목적 : 선호하는 색상 오버레이 필름을 사용하면 가독성이 향상되는지 정상 그룹과 광과민성 의심 그룹으로 분 류하여 비교 및 분석하고, 가독성 향상이 디지털 디스플레이와 기존의 종이 모두에서 일관되게 나타나는지 알아보 고자 하였다. 방법 : 2~30대 50명(남자 22명, 여자 28명)을 대상으로 광과민성 정도를 확인하기 위한 설문조사를 진행하였 고, 색상 오버레이 필름을 사용하여 색상 선호도 검사, 단어 읽기 검사 그리고 만족도 검사를 종이와 디지털 디스 플레이에서 모두 진행하였다. 결과 : 종이에서 정상 그룹과 의심 그룹 모두 Yellow 오버레이 필름을, 디지털 디스플레이에서는 정상 그룹이 Yellow 오버레이 필름, 의심 그룹이 Gray 오버레이 필름을 가장 선호하였다. 색상 오버레이 필름을 사용한 후 정 상 그룹과 의심 그룹은 종이와 디지털 디스플레이 모두에서 읽기속도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 읽기속도 향상률은 종이에서 정상 그룹 3.66%, 의심 그룹 6.61%로 유의한 차이가 있었고, 디지털 디스플레이에서 정상 그룹 3.09%, 의심 그룹 3.91%로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 정상인과 광과민성 증후군 모두 색상 오버레이 필름을 사용하면 가독성 향상에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타 났다. 읽기속도 향상률을 비교하였을 때 종이에서만 유의미한 차이가 관찰되었고, 따라서 디지털 디스플레이를 사 용할 때 더 정밀한 색상 오버레이가 필요하다고 생각된다. 앞으로 색상 오버레이의 효과를 종합적으로 평가하기 위 해서는 다양한 사용자의 환경과 디스플레이를 반영한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

In this study, we evaluated wound healing following the use of 3% topical povidone ointment in dogs with minor wounds and evaluated it as a new wound treatment applicable to veterinary medicine. Twenty-six dogs that had suffered minor wounds such as abrasions, punctures, and incised wound within 8 hours were recruited, and all treatments were performed with the consent of their owners. Vitality, behavioral symptoms, and dermal symptoms due to wounds were evaluated between the povidone ointment group (n=18) and the control group (chlorhexidine group, n=8). As a result of evaluating changes in vitality and behavior, the povidone ointment group showed improvement to 1.94 (±2.53), 0.61 (±1.34), and 0.39 (±1.24) while the chlorhexidine group showed improvement to 2.00 (±1.6), 0.87 (±0.99), and 0.86 (±0.99) on days 0, 3, and 7 respectively, showing similar improvement in symptoms between the two groups (p>0.05). When observing wound symptoms, most of the swelling and inflammation improved within 3 days. The averages for the chlorhexidine group on days 0, 3, and 7 were 4.88 (±2.85), 2.88 (±2.64), and 2.38 (±2.39), and for the povidone ointment group, 5.55 (±3.22), 3.83 (±3.07), and 1.38 (±1.61), respectively. The wound healing effect of the povidone ointment group was similar to that of the chlorhexidine group (p>0.05). Through this study, we believe that topical povidone ointment can be applied to various wounds by replacing chlorhexidine.

Silage inoculants, crucial in modern silage production, comprise beneficial microorganisms, primarily lactic acid bacteria (LAB), strategically applied to forage material during ensiling. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of various inoculants produced by different companies. Five treatments were evaluated, including a control group: T1 (Lactobacillus plantarum), T2 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus), T3 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Lactobacillus buchneri), T4 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus acidophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus), and T5 (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Enterococcus faecium). Italian ryegrass was harvested at the heading stage and treated with these silage inoculants. Samples were collected over a 60-day ensiling period. Co-inoculation with L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus (T2) resulted in significantly higher CP compared to the control group co-inoculation exhibited with resulted in Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus in the T2 treatment exhibited higher CP content of 106.35 g/kg dry matter (DM). The T3 treatment, which included heterofermentative bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus buchneri, exhibited an increase in acetic acid concentration (11.15 g/kg DM). In the T4 treatment group, which utilized a mixed culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the NH3-N/TN content was observed to be the lowest (20.52 g/kg DM). The T5 containing Enterococcus faecium had the highest RFV (123) after 60 days. Expanding upon these findings, the study underscores not only the beneficial effects of particular inoculant treatments on silage quality but also underscores the potential of customized inoculation strategies in maximizing nutrient retention and overall silage preservation.

