In this paper, an experimental study on the data compression sensing technique optimized by El-centro earthquake waveform was performed to efficiently obtain the dynamic response of the civil structure. The optimized compression sensing technique is embedded in the wireless sensing system. Also, the dynamic response(acceleration) of the cable-stayed bridge model was acquired and the validity of the compression sensing technique was evaluated. The data compression sensing technique optimized by El-centro earthquake waveform was able to efficiently obtain the dynamic response of a flexible civil structure under 10Hz.

In this paper, an experimental study on the data compression sensing technique optimized by Kobe earthquake waveform was performed to efficiently obtain the dynamic response of the civil structure. The optimized compression sensing technique is embedded in the wireless sensing system. Also, the dynamic response(acceleration) of the cable-stayed bridge model was acquired and the validity of the compression sensing technique was evaluated. The data compression sensing technique optimized by Kobe earthquake waveform was able to efficiently obtain the dynamic response of a flexible civil structure under 10Hz.

Water quality is characterized by various complex factors. Therefore, a systematic understanding of water quality trends is required to carry out a proper evaluation. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal water quality characteristics of the Nakdong River using five-year data from 2012 to 2016. Data was collected on the pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP, TOC, WT, EC, NH3-N, NO3-N, PO4-P, Chl-a, rainfall, and total and fecal coliforms. A total of 38 water quality measurement stations, from Andong1 to Gupo, were considered. Statistical analyses including trend, cluster, and factor analyses were conducted to identify the dominant water quality components affecting the Nakdong River. The Nakdong River was spatially classified into three groups for up-stream (Andong1 to Sangju1), mid/up-stream (Donam to Dalseong), and mid/down-stream (Hwawonnaru to Gupo) data collection, and temporally into two groups for summer/fall (7~10), and the rest of the season (11~6) data. The water quality of the entire Nakdong River showed trends similar to the mid/down-stream section, which indicates the importance of water quality management in this section. Suspended solids, phosphorus, and coliform groups were established as important factors to be considered in the summer/fall season across the river, especially in the mid/down-stream section. Nitrogen and organic matter were identified as important factors to be considered in the rest of the season, especially in the mid/up-stream section. This study could help determine the water quality components that should be intensively monitored in the Nakdong River.

본 연구는 재래누룩에서 분리 동정한Aspergillus oryzae 83-10(AO)을 활용하여 원료조건에 따른 pellet형 누룩의 특성과 양조특성을 검토하였다. 실험 결과, 원료의 조건은 10분간 증자하여 살균․호화된 원료(S)가 pellet 누룩의 제조에 있어서 안정적이고, 높은 효소력의 생성에 더욱 적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 발효경과 32시간 때에 효소활성이 높고, 포자생성에 의한 포자 날림 등이 없어 작업성이 가장 우수하였다. 제조된 pellet 누룩 S-AO(32시간 배양)과 시판되고 있는 재래누룩 SH의 효소활성(dry base, unit/g)을 비교한 결과, glucoamylase 활성 S-AO(325.92) > SH(297.44), α-amylase 활성 S-AO(421.26) > SH(75.12) 및 acidic carboxypeptidase 활성 S-AO(3,803.8) > SH(278.6)으로 pellet 누룩이 재래누룩과 비교해 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었으며, 누룩의 일반분석 결과에서는 SH 누룩이 pH, 총산, 아미노산도 모두 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 약주 양조특성 분석 결과 발효가 끝난 시점에 SH 술덧의 가용성고형물과 총산함량이 S-AO 술덧과 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났으며, S-AO 술덧은 아미노산 함량과 알코올 함량이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 알코올 함량 분석결과 S-AO 17.96%, SH 12.66%으로 큰 차이를 나타내어 발효 안정성과 수율에 있어서 S-AO 술덧이 높은 평가를 받았다. 발효경과 중 술덧의 효소활성은 누룩의 사용량을 쌀 사용량(g)×30 unit/g(glucoamylase)으로 효소활성 수치에 따라 달리 하였지만 그에 못 미치는 결과를 보였다. 술덧제조 직후 S-AO 26.69 unit/mL, SH 17.58 unit/mL으로 S-AO 시료는 비교적 근접한 수치를 나타내었지만 SH 시료는 상당량 부족한 모습을 보여 이러한 결과는 누룩의 품질 균일성에 의한 것으로 판단되어진다. 이러한 결과로 살균된 통밀을 pellet형 누룩으로 가공하여 국균을 배양하면 기존 재래식 누룩이나 입국에 비하여 품질을 떨어뜨리지 않으며, 제조효율도 상당히 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

This study is aimed at developing a wireless unified-maintenance system (WUMS) that would satisfy all the requirements for a disaster preventive SHM system of civil structures. The WUMS is designed to measure diverse types of structural responses in realtime based on wireless communication, allowing users to selectively use WiFi RF band and finally working in standalone mode by means of the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. To verify its performance, the following tests were performed: (i) A test to see how far communication is possible in open field, (ii) a modal test on a bridge to see how exactly characteristic real-time dynamic responses are of structures. Finally, the WUMS is proved valid as a SHM, and its outstanding performance is also proven.

