plain area for the production of high quality rice. 12 varieties including Unkwang, Hwayeoung and Nampyeong were tested in southern plain area, Iksan. The number of panicles per ㎡ was the highest in Hopyeong, the lowest in Sindongjin, and that of other varieties was around 350. The mean percentage of effective tillers was the highest in early maturing varieties, the lowest in Ilpum, Nampyeong and Junam, and that of other varieties was around 75%. The number of total seeds was the highest in Hopyeong which had the high number of panicle per ㎡ and in Dongjin 1 which had the high number of seeds per panicle. That of Hwayeong, Sindongjin and Odae was the lowest, respectively. Percent ripened grain of the early maturing varieties was lower than the medium maturing and medium-late maturing varieties showing 93% in Hwayeong, Ilmi and Samkwang which is the highest, and 83% in Unkwang which is the lowest. Head rice ratio was high in Nampyeong, Hwayeong and Ilmi, and low in early maturing varieties, Unkwang and Odae. Protein content was high in Odae, Hwayeong and Nampyeong, and low in Sindongjin, Samkwang and Pyeongan. The rice yield was high in Sindongjin, Unkwang, Ilmi and Dongjin 1 showing more than 500kg/10a, while the head rice yield was high in Nampyeong, Dongjin1 and Sindongjin, and low in Ilpum and Odae.

Reductions in the ozone column have led to substantial increase in UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface with the amount and intensity dependent on atmospheric and geographic factors. Our objectives were to understand the effect of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and carbohydrate synthesis of soybean, and to establish an indicator to select resistant soybean cultivar against UV-B radiation. Soybean seeds (cv. Daepungkong) were sown and grown for 4 weeks in an environmentally controlled chamber. UV-B radiation was delivered to plants for four hours, each day, from 10:00 to 14:00 h by five fluorescent UV lamps. A distance of 1 m from lamps to the top of plants was always maintained throughout the experiment. The biologically effective UV-B radiation level was 21.6 kJ m-2 d-1 using the generalized plant responses action spectrum normalized at 300 nm. The damage of soybean leaves was optically observed at the second day of UV-B radiation, and leaf veins were first injured. Photosynthetic rate was reduced after 2 days of UV-B radiation, and, at 5 days, it was a half level (6.3 μmol m-2 s-1) compared with control (12.1 μmol m-2 s-1). UV-B radiation led to the reduction of stomatal conductance around 5 days of treatment. The decrease in stomatal conductance means the reduction of leaf transpiration and the influx of carbon dioxide. Also, the reduction of photosynthetic rate caused an accumulation of the intercellular carbon dioxide. It is suggested that photosynthetic characteristics can be used an indicator to select UV-B-resistant soybean cultivar.

This study was carried out to develop rice growth model when cultivate early maturing rice cultivar, Unkwangbyeo, in Honam plain area. To confirm leaf emergence rate and variation of heading date, we transplanted 15 day and 30 day old seedling on May 1, May 15, May 31, June 15, June 30, respectively. The growth duration between transplanting and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 50.1~78.3 days in 2007 and 47.5~74.7 days in 2008. Growth duration diminished gradually as transplanting time delayed, but the difference of growth duration by transplanting time were more bigger than that of seedling day. The emerged leaf number after transplanting on main culm were 8.9~10.9 in 2007 and 8.4~10.9, respectively. The emerged leaf number diminished as transplanting time delayed, but the difference of emerged leaf number by transplanting time were more bigger than that of seedling day. The cumulative temperature between transplanting and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 1,281~1,650℃ in 2007 and 1216~1560℃ in 2008. The solar radiation between transplanting time and completion of leaf emergence on main culm were 709~1,245MJ/㎡ in 2007 and 722~1,220 MJ/㎡ in 2008. The sunshine hours between transplanting time and completion of leaf emergence on main culm 234~433 hours and 238~431 hours, respectively.

충북 도내 휴경답의 잡초발생 실태를 조사하여 휴경답 관리의 기초자료를 제공하고자 보은, 청주․청원, 증평, 충주, 제천지역의 휴경하고 있는 논 12개 지점에서 2005년과 2006년 2년 동안 각각 6월과 9월 2회 조사하였다. 발생된 잡초는 총 17과 35종으로 분류 되었으며, 벼과와 사초과가 각각 17%로 가장 높은 점유율을 보였으며, 조사된 과별 종 수는 벼과와 사초과가 각각 6종, 국화과, 마디풀과, 콩과가 각각 3종, 물옥잠과와 석죽과가 각각 2종, 닭의장풀과 등 10과에서 각각 1종씩 조사되었으며 그중 다년초가 15종, 월년초가 4종, 일년초가 16종이었다. 지역별 우점잡초는 6월 조사의 경우 보은이 올챙이고랭이 44%, 청주･청원 참비녀골풀 24%, 증평 올방개 31%, 충주 뚝새풀 40%, 제천 올챙이고랭이 57%였으며, 9월 조사에서는 보은 가막사리 30%, 청주･청원 피 46%, 증평 가막사리 32%, 충주 피 24%, 제천 고마리 22%였다. 휴경연차별 우점도는 6월 조사의 경우 1년차는 여뀌 33.7, 2년차는 가막사리 26.3%, 3년차는 올챙이고랭이 27%, 4년차는 올챙이고랭이 51.7%였으며, 9월 조사는 1년차는 피 84.3%, 2년차는 가막사리 33.8%, 3년차는 피 24.3%, 4년차는 고마리 31.4%였다. 또한 3년차 이상의 휴경답에서 버드나무의 발생이 많아 졌으며, 충주의 경우 2년차 휴경답에서도 일부 나타났으며, 4차 휴경답에서 조팝나무가 발생한 곳도 있어 목본류에 대한 관리 대책도 필요하다고 생각되었다.

