Background: To evaluate whether extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in the pain point is a more effective treatment than the trigger point for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) of the upper trapezius. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the most effective areas when applying extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Methods: A total of 30 patients with MPS were randomly assigned to the trigger point in the ESWT (n = 15) and pain point ESWT (n = 15) groups. Interventions in both groups were performed in one session, i.e., 2,000 shocks with 1.5 bar intensity. Pain and function were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and cervical range of motion (ROM) and based on mechanical muscle properties. Statistical analysis was performed using the repeated measures two-way analysis of variance to determine the significance probability between pre- and post-test. Results: Changes in mechanical muscle properties were not statistically significant between the two groups. However, VAS and cervical ROM showed statistically significant differences at pre- and post-intervention, regardless of the group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although no significant difference was observed in the intervention effect, applying an extracorporeal shock wave to the pain point rather than the pain trigger point should be considered in order to save time in effectively and accurately identifying the pain trigger point and site.

Amylose is carbohydrate polymer defined as a linear natural polysaccharide composed of α(1→4) bound glucose units. Due to its abundance, renewable nature, low cost, and biodegradability, this polymer is regarded as a promising green material for producing crystals and particles of different sizes ranging from the nanometer scale to the micrometer scale. Herein, short amylose chains and dextran-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Dex@MNPs) were introduced to fabricate individual superparamagnetic amylose microparticles (SAMPs), which have a well-defined spherical shape and a uniform size of about 1 μm. We found that the aggregation of SAMPs can be mediated by the introduced Dex@MNPs in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that Dex@MNPs, as the seed crystals, play an important role in self-assembly of SAMPs. By using streptococcal protein G tagged with maltose binding protein (MBP-SPG), specific antibody against Escherichia coli O157:H7 was successfully immobilized on the surface of SAMPs. The Ab-functionalized SAMPs showed a high capture efficiency (>90%) comparable to the commercial immunomagnetic microparticles regardless of suspending agents (1X PBS and milk). Moreover, SAMPs exhibited excellent recyclability, in which the Ab immobilized on the surface of SAMPs can be refreshed by using the maltose elution buffer along with the unchanged capture efficiency. In addition, SAMPs were assembled into the linear rod-shape microstructure by the introduced magnetic field during the amylose-mediated precipitation process. The convenient self-assembly of SAMPs with the well-defined size and shape, biocompatibility, tolerance to environmental variances, high magnetic response behavior, and excellent recyclability in the functionalization make these magnetic microparticles promising for many potential applications such as bio-sensing, labeling, and smart delivery of active compounds.

Heavy metals are typical contaminant in water and need to be removed because they are non-biodegradable and can accumulate in human body. To remove metal and other contaminants from water, chemical absorbents are widely used due to their low cost. Herein, hybrid materials comprised of amylose and single wall carbon-nanotube (swCNT) was developed as the absorbent for water purification. A high adsorption properties of carbon-nanotubes have been utilized in designing effective absorbent but its poor dispersity in water is a limiting factor for practical use. Single wall carbon-nanotube was hybridized with amylose chain produced by enzyme reaction of amylosucrase and their tendency to self-assemble in aqueous environment. The amylose-swCNT microparticles were characterized by FE-SEM and turned out to be spherical structure with CNTs embedded throughout the amylose matrix. The ability of amylose-CNT microparticles to remove copper was examined. Concentration of copper was decreased after reaction with amylose-swCNT microparticles. Although amount of decreasing copper was less than swCNT on same total mass, Adsorption efficiency of amylose-swCNT microparticles was good because their swCNT content was only 10% of total mass.

Aquaporin Z and bacteriorhodopsin known as membrane protein transport water molecules and protons, respectively, in and out of the cell in highly selective manner. The selective character of these biomolecules can be applied to water filtration or other industry. However, transmembrane protein like as aquaporin Z and bacteriorhodopsin has many problems for using associated with expression, purification, and activation of protein character. To solve these problems, we developed purification system and characterization method for transmembrane protein. Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP)-fused aquaporin Z were expressed in inducible expression vector system, and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. GFP-fused aquaporin Z proteins were incorporated into the liposome for optical observation of water flux, and tested in hypertonic external condition by osmotic pressure to check water molecule selective transport. Bacteriorhodopsin was acquired by same method for aquaporin Z purification, but need to activation process by retinal cofactor because Escherichia coli has not retinal synthesis system. According to the absorbance spectra analysis, we confirmed that the purified bacteriorhodopsin was activated by retinal. This study will help to understanding of aquaporin Z and bacteriorhodopsin character and industrial application of transmembrane protein.