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is toxic heavy metal that accumulates in organisms after passing through their respiratory and digestive tracts. Although several studies have reported the toxic effects of Cd exposure on human health, its role in embryonic development during preimplantation stage remains unclear. We investigated the effects of Cd on porcine embryonic development and elucidated the mechanism. Methods: We cultured parthenogenetic embryos in media treated with 0, 20, 40, or 60 μM Cd for 6 days and evaluated the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation. To investigate the mechanism of Cd toxicity, we examined intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, we examined mitochondrial content, membrane potential, and ROS. Results: Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates began to decrease significantly in the 40 μM Cd group compared with the control. During post-blastulation, development was significantly delayed in the Cd group. Cd exposure significantly decreased cell number and increased apoptosis rate compared with the control. Embryos exposed to Cd had significantly higher ROS and lower GSH levels, as well as lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, compared with the control. Moreover, embryos exposed to Cd exhibited a significant decrease in mitochondrial content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of mitochondrial genes and an increase in mitochondrial ROS compared to the control. Conclusions: We demonstrated that Cd exposure impairs porcine embryonic development by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings provide insights into the toxicity of Cd exposure on mammalian embryonic development and highlight the importance of preventing Cd pollution.

This study examined the relationship between Body mass index (BMI) classification and the occurrence of dyslipidemia using 3 years of health examination data from a university hospital in Changwon, and seeked to find other factors that affect dyslipidemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis investigated the most common risk factors for developing dyslipidemia and used Kaplan-Meier survival curves to predict the probability of developing dyslipidemia according to BMI class. We then analyzed the effects of metabolic indicators such as smoking habits, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin. The Type I error rate was controlled through Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons to extract reliable statistical data. in the present study, these results showed that the probability of developing dyslipidemia was high in the obese group, and confirmed that lifestyle habits such as smoking and drinking were highly correlated with the occurrence of dyslipidemia. Therefore, we suggest that dyslipidemia management and prevention strategies require public health policies that comprehensively manage lifestyle factors such as gender and weight management, smoking cessation, and drinking habits.

Currently, off-site dose calculations for nuclear power plants are conducted using a computer program (K-DOSE 60). The program is developed based on the regulatory guidelines of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), which is a domestic nuclear regulatory agency. In this study, a domestic application of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) TRS (Technical Reports Series)-472 methodology for 3H and 14C in liquid effluents was studied. The dose-evaluation methods adopted and the program configuration for dose evaluation are described based on 3H and 14C in the liquid-effluent-evaluation module of the computer program. The accuracy of the program is verified by comparing the program-calculated results with hand calculation values. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation with LADTAP II, which is a liquid-effluent-evaluation methodology developed by the U.S. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission), is performed. The result confirms that the program-calculated results for the IAEA TRS-472 methodology are consistent with the hand calculation values. Meanwhile, the result of comparative evaluation with LADTAP II indicates different results depending on the methodology used.

