This study presented the analytical safety evaluation of precast modular bridge super-structure, using standardized modular members and robotic construction during the transportation routing and lifting conditions. In order to evaluate the safety performance of the bridge system, linear and nonlinear 3D full scale Finite Element (FE) for 12 m and 16 m standardized modular blocks was developed in ABAQUS and then analytical study was classified into two different structural systems according to steel girder structures: 1) modular bridge block lifting method including the steel girder system; 2) modular bridge block lifting method without the steel girder system. As a result, in analytical study, the results revealed that the maximum stress of each modular member was in maximum allowable stresses, during lifting condition. However, the stress concentration at the connected area was more critical in comparison to the behavior of entire modular blocks both 12 m and 16m, during lifting time.

This paper reviewed the relationship between job burnout and service quality, and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Based on the responses from 232 employees, the results of multiple regression analysis appeared as follow; 1) emotional exhaustion and depersonalization effected negatively on all service quality factors(empathy, reliability, responsiveness). 2) the reduced personal accomplishment effected negatively on two service quality factors(reliability, responsiveness). 3) self-efficacy effected positively on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and service quality. 4) self-efficacy effected positively on the relationship between he reduced personal accomplishment and service quality.

High rising of the buildings offers a number of risk factors than ever before with regard to fire prevention. Especially in the construction site of high-rise buildings, people waste golden-time during the evacuation because temporary fire fighting facilities are not installed and transferred to a large fire because of fire suppression failure. In this study, the researcher derives the problems of fire protection in high-rise buildings construction sites and proposed the measures in such the legal aspects as fireᆞ building construction code and etc. There are the legal improvements such as orders of construction suspension in the problems of fire safety, appointing fire safety manager, temporary fire protection installation standards, enhancing penalty provisions regarding the use of fire, operating self fire brigade, confirming on-site after completing fire-protection facalities, establishment or strengthening special fire-protection investigations

The IGRINS is a near infrared high resolution spectrograph jointly developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and the University of Texas at Austin. We present design and fabrication of the optomechanical mount for the five mirrors, i.e., an input fold mirror, a slit mirror, a dichroic, and two camera fold mirrors. Based on the structure analysis and the thermal analysis of finite element methods, the optomechanical mount scheme satisfies the mechanical and the thermal design requirements given by the optical tolerance analysis. The performance of the fabricated mirror mounts has been verified through three IGRINS commissioning runs.

전정안구반사(VOR; vestibulo-ocular reflex)는 머리가 움직이는 동안 안정된 망막상을 얻기 위해 일어나는 안구의 보상적 움직임이다. 망막정보와 전정신호가 감각갈등(sensory conflict)을 일으키면 멀미가 일어나며, VOR 이득(gain) 이 변한다는 것이 알려져 있다. 본 보고에서는 VOR을 측정할 수 있는 실용적이고 저렴한 시스템을 LabVIEW와 Arduino를 이용하여 구현하였다. 그리고 이 시스템을 사용하여 VOR의 특징적 변화를 두 가지 실험을 통해서 측 정하였다. 실험 1에서는 자기회전검사법을 이용하여 실험참가자(n = 4)의 수평 및 수직 전정안구반사의 특성을 살펴보았다. 실험 2에서는 가상환경 하에서 실험참가자(n = 8)가 정지된 화면을 볼 때와 사이버멀미(cybersickness)를 경험하는 3D 가상주행 영상에 노출되었을 때의 머리 움직임과 안구 운동을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 가상주행을 경험할 때 특징적인 머리 움직임과 안구 운동이 측정되었다. 본 보고에서 소개한 전정안구반사 측정 시스템은 가상환경에서의 사이버멀미 경감을 위한 심리생리학적 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

The study of odor generation conditions in urban areas which were outside odor controlled(or management) areas were investigated using the air dilution olfactory method and instrumental analysis in Incheon city. From the study the generation of odor from residential sources and industrial sources was different from region to region. Odor intensity was high in industrial regions in the afternoon, but was low in school regions in urban areas. From the analysis, more effective regional policy suggestions to address different kinds of odor problems in urban areas are proposed.

The brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme is an edible and highly valued in Korea. During the summer season, phytal organisms graze heavily on young algal blades and holdfastsof the species and substantially reduce harvestable biomass. Here, in this study, we investigated the effects of pH (range: 2~13) and salinity (range: 0~44 psu) on the removal of two major phytal animals, Caprella scaura and Gammaropsis utinomi, associated with S. fusiforme. We also examined the optimum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of algae in the same experimental conditions to quantify the tolerance of algae to acid and salinity treatments. It was observed that the phytal animals showed more than 80% mortality at pH lower that pH 4 and the extreams of salinity (0~10 psu and 44 psu) after a 5 min of immersion. However, the quantum yield of S. fusiforme was not significantly different from controls within the pH 3~11 range, and the 0~44 psu salinity range. Precisely, if the pH and salinity conditions outside these ranges were used in comercial Sargassum culture, the removal of the animal species would be higher, but with reduced quantum yield of algae. Taken together, our study results indicated that the pH and salinity treatments could allow multiple harvests from the same holdfast of S. fusiforme.