본 논문은 자연환경의 변화가 젖소의 인공수정 수태율에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 먼저 종속변수로는 32개 농가의 인공수정자료를 이용하여 60개월(2008년 1월~2012년 12월)의 월별수태율을 구해 패널 자료로 구성하여 이용하였다. 젖소의 인공수정 수태율에 미치는 주요한 설명변수로 자연환경 변수로는 기온, 강수량, 그리고 풍속을 이용하였고, 월별 효과를 제어하기 위해 월별더미변수도 사용하였다. 분석 결과를 보면, 자연환경 설명변수 중 기온 변수가 가장 유의성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 평균 기온이 1℃ 상승하면 수태율은 약 –0.6% 하락하는 것으로 추정되었다. 더미변수를 활용한 추정에서는 1월, 4월, 6월, 7월, 8월의 더미변수가 유의성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 추정치를 보면 평균 수태율은 1월의 경우 약 44%, 4월의 경우 약 33%, 6월은 약 32%, 7월은 약 31%, 8월은 약 27%인 것으로 나타났다. 수태율은 기온이 높아지는 여름이 될수록 낮아지며 겨울의 경우 수태율이 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

본 논문은 고온 스트레스가 우유 생산량에 미치는 영향을 분석했다. 분석을 위해 모형 2개를 구축했다. 모형 1은 우유생산량과 THI를 비선형관계로 가정하여 우유생산량이 가장 많아지는 최적의 THI를 추정했다. 이를 위해 고온 스트레스를 정량화 시킨 THI를 산출했다. 모형 2는 우유생산량과 평균기온과 습도의 관계를 분석했다. 습도는 우유생산량과의 통계적 상관관계가 존재하지 않아 배제하였다. 우유생산량과 평균기온은 비선형관계로 가정하여 최적의 기온, 기온 변화에 따른 우유생산량의 한계효과와 농가소득의 변화분까지 추정하였다. 분석 결과, 최적의 THI는 자기상관을 고려하지 않은 경우 17.79 고려한 경우 7.91로 나타났다. 최적의 평균기온은 자기상관을 고려하지 않은 경우 16.5℃. 고려한 경우 7.4℃로 나타났다. 기온에 의한 우유생산량의 한계효과는 최적 기온을 기점으로 양의 한계효과는 감소하다 최적 기온을 넘어서면 음의 한계효과로 바뀌며 온도가 상승할수록 음의 한계효과는 커지는 것으로 분석되었다. 농가소득 변화분은 농가의 착유우두수가 많고 기온 변화가 클수록 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 표면 침투 및 코팅형 흡수방지재인 Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)을 고인성 섬유복합체(ECC)에 적용하여 적용성, 강도 평가 및 염화물이온 침투 저항성능에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. PDMS 적용 방법에 따른 침투깊이를 분석한 결과 모든 방법에서 KS F4930 의 기준을 만족하는 것을 확인하였다. 적용 방법 중, 침지 방법이 가장 우수한 침투깊이를 보였으나 현장적용성을 고려할 경우 스프레이 방법이 적용 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. ECC 배합에 따른 PDMS 침투깊이 실험 결과 배합강도가 감소할수록 침투깊이는 최대 70% 이상 증가하는 경향을 나타났다. 압축강도 시험 결과에서는 PDMS 침투 깊이가 큰 M4-A, M4-B 시험체의 압축강도는 PDMS를 적용하지 않은 M4 시험체와 비교하여 9.6%, 8.0% 압축강도가 감소하였다. 또한, 침투깊이가 작은 M1-A와 M1-B 시험체의 압축강도는 M1 시험체와 비교하여 4%, 2.2% 감소하여 PDMS 침투깊이가 클수록 강도감소율이 증가하였다. 염소이온침투 저항성능 평가 시험결과, PDMS의 침투깊이가 클수록 염소이온 침투 저항성능이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다.