In this paper, real-time damage assessment technology was developed for detection the damage of bridges in real time and the performance of the developed technology was verified by vibration test. Real-time damage assessment technology was developed by combining statistical pattern recognition technology and simulation technology. In order to verify the developed technology, the earthquake response acquisition experiment was conducted according to the cable damage of the model cable-stayed bridge. As a result, it was confirmed that the developed real-time damage assessment technology can provide information on the location of damaged cable.

In this study, heavy metal levels at the sediment monitoring network site upstream of the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir in the Nakdong River were surveyed from 2012 to 2016. We assessed the sediment pollution level using various pollution indexes based on ICP-MS analysis. The stream sediment pollution assessment standard, established through Regulation No. 687 of the National Institute of Environmental Research (2015), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (RI), and mean PEL Quotient (mPELQ) were used to evaluate the sediment pollution level. We verified the representativeness of the monitoring point through the distribution of sedimentation and scour behavior by river bed surveying using anacousticDopplercurrentprofiler.

In this study, we calculated the fixed-type Areal Reduction Factor (ARF) of the Hancheon River basin in Jeju Island, and compared the calculated ARF and the ARF of the four major river basins suggested by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. As a result, the maximum fluctuation ratios of ARF for the four major river basins calculated using area, frequency, and initial duration time were significant: 7.61% for the Hangang River basin; 12.69% for the Nakdonggang River basin; 8.09% for the Kumgang River basin; and 17.98% for the Yeongsangang River basin. In addition, the differences between the maximum and minimum value of ARF for the Hancheon River basin based on 48 hours was 2.13%, and it was smaller than the one for the four major river basins: 8.92% for the Hangang River basin; 11.41% for the Nakdonggang River basin; 8.87% for the Kumgang River basin; and 17.17% for the Yeongsangang River basin. The Yeongsangang River basin had the highest difference.

This study reviewed the applicability of the existing flood discharge calculation method on Jeju Island Han Stream and compared this method with observation results by improving the mediating variables for the Han Stream. The results were as follows. First, when the rain-discharge status of the Han Stream was analyzed using the flood discharge calculation method of the existing design (2012), the result was smaller than the observed flood discharge and the flood hydrograph differed. The result of the flood discharge calculation corrected for the curve number based on the terrain gradient showed an improvement of 1.47 - 6.47% from the existing flood discharge, and flood discharge was improved by 4.39 - 16.67% after applying the new reached time. In addition, the sub-basin was set separately to calculate the flood discharge, which yielded an improvement of 9.92 - 32.96% from the existing method. In particular, the steepness and rainfall-discharge characteristics of Han Stream were considered in the reaching time, and the sub-basin was separated to calculate the flood discharge, which resulted in an error rate of –8.77 to 8.71%, showing a large improvement of 7.31 - 28.79% from the existing method. The flood hydrograph also showed a similar tendency.