본 연구는 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 전·후의 스트레스 변화 를 알아보기 위하여, 순창 소재의 경찰관 총 18명을 대상으로 타액 채취 및 설문조사를 실시하였다. 생리 측정은 타액 코르 티솔, 혈압, 심리 측정은 식물 재배 활동 수준, 스트레스수준, 거리화단 화훼경관에 대한 간이 SD 감성을 측정하였다. 타액 코르티솔, 혈압의 사전/후 비교는 대응표본 t-test, 타액 코르 티솔, 혈압의 성별에 따른 집단간 사전/후 비교는, 독립표본 t-test, 스트레스수준, 간이 SD는 윌콕슨 부호 순위 검정 등으 로 분석하였다. 화훼경관 조성 전보다 조성 후 총 코르티솔 수 치가 낮아졌고, 식물 재배 활동 수준은 높아졌으나 통계적 유 의성은 없었다. 혈압은 여자의 경우 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 전과 조성 후 모두 정상 혈압이었고, 남자의 경우 거리화단 화 훼경관 조성 전 고혈압 전단계에서 조성 후 주의혈압으로 낮 아지는 긍정적 효과가 있었다. 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 전·후 의 스트레스수준을 총 4단계(총 4단계: 단계가 높을수록 스트 레스가 높은 수준임)로 문항 전체의 총합 수치로 알아본 결과, 화훼경관 조성 전에는 4단계(50.0%), 2단계(38.9%), 3단계 (11.1%) 순이었으나, 조성 후에는 4단계(44.5%), 2, 3단계(각 22.2%), 1단계(11.1%) 순으로 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 전에 는 1단계(정상적인 스트레스 상태로 스트레스요인 자체가 심 각하지 않거나 좋은 스트레스로 받아들인 경우)가 0%에서 조 성 후 11.1%로 높아졌다. 화훼경관 조성 전·후 SD법을 이용 하여 쾌적감, 자연감, 그리고 진정감에 대해 평가한 결과, 화 훼경관 조성 후 쾌적감, 자연감, 진정감이 높은 것으로 나타났 다(p<.05). 거리화단 화훼경관에 따른 식물 재배 활동 수준과 주요 변수간의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 화훼경관 조성 후 식 물 재배 활동 수준과 스트레스수준, 스트레스수준과 진정감은 부(-)의 상관관계, 식물 재배 활동 수준과 쾌적감, 자연감, 진정 감과는 0.5 이상의 높은 정(+)의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.05). 따라서 식물 재배 활동 수준이 높아질수록 쾌적감, 자연감, 그 리고, 진정감은 높아지고, 거리화단 화훼경관이 없는 공간보 다 화훼경관이 있는 공간에서 쾌적감, 자연감, 그리고 진정감 을 더 크게 느끼는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 거리화단 화훼경관을 통하여 고위험군의 높은 스트레스는 줄여주고 식 물에 대한 흥미, 관심과 심리적 안정효과는 높여 줄 수 있는 유용한 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

Background: Sperm quality and the number of sperm introduced into the uterus during artificial insemination (AI) are pivotal factors influencing pregnancy outcomes. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between sperm concentration at AI and sperm quality in Hanwoo cattle. In this study, we examined sperm quality and pregnancy rates after AI using sperm inseminated at different concentrations. Methods: We evaluated the motility, viability, and acrosomal membrane integrity of sperm at different concentrations (10, 15, 18, and 20 million sperm/straw) in 0.5-mL straws. Subsequently, we compared the pregnancy rates after AI with different sperm concentrations. Results: After freeze-thawing, sperm at the assessed concentrations showed similar viability and acrosomal membrane integrity. After AI, cattle in the 10 million group had significantly lower pregnancy rates compared to those in the 18 and 20 million groups. Conversely, there were no statistically significant variances observed between cattle in the 10 and 15 million groups. Conclusions: Sperm at concentrations of 10, 15, 18 and 20 million per straw exhibited comparable motility, viability, and acrosomal membrane integrity. However, a concentration of at least 18 million sperm per straw is required to achieve a consistent rate of pregnancy rate in Hanwoo cattle after AI.

In 2017, a decision was made to permanently shut down Kori Unit 1, and preparations began to be made for its decontamination and decommissioning. The dismantling of the biological shields concrete, reactor vessel (RV), and reactor vessel internals (RVI) is crucial to the nuclear decommissioning process. These components were radiologically activated by the neutron activation reaction occurring in the reactor during its operational period. Because of the radioactivity of the RV and RVI of Kori Unit 1, remotely controlled systems were developed for cutting within the cavity to reduce radiation exposure. Specialized equipment was developed for underwater cutting operations. This paper focuses on modeling related to RVI operations using the MAVRIC code and the dose calculation for a diver entering the cavity. The upper and lower parts of the RVI are classified as low-level radioactive waste, while the sides that came into contact with the fuel are classified as intermediate-level radioactive waste. Therefore, the modeling presented in this paper only considers the RVI sides because the upper and lower parts have a minimal impact on the radiation exposure. These research findings are anticipated to contribute to enhancing the efficiency and safety of nuclear reactor decommissioning operations.