Aluminum flows into the river from the abandoned mine leachate, industrial wastewater, and sewage and is responsible for acute toxicity in aquatic organisms. Recently, the number of reports have indicated the increased toxicity in a variety of aquatic organisms’ due to the aluminum toxicity. In this study, we reviewed the toxicity of aluminum on aquatic invertebrates, fishes and amphibians and suggested the guideline for management of aluminum residues in aquatic environment and strategies for aluminum toxicity evaluation. In aquatic animals aluminum complexes evoke gill dysfunction primarily, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of endocrine function, reproductive success, metabolism and homeostasis. Notably, at environmentally relevant concentration, aluminum complex can alter the hormone levels in fish in acidic condition. Further, since the solubility of aluminum is higher in the acidic and basic conditions, thus it is likely that the toxic effects of aluminum may not only occur in acidic water near the abandoned mines but also in lakes and rivers, where pH is raised by algal bloom.

Firefighters receive extreme stress and suffer from PTSD in disaster. But we have not been paid attention to them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems of previous PTSD education programs in fire academy and to present the practical educational programs for firefighters to use in the disaster field. In the empirical analysis of this practical educational programs(EFT program), this program is more effective than existing theory-focused education training program.

Aging of the fire organizations, typical disaster response agencies also will be in serious problems with aging society. It is expected that the ratio of more than fifties will reach 31~40% after 10~15 years in Seoul fire organization. This Aging of firefighters can bring about a serious problem in disaster and safety management, since firefighters require robust fitness and healthy bodies in disaster situations. In this study, after the analysis of aging status and trend of firefighters in Seoul, I have an empirical analysis about the impact this aging has on organization effectiveness and QA. As a result, the increase of the elderly reduced organization effectiveness and QA. In addition, in the group consisting of less than 50, it is expected to increase the organization's effectiveness and QA activities through field activity to improve the professional skills with age, but could not be confirmed. In the group consisting of more than fifties, it was found that aging had a significant negative impact on organizational effectiveness and QA activities as factors, including physical deterioration by aging.

본 연구에서는 정제되지 않은 ZnO 및 TiO₂나노입자를 M4배지에 노출시켜 두 나노입자가 어느 정도 크기의 응집체로 변화되는지를 살펴보고 또한 두 나노입자가 수생태계 생물종인 Daphnia magna에 어떠한 영향을 초래하는지 유영저해 및 폐사율을 통해 살펴보았다. ZnO 및 TiO₂나노입자의 분말상태 크기는 각각 20 nm와 40 nm였지만, M4배지에서는 1333 nm와 1628 nm로 약 40~70배의 크기로 응집되었다. 유영저해의 경우 ZnO와 TiO₂나노입자 모두 시간 및 농도가 높아질수록 D.magna가 유영하는데 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 ZnO나노입자가 TiO₂나노입자에 비해 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 폐사율의 경우 ZnO나노입자에서는 시간 및 농도가 높아질수록 폐사되는 비율이 높았으며, TiO₂나노입자에서는 72시간이 경과된 시점의 10 ppm 이상의 농도에서 폐사하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이는 나노입자가 해양에 유입됨으로 인해 원래의 크기에 비해 응집되어 증가되어진다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 또한 그 응집체로 인해 수생태계 생물에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

We have performed CFD simulation and analyzed flow and concentration fields for the basic data of the ventilation system for removing pollutants which were produced in a lecture room. The flow patterns indicated differently according to the arrangement of openings and the concentration distribution of pollutants were showed higher and lower because of the effect of that flow patterns. In the case of arranging the openings to the upper and lower side, the stagnation appearance of flow formed in the interested space. In the case of arranging the openings to the right and left side, the stagnation of high concentration pollutants appeared in the middle area of the interested space. On the increasing exhaust velocity, the distribution of pollutants appeared similar to the normal case, but the concentration of pollutants were lower.

In recent years, the surroundings of Fire have rapidly changed and citizens need for Fire have been demanding very high. Under these situations, in order for satisfaction to all these demands, Seoul Metropolitan Government Fire Academy(SFA) have only to improve its educational training program as the fire educational training center in Korea. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize current educational training program of SFA and measure the relative weight among the hierarchy of disaster management(prevention and mitigation-preparedness-response-recovery) by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The result of this study presents that how many hours must be allocated and set the educational training program with scientific and systematic way of AHP compared the current program of SFA　in 2013. And This study is applied to increase access and comprehension about the AHP and will be able to present guideline for the selection of optimal the educational training of SFA to serve Seoul citizens the best Fire services.