This study was carried out to investigate the proper interval of water exchange according to nitrogen fertilizer level at medium saline soil which are 0.3 or more soil salinity in southwestern reclaimed saline land. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the interval of water exchange were every 3, 6, 9 days after transplanting. The summarized experimental results are as follows. The salinity were maintained as low when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting, but salinity was highest at rooting stage, and decreased from that, so salinity were about 0.3 at panicle initiation stage or ripening stage when the interval of water exchange was every 9 days after transplanting. The rice yield were 537-552kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 3 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, and 519-533kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 6 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, but decreased outstandingly in the other treatments. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil at southwestern reclaimed saline land, proper nitrogen fertilizer level was 17-20kg/10a when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum application time of basal fertilization in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy surface at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area which is Munpo series and have 0.3 or more soil salinity. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the basal fertilization were applied before sowing, 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage, respectively. The summarized experimental results are as follows. Seedling stand was proper when basal fertilization was applied before sowing, but lower than appropriate seedling stand when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. The rice yield were 509-541kg/10a when 14-20kg/10a basal fertilization was applied before sowing, and 368-481kg/10a when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area, the application of basal fertilization before sowing was superior for improving seedling stand, and 14-20kg/10a fertilization rate was allowable.

This study was carried out to investigate the improvement of soil physical and chemistry in black raspberry sequential field. We had used the subsoil-crusher, oriental herbal, perlite, popped rice hull, burned charcoal of rice hull and peat moss as a soil conditioner. On the whole, the physical and chemistry properties of treated-plots was higher than those of Control field after applying soil conditioners. Before planting, the pH and E.C. range of field was 4.9~5 and 0.5~0.6 ds/m, respectively. After applying soil conditioners, the pH and E.C range of Control field was altered to 4.3 and 2.2ds/m and the pH and E.C range of peat moss-field was 5.2 and 1.3 ds/m. The significant difference(p<0.05) in pH and E.C value was observed between Control-field and peat moss-field. In the size of soil aggregate structure, the aggregate structure weight of Control over 4mm long was 44 g and treatments of perlite, popped rice hull, burned charcoal of rice hull and peat moss was 53 g, 65g, 65g and 72g, respectively. There is a significant difference(p<0.05, 0.001) between Control and treatments. In the results of chlorophyll analysis, all of the treated-plots except for the oriental herbal have a high chlorophyll value (p<0.05, 0.001) compared to the Control. In view of the results so far achieved, there is a great difference on the frequency of dead plant between Control and treatments. The dead plants number of Control, subsoil-crusher, oriental herbal, perlite, popped rice hull, burned charcoal of rice hull and peat moss was 31, 21, 7, 12, 10, 12 and 2, respectively.

Rice seeds germinate in the complete absence of oxygen. Under anoxia, the seeds have greater stress in abiotic condition than in aerobic one. Antioxidant enzymes play an important role of ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species) scavenging in various anoxic stress. We investigated the relationship between antioxidant enzymes and early seedling growth of four rice cultivars (Iksan 429, Khaiyan, FR13A, and Nampyeong) under anoxic and aerobic conditions. Rice seeds immersed into a sealed water bottle for 10 days. During anoxia, rates of cleoptile elongation were faster in tolerant varietise Iksan 429 and Khaiyan than in FR13A and Nampyeong. In the anoxic water condition, the activity of SOD in Iksan 429 and Khaiyan increased slightly until 5 days , while that of Nampyeong and FR13A decreased significantly after 7 days. The activity of peroxidase in Khaiyan was higher than that of FR13A. These results suggest that the ability to increase SOD and POX may be one of the determinants in anoxia tolerance of rice.

This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilizer on the yield of sesame and the movement of nitrogen and carbon in soil under mulching cultivation. The seven fertilizer treatments investigated are as follows: 1) 8-4-9 kg N-P2O5-K2O 10a-1-control, 2) 80% of control treatment N from mixed expeller cake (MEC)-MEC 80%, 3) 100% of control treatment N from MEC-MEC 100%, 4) 80% of control treatment N from mixed organic fertilizer (MOF)MOF 80%, 5) 100% of control treatment N from MOF-MOF 100%, 6) 80% of control treatment N from latex coated urea complex fertilizer (LCU)-LCU 80%, and 7) no nitrogen. The soil mineral N available in the applied organic MEC and MOF fertilizers was less than the available N in the applied urea fertilizer during the early growth stage of sesame but the amount was observed to increase with time. The concentration of nitrate-N in leached solution 35 days after application was highest at 75 mg l-1 in the control, followed in descending order by MEC 100%, MOF 100%, LCU 80%, MOF 80% and MEC 80%. The concentration of nitrate-N in the leachate in all treatments was observed to rapidly decrease 45 days after fertilizer application and recorded at less than 20 mg l-1 65 days after application. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the leached solution and organic carbon in the soil of the organic fertilizer plots was higher than in the urea- and LCU-fertilized plots during the whole growing period. The yields of sesame applied with MEC and MOF organic fertilizers were 2 to 7% higher than those fertilized with urea. The amount of retained mineral N or organic carbon in the soil is higher in the LCU and organic fertilizer plots than in the urea-fertilized treatments, which resulted in the reduction of nitrate leaching, increasing N efficiency and sesame yield.