This study identified physical characteristics and aerosol particle sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in the industrial complex of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Samples of PM10, PM2.5 and also soil, were collected in several areas during the year of 2012 to investigate elemental composition. A URG cyclone sampler was used for collection. The samples were collected according to each experimental condition, and the analysis method of SEM-EDX was used to determine the concentration of each metallic element. The comparative analysis indicated that their mass concentration ranged from 1% to 3%. The elements in the industrial region that were above 10% were Si, Al, Fe, and Ca. Those below 5% were Na, Mg, and S. The remaining elements (1% of total mass) consisted of elements such as Ni, Co, Br and Pb. Finally, a statistical tool was applied to the elemental results to identify each source for the industrial region. From a principal components analysis (SPSS, Ver 20.0) performed to analyze the possible sources of PM10 in the industrial region, five main factors were determined. Factor 1 (Si, Al), which accounted for 15.8% of the total variance, was mostly affected by soil and dust from manufacturing facilities nearby, Factors 2 (Cu, Ni), 3 (Zn, Pb), and 4 (Mn, Fe), which also accounted for some of variance, were mainly related to iron, non-ferrous metals, and other industrial manufacturing sources. Also, five factors determined to access possible sources of PM2.5, Factor 1 (Na, S), accounted for 13.5% of the total variance and was affected by sea-salt particles and fuel incineration sources, and Factors 2 (Ti, Mn), 3 (Pb, Cl), 4 (K, Al) also explained significant proportions of the variance. Theses factors mean that the PM2.5 emission sources may be considered as sources of incineration, and metals, and non-ferrous manufacturing industries.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential and major nutrient for both plants and animals. However, anthropogenic P in the environment may cause severe problems such as the deterioration of water quality. Therefore, it is essential for the Korean government to manage P in the agricultural sector. The annual P budget for Korea was 46 kg P ha-1 in 2013, placing Korea in second among Organication for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. P surplus and deficiency in agricultural lands can be estimated according to the P budget, which is one of the OECD agri-environment indicators. In the P budget, it is important to ensure consistency in the input-output data sources, in order to apply national and regional policies for the environmentally sound management of agricultural P. This study examines the impacts on the input-output data sources in the regional P budget in Korea. P budgets were between 99-145 kg-P/ha, depending on different data sources. We suggest two recommended data combinations (DC 1 and DC 2) for reliability of the data. P budgets calculated using DC 1 and DC 2 were 128 kg-P/ha and 97 kg-P/ha, respectively. According to the results, one of the core factors affecting P budgets was crop production. In this study, DC 2 was recommended rather than DC 1 in order to consider the cultivated areas for various crops. It is also necessary to analyze the sensitivity of the coefficients used in P budget in the future.

The Fuji variety of apple, introduced in Japan, has excellent storage quality and good taste, such that it is the most commonly cultivated apple variety in Gunwi County, North Gyeongsang Province, Korean Peninsula. Accurate prediction of harvest maturity allows farmers to more efficiently manage their farm in important aspects such as working time, fruit storage, market shipment, and labor distribution. Temperature is one of the most important factors that determine plant growth, development, and yield. This paper reports on the beta distribution (function) model that can be used to simulate the the phenological response of plants to temperature. The beta function, commonly used as a skewed probability density in statistics, was introduced to estimate apple harvest maturity as a function of temperature in this study. The model parameters were daily maximum temperature, daily optimum temperature, and maximum growth rate. They were estimated from the input data of daily maximum and minimum temperature and apple harvest maturity. The difference in observed and predicted maturity day from 2009 to 2012, with optimal parameters, was from two days earlier to one day later.

In this study, the Chiu-2D velocity-flow rate distribution based on theoretical background of the entropy probability method was applied to actual ADCP measurement data of Gangjung Stream in Jeju from July 2011 to June 2015 to predict the parameter that take part in velocity distribution of the stream. In addition, surface velocity measured by SIV (Surface Image Velocimeter) was applied to the predicted parameter to calculate discharge. Calculated discharge was compared with observed discharge of ADCP observed during the same time to analyze propriety and applicability of depth of water velocity average conversion factor. To check applicability of the predicted stream parameter, surface velocity and discharge were calculated using SIV and compared with velocity and flow based on ADCP. Discharge calculated by applying velocity factor of SIV to the Chiu-2D velocity-flow rate distribution and discharge based on depth of water velocity average conversion factor of 0.85 were 0.7171 m3/sec and 0.5758 m3/sec, respectively. Their error rates compared to average ADCP discharge of 0.6664 m3/sec were respectively 7.63% and 13.64%. Discharge based on the Chiu-2D velocity-flow distribution showed lower error rate compared to discharge based on depth of water velocity average conversion factor of 0.85.

This research aims at comparing the accuracy of flood discharge estimation. For this, we focused on the Oedo watershed of Jeju Island and compared flood discharge by analyzing the values as follows: (1) the concentration of the lumped model (HEC-HMS) and distributed model (Vflo), and (2) the in-situ data using Fixed Surface Image Velocimetry (FSIV). The flood discharge estimation from the HEC-HMS model is slightly larger than the Vflo model results. This result shows that the estimations of the HEC-HMS are larger than the flood discharge data by 4.43 to 36.24% and that of the Vflo are larger by 8.49 to 11%. In terms of the error analysis at the peak discharge occurrence time of each mapping, HEC-HMS is one hour later than the measured data, but Vflo is almost the same as the measured data.

This study evaluated the feasibility of recovering and recycling nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from livestock excreta as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) in South Korea. Our experimental results showed that struvite precipitation was a very effective way to recover N and P from livestock excreta. Moreover, our study demonstrated that struvite precipitates from livestock excreta (SPL) contain higher concentrations of N, P, and magnesium (Mg) as compared to compost and liquid manure from livestock excreta. In addition, although SPL contain high concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), they meet the fertilizer criteria for concentrations of heavy metals. In South Korea, SPL cannot currently be used as a fertilizer due to legal constraints. Legal permission for SPL use would offer greater choice in livestock excreta management. In conclusion, recovery and recycling of N and P from livestock excreta as struvite can be an effective tool for managing nutrients in livestock excreta.