The aim in this study was to remove Cl−, which can be problematic in the recycling of bottom ash, by identifying the optimum operating conditions for a soil electrolysis apparatus with spiral paddles and to use these as the base data in removing contaminants from various polluted soils using electrolysis. Unprocessed bottom ash collected from the openair storage yard at thermoelectric power plant H in Gyeong sang nam - do Province was used as the experimental material. The experimental methodology was to identify the optimum operating conditions to remove Cl− contained in the bottom ash using the following variables: use or not of spiral paddles, application or not of electrolysis, change of concentration of the electrolyte solution, electrolysis application time, and the voltage level during electrolysis. From the results, the highest removal efficiency of 91.4% was shown under the following conditions: use of the spiral paddles, use of 0.3% NaOH electrolyte solution, 20 min of electrolysis; and a voltage level of 5 V during electrolysis. It is evident that application of the soil electrolysis apparatus for removal of Cl− from bottom ash could be valuableas base data for purification of polluted soils in the future.

This study aimed to remove organic matter and heavy metals that could affect the recycling of soils contaminated by heavy metals, by means of electrolysis, carried out simultaneously with the leaching of the soil. To ensure better experimental equipment, a soil electrolysis apparatus, equipped with spiral paddles, was used to agitate the heavy-metal-contaminated soil effectively. The heavy-metal-contaminated soil was electrolyzed by varying the voltage to 5 V(Condition 1), 15 V(Condition 2), and 20 V(Condition 3), under the optimal operating conditions of the electrolysis apparatus, as determined through previous studies. The results showed that the pH of the electrolyte solution and the heavy-metal-contaminated soil, after electrolysis, tended to decrease with an increase in voltage. The highest removal efficiencies of TOC and CODCr were 18.8% and 29.1%, 38.8% and 4.2%, and 33.3% and 50.0%, under conditions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Heavy metals such as Cd and As were not detected in this experiment. The removal efficiencies of Cu, Pb and Cr were 4.7%, 8.3% and 2.1%, respectively, under Condition 1, while they were 42.9%, 15.2% and 22.1%, respectively, under Condition 2, and 4.7%, 23.0%, and 24.9%, respectively, under Condition 3. These results suggest that varying the voltage with the soil electrolysis apparatus for removing contaminants for the recycling of heavy-metal-contaminated soil allows the selective removal of contaminants. Therefore, the results of this study can be valuable as basic data for future studies on soil remediation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microwave drying characteristics of mixtures of chemical wastewater sludge (70~90%) and anthracite coal (10~30%) with respect to physical and economic factors such as mass, volume reduction, moisture content, drying rate and heating value when the wastes were dried at different weight mixing ratio and for different microwave irradiation time. The drying process were carried out in a microwave oven, the combined drying process with a 2,450 MHz frequency and 1 kW of power. Maximum dry rates per unit area on the microwave drying of mixtures with chemical wastewater sludge and anthracite coal were 35.5 kg H2O/m2·hr for Cs90-Ac10; 40.1 kg H2O/m2·hr for Cs80-Ac20 and 35.0 kg H2O/m2·hr for Cs70-Ac30. The result clearly indicated that moisture can be effectively and inexpensively removed from the wastes through use of the microwave drying process.

This study evaluates heavy metal(Cu and Cr) adsorption characteristics produced from food waste charcoal extracted in an optimal operation condition after analyzing activated charcoal of iodine adsorption and heavy metals that derived from an activation process of carbide by the developed by-products of food waste treatment facility using the methods from previous studies. As experiment apparatus, this study used a tube-shaped high temp furnace. The mixing ratio of by-products of food waste treatment facility, carbide, and activation component(ZnCl2) was 1:1. The experiment was proceeded as adjusting the activation temperature from 400 to 800℃ and activation time from 30 to 120 minutes. The optimal activation condition for iodine absorption was 90 minutes at 700℃ and by using the produced food waste charcoal, this study conducted an experiment on absorption of heavy metals (Cu and Cr) as changing pH of artificial wastewater and stirring time. As a result, pH 7 showed the highest heavy metal decontamination ratio and in terms of stirring time, it revealed balance adsorption after 10 minutes. This result can be particularly applied as basic data for recyclability of high concentration organic waste, by-products of food waste treatment facility, as an food waste charcoal.

Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.