This study focused on the review of the korean fire investigation system and will provide the means for having the legal investigation right. The most important thing is to give fire department a perfect legal investigation right on fire including police areas(seeking and examining the case at first stage). And it should be stated in criminal law. With the joint effort between Fire department and Police department, we can develop the reformation, enlightening programs for the arsons or fire related criminals. Through this, it systematically have to be good for fire prevention and can be helpful to enhancing professionalism of fire examination.

The stone pagoda of Mireuk temple site is currently restoring through the repairing process. This stone pagoda has the various construction types in the inner and outer space. Therefore, the stress concentration and structural behavior need to be considered through the analysis of various construction patterns. To this end, this study presents the structural modelling and analysis considering the discrete element analysis technique to solve the discontinuum behavior between the stone elements. Also, this study performs the structural performance evaluation through the various design variables for the safety of stone pagoda. Through the analysis results, we can find out the small stress concentration in the several members. But, because the stresses and displacements are relatively small, we can secure the safety of the whole structure.

양서류는 육상과 수상생태계를 연결하는 먹이사슬의 연결자로 진화적 생태적 지이를 갖는다. 양서류의 배아와 유생은 모체와 독립되어 수환경 내에서 초기발생 및 성장하기 때문에 수환경에 존재하는 다양한 화학물질에 직접적으로 노출될 수 있다. Azole계열 항곰팡이제는 농업 및 의료용으로 널리 사용되는 화학물질로서 농지, 하수처리장 등으로 부터 수계로 유입된다. 최근, 양서류에서 이러한 azole계 물질에 의한 기형유발, 내분비계장애 효과가 증가하고 있다. 본 소고에서는 azole계 물질의 양서류 독성을 파악하고 azole계 물질의 안전한 이용을 위한 가이드라인을 제공하고자 azole계열에 속하는 imidazole, triazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyrazole 항곰팡이 물질이 양서류의 발생, 분화, 생식 등에 미치는 영향에 대해 최근까지의 연구결과를 정리하였다.

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of electrodeposition conditions on the microstructural characteristics of copper thin films. The microstructure of electroplated Cu films was found to be highly dependent on electrodeposition conditions such as system current and current density, as well as the bath solution itself. The current density significantly changed the preferred orientation of electroplated Cu films in a DC system, while the solution itself had very significant effects on microstructural characteristics in a pulse-reverse pulse current system. In the DC system, polarization at high current above 30 mA, changed the preferred orientation of Cu films from (220) to (111). However, Cu films showed (220) preferred orientation for all ranges of current density in the pulse-reverse pulse current system. The grain size decreased with increasing current density in the DC system while it remained relatively constant in the pulse-reverse pulse current system. The sheet resistance increased with increasing current density in the DC system due to the decreased grain size.

불교는 離苦得樂饒益衆生을 추구한다. 즉 교학 공부와 수행을 통 하여 중생들의 행복이 增長되도록 돕는다. 교리를 가르치는 현행 방 식은 법사나 강사에 의해 거의 일방적으로 행해지는 법문과 강의이 다. 이와 같은 방식에는 두 가지 아쉬움이 있다. 첫째, 說者와 聽者 사이의 소통과 교류가 부족하며, 둘째, 교학을 거울삼아 각자의 실제 삶을 성찰하기보다는 교리를 학습 과제로만 삼을 수 있다. 수행 측면 에서는 중생을 올바르게 이끌 수 있는 善知識으로부터 직접적인 지 도를 받기가 용이하지 않은 점, 현대인들이 수행을 어려운 것으로 여 겨 꺼린다는 점이 장애로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 상황들을 개선하기 위한 방편의 하나로 상담학의 연구 성과 와 방법론을 활용할 수 있다. 불교를 기반으로 하고 상담 방법론을 활용하는 불교상담 프로그램을 통하여, 각자가 겪고 있는 실제 삶의 내용을 교재 삼아 불교를 體得하고, 일상에서 불교 수행을 실천하는 방법을 習得함으로써, 각자의 삶이 긍정적으로 변화되도록 도울 수 있다면, 현대인의 행복 증진을 촉진하는 효과적인 방편이 될 수 있을 것이다. 불교집단상담 프로그램의 목적은 성찰, 집단상담, 명상, 중도적 실 천을 통하여 프로그램 참가자들 삶에 유익한 변화가 일어나게 하는 것이다. 貪瞋癡三毒心의 경감과 자애심의 증장을 통하여 심신을 치 유하는 것이 본 프로그램의 목적이다. 암 환우를 위한 불교집단상담 프로그램과 대학생을 위한 불교집단상담 프로그램이 모두 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 입증됨에 따라, 동일한 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 다양한 계층을 대상으로 하는 프로그램의 가능성을 보여주었다.