In Korea, twenty-nine types of microbial pesticides and thirty-two types of naturally occurring materials and chemicals are exempt from MRL (maximum residue level), and fifty types of active ingredients of pesticides are exempt from establishing the acceptable daily intake (ADI) during the pesticide registration process. Out of these materials, twenty-nine types of microbial pesticides and thirty-two types of naturally occurring materials and chemicals are exempt from MRL. Twenty-seven microorganisms and fifteen chemicals are exempt from both ADI and MRL. The European Union exempts the MRL for 148 active pesticide ingredients, and CODEX suggested sixty-three substances as exempt substances from setting the MRL. In Japan, sixty-five types of pesticide components were exempted from MRL. MRL-exempted substances differed depending on the referenced agency, which is presumed to be due to differences in the types of pesticides approved and the approved usage methods in each country. In most countries, MRL exemptions for pesticides are based on toxicity and exposure assessments, and these substances are composed of substances that have a very low risk to the human body or remain in food and are not exposed to the human body and MRLs are exempted based on GAP (good agricultural practice) approved during the licensing process. By referring to the CODEX and the European Union's MRL exemption guidelines, a guideline for evaluating pesticide safety was prepared to determine it as an MRL-exempt substance when setting standards for pesticide residue in Korea. Conclusively, most regulatory agencies decide whether to exempt pesticides from MRL by considering GAP and indications for use during the registration process, and criteria for evaluating exemptions include risk factors, possibility of human exposure and management options.

Background: The biological information of fish, which include reproduction, is the prerequisite and the basis for the assessment of fisheries. Methods: The aim of this work was to know the reproductive biology with the first sexual maturity (TL50) and the spawning period for 58 mainly fish species in the waters around La Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Twenty families belonging to the Actinopterygii were represented (acanthuridae, berycidae, bramidae, carangidae, cirrhitidae, gempylidae, holocentridae, kyphosidae, labridae, lethrinidae, lutjanidae, malacanthidae, monacanthidae, mullidae, polymixiidae, pomacentridae, scaridae, scorpaenidae, serranidae, sparidae; 56 species; n = 9,751) and two families belonging to the Elasmobranchii (squalidae, centrophoridae; 2 species; n = 781) were sampled. Between 2014 and 2022, 10,532 individuals were sampled covering the maximum months number to follow the reproduction periods of these species. Results: TL50 for the males and the females, respectively, ranged from 103.9 cm (Acanthurus triostegus ) to 1,119.3 cm (Thyrsitoides marleyi ) and from 111.7 cm (A. triostegus ) to 613.1 cm (Centrophorus moluccensis ). The reproduction period could be very different between the species from the very tight peak to a large peak covered all months. Conclusions: Most species breed between October and March but it was not the trend for all species around La Réunion Island.

Bolivian tuber species like potato (Solanum tuberosum), native potato (Solanum sp), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas), and Isaño (Tropaeolum turosum Ruíz & Pav.) hold extraordinary nutritional value and cultural significance, particularly within the Andean region. This study examined the mineral composition of Bolivian tuber species as an essential step toward understanding their nutritional significance and potential contributions to addressing dietary deficiencies. The research involved detailed analysis of diverse tuber cultivars, uncovering distinct mineral profiles across species. Native potato shows high levels of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) levels, alongside moderate micronutrients like iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Commercial potatoes exhibited prominence in N, P, and K, with moderate Fe, Zn, and manganese (Mn) levels. Oca, Isaño, and Papa Lisa displayed unique mineral concentrations, offering potential nutritional benefits. Intricate correlations and significant variances among elements highlighted the diverse mineral compositions among these tuber species. Multivariate analyses emphasized distinct mineral profiles unique to each species, revealing significant compositions of isaño and papa lisa's. The Multitrait Genotype- Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) identified isaño jaspeado, isaño and an unnamed native potato, AXT2, as promising ideotypes due to their exceptional mineral compositions. These findings provide comprehensive insights into Bolivian tuber species' various mineral compositions, underscoring their nutritional significance and potential in targeted breeding for improved dietary support and enhanced food security.