Analyzing the observational data of volcanic activities around the northern part of Korean peninsula, the odds of volcano eruption increases continuously. For example, the cumulative seismic moment and frequence observed near Mt. Baekdu show a sudden increased values. In this study, predicting the diffusion of volcanic ash for two cases were carried out by using interactive realtime simulator, which was developed during last 2 years as a research and development project. The first case is Sakurajima volcano (VEI=3) erupted in August 2013. The second case is assumed as the volcanic eruption at Mt. Baekdu (VEI=7) under landing circumstance of typhoon Maemi (August 2003) in Korean peninsula. The synoptic condition and ash diffusion for the two cases were simulated by WRF(Weather Research and Forecast) model and Lagrangian dispersion model, respectively. Comparing the simulated result of the first case (i.e., Sakurajima volcano) with satellite image, the diffusion pattern show acceptable result. The interactive realtime simulator can be available to support decision making under volcanic disaster around East Asia by predicting several days of ash dispersion within several minutes with ordinary desktop personal computer.

In April 2009 two wheat cropping fields, Jeonju and Gimje in Jeonbuk Province, showed yellowish leaves and dead tillers in stem bases with sharp lens-shaped darken lesions. The disease incidence in wheat cultivar Jopummil ranged from 2.2 to 43.5%, with a mean incidence of 28.5%. The different incidence was related the seeding date. Earlier seeding (15th October) fields showed severe incidence as 25.5 to 43.5% while late seeding around the end of October weakened incidence in the cultivar. Based on morphology and pathogenic characteristics, the fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia cerealis that causes sharp eyespot in wheat. The disease severely affected growth and yield including culm length, spike length, number of kernel. The average culm length of the infected cv. Jopummil was 66 cm while that of healthy plant was 74 cm. The number of kernel and tiller per unit area was decreased only in the case of more than 13% incidence, but the length of heads was not significantly different compared with that of the healthy plants.

These experiments were conducted to get high production and quality of whole crop winter cereals, Oat, Wheat and Triticale, in the paddy field. These three whole crop winter cereals are got later harvest than whole crop barley, so there are more production of forage. Its harvest time was the end of May or the early of June in the south area of Korea. Mixed cultivations of Oat and Wheat (MCOW) was got more production over 15 percents in the dry wight, and then contents of crude protein (CP) in MCOW were higher than single cultivation of Oat. And Relative feed values (RFV) of MCOW were higher than single cultivation of Oat. Mixed cultivations of Oat and Triticale (MCOT) were got more production over 7 percents in the dry wight than single cultivations of Oat, but contents of CP in MCOT were not changed in all plots. And RFVs of MCOT were higher than single cultivations of Oat.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum application time of basal fertilization in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy surface at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area which is Munpo series and have 0.3 or more soil salinity. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the basal fertilization were applied before sowing, 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage, respectively. The summarized experimental results are as follows. Seedling stand was proper when basal fertilization was applied before sowing, but lower than appropriate seedling stand when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. The rice yield were 509-541kg/10a when 14-20kg/10a basal fertilization was applied before sowing, and 368-481kg/10a when basal fertilization were applied 10, 20, 30 days after sowing along with topdressing at tillering stage. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil in southwestern reclaimed saline area, the application of basal fertilization before sowing was superior for improving seedling stand, and 14-20kg/10a fertilization rate was allowable.

This study was carried out to investigate the proper interval of water exchange according to nitrogen fertilizer level at medium saline soil which are 0.3 or more soil salinity in southwestern reclaimed saline land. The nitrogen fertilizer level were 14, 17, 20kg per 10a, and the interval of water exchange were every 3, 6, 9 days after transplanting. The summarized experimental results are as follows. The salinity were maintained as low when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting, but salinity was highest at rooting stage, and decreased from that, so salinity were about 0.3 at panicle initiation stage or ripening stage when the interval of water exchange was every 9 days after transplanting. The rice yield were 537-552kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 3 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, and 519-533kg/10a when the interval of water exchange was every 6 days with 17-20kg/10a nitrogen fertilizer level, but decreased outstandingly in the other treatments. Considering the yield and salt injury at medium saline soil at southwestern reclaimed saline land, proper nitrogen fertilizer level was 17-20kg/10a when the interval of water exchange were every 3 or 6 days after transplanting.