In this study, groundwater flow was analyzed targeting Dae-jeong watershed, which exhibited the largest variations of groundwater levels at the identical elevation points among the 16 watersheds of Jeju Island. The issues of the methods applied in practice were identified and improvement plans were suggested. This groundwater-flow estimates derived by applying hydraulic conductivity values onto zones of equal topographic ground level were found to be quite different from actual measured groundwater flow. Conversely, groundwater-flow estimates that utilized hydraulic conductivity values applied onto groundwater-level equipotential lines indicated relatively lesser divergences from actual measured groundwater flow. The reliabilities of the two approaches were assessed for 60 randomly selected points on DEM (digital elevation model) maps, The method using hydraulic conductivity values applied onto groundwater-level contours turned out to be the more reliable approach for the Dae-jeong watershed in Jeju Island.

In this study, according to the reference setting based on the runoff video of 9:00 where the highest water level of 3.94 m has been recorded during the runoff of Cheon-mi Stream in Jeju Island by the attack of Typhoon no. 16 Sanba on September 17th, 2012, the error rate of long-distance and short-distance velocimetry and real-distance change rate by input error have been calculated and the input range value of reference point by stream has been suggested. In the reference setting process, if a long-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.35 m in the x-axis direction and 1.35 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 2~11 pixels, and if a short-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.02 m in the x-axis direction and 0.81 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 1~11 pixels. According to the long-distance reference point setting variable, the velocity error rate showed the range of fluctuation of at least 14.36% to at most 76.06%, and when calculating flux, it showed a great range of fluctuation of at least 20.48% to at most 78.81%.

Fuji apple variety introduced in Japan has excellent storage quality and good taste so it is most commonly cultivated in the Korean Peninsula. Accurate prediction of harvest maturity allows farmers to more efficiently manage their farm, such as working time, fruit storage, market shipment and labor distribution so it is very important. This study was carried out to predict the harvest maturity of ‘Fuji’ apple using DTS (Days Transformed to Standard temperature) model based on the Arrhenius law in the Gunwi province of the South Korea. Input data are daily average temperature and apple harvest maturity. Predicted the harvest maturity of Fuji apple after estimating the optimal parameters by using the Nelder-Mead method. The differences of observed and predicted harvest maturity day are approximately 1 to 4 days and the RMSE is 2.9.

The purposes of this study were to suggest the methodology to select prior areas in the environmental pollution survey for livestock excreta (EPSLE) as well as to elucidate the validity of the methodology. In this study, the prior areas in the EPSLE were determined by examining the number of compost facilities categorized according to the three levels of size including the basin, the sub-basin and the watershed, respectively, based on the data from “Annual Nation-wide Pollution Sources Survey (2012)”. The results suggested that the list of prior basins were Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han river basins in order. Also, it was examined that the prior sub-basins in the four river basins including Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Han rivers were Naesung Stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream, respectively. The prior watersheds in the sub-basins of Naesung stream, Geumgang Gongju, Juam Dam and Namhan Downstream were Seocheon Downstream, Geum Stream, Gyeombaek Suwipyo and Yanghwa Stream, respectively. The validity of the methodology used in this study was elucidated by analyzing the correlation of the number of compost facilities with the concentrations of T-N and T-P observed in the end-points of sub-basins. The results of correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of T-N and T-P increased with the number of compost facilities. Specifically, there was the stronger correlation between the number of compost facilities and the concentrations of T-N than that for T-P. Consequently, it was proved that the methodology used in this work was valid and rational for the selection of prior areas in environmental pollution survey for EPSLE.

This study is daytime and nighttime runoff image data caused by heavy rain on May 27, 2013 at Oedo Water Treatment Plant of Oedo-Stream, Jeju to compute runoff by applying Surface image velocimeter (SIV) and analyzing correlation according to current. At the same time, current was comparatively analyzed using ADCP observation data and fixed electromagnetic surface current meter (Kalesto) observed at the runoff site. As a result of comparison on resolutions of daytime and nighttime runoff images collected, correlation coefficient corresponding to the range of 0.6~0.7 was 6.8% higher for nighttime runoff image compared to daytime runoff image. On the contrary, correlation coefficient corresponding to the range of 0.9~1.0 was 17% lower. This result implies that nighttime runoff image has lower image quality than daytime runoff image. In the process of computing current using SIV, a rational filtering process for correlation coefficient is needed according to images obtained.