가는잎향유[Elsholtzia angustifolia (Loes.) Kitag.]는 화형 이 아름답고, 정유 특유의 향기가 좋아서 분화용 및 지피용 관 상식물로 수요가 증가하고 있고, 전초에는 약효가 있다고 알 려져 있다. 본 연구는 가는잎향유의 육묘에 미치는 플러그 트 레이 셀 사이즈, 파종립수, 차광정도, 추비농도 등의 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구결과, 플러그 트레이 셀 사 이즈는 용량이 증가할수록 유묘의 초장, 엽수, 마디수, 근장, 지상부 생체중이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 파종 립수는 2립 파 종 시 가장 효율적이었고, 파종량이 증가할수록 생육이 감소 하였다. 차광정도가 높아질수록 초장은 증가하였고, 경직경, 엽수, 마디수는 55% 차광에서 가장 우수하였다. 추비 처리 시 공시비료 1000배 처리구에서 생육이 가장 양호하였다. 따라 서 가는잎향유의 육묘 시 162셀 트레이에 원예상토를 채운 다음 셀 당 2립 파종한 후 55% 차광막이 설치된 육묘상에서 공시비료 1000배로 엽면시비하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 생각된다.

Determining the number of operators who set up the machines in a human-machine system is crucial for maximizing the benefits of automated production machines. A man-machine chart is an effective tool for identifying bottlenecks, improving process efficiency, and determining the optimal number of machines per operator. However, traditional man-machine charts are lacking in accounting for idle times, such as interruptions caused by other material handling equipment. We present an adjusted man-machine chart that determines the number of machines per operator, incorporating idleness as a penalty term. The adjusted man-machine chart efficiently deploys and schedules operators for the hole machining process to enhance productivity, where operators have various idle times, such as break times and waiting times by forklifts or trailers. Further, we conduct a simulation validation of traditional and proposed charts under various operational environments of operators’ fixed and flexible break times. The simulation results indicate that the adjusted man-machine chart is better suited for real-world work environments and significantly improves productivity.

글로벌 게임시장의 성장에 따라 국내 게임이용자도 손쉽게 다양한 국가에서 접할 수 있게 되 었다. 그리고 이러한 글로벌 경쟁 속에서 현실의 다양한 문화 창의적으로 반영한 게임이 점증 하고 있다. 대표적인 것이 중국의 호요버스가 개발한 해제 월드 형<원심>으로, 해당 콘텐츠는 캐릭터와 공간디자인에 다양한 국가의 문 것이 특징이다. 이때 의상디자인은 캐릭터의 성격과 매력을 효과적으로 이국적인 특색을 드러내는 기호라는 점에서 특히 중요하다. 이에 이 글은 먼저 캐릭터 의상과 의상 기호에 관한 검토하고, <원심>의 문화 활용 전략을 간단히 살펴보았 다. 이후 퍼스의 기호학을 활용해 중국의 문화적 특색을 반<원신> 캐릭터 ‘운근’을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, <원신>의 캐릭터 디자인전략은 중국의 풍부한 문화적 문맥을 중심 코드를 적극적으 로 빌리는 한편, 캐릭터 성을 부각하는 방향으로 의상 구성요소를 변형 시 나타났다. 이후 분 석 결과를 바탕으로 차후 연구를 위한 발전 방향을 제시하였다..

본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅 기술과 인체공학 순설계를 이용하여 턱관절 자기공명영상 동적 턱관절 검사 보조기구를 개발하고자 하였다. 3D 프린팅 기술 재료는 3D 프린터(Sindo, 3DWOX1, Korea), 3D 모델러 프로그램(Fusion 360, autodesk, USA), PLA(polylactic Acid) 필라멘트 소재를 이용하였고, 영상 검사는 3.0T 자기공명영상 장비 (Magnetom Vida, Siemens, Germany)를 사용하였다. 개발 방법은 성인 30명(남:13명, 여:17명, 평균나이 22.9±2.0세)의 안면뼈 CT(computed tomography) 검사의 단면 영상을 역학적으로 실측하여 상/하악궁의 형상을 모델링하였다. 모델링된 파일은 FDM(fused deposition modeling) 방식으로 3D 프린팅하였다. 출력된 보조기구는 자화 감수성 인공물 실험, 동적 영상 비교, 만족도 평가로 성능을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 자화감수성 인공물 발생은 개발된 개구 보조 장비와 비교하여 모든 영상에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 동적 비교 영상에서는 TSE 기법이 모든 평가 법에서 가장 우수한 영상 품질을 보였다. 만족도 평가에서는 피검자는 평균 4.3점, 방사선사는 평균 4.4점으로 높은 만족도를 보였다. 결론적으로 인공물 발생이 없는 환자 맞춤형 보조기구에 개구의 동적 기능이 탑재된 보조기구 를 개발하였다.

GN01 is a new antiviral medicine acting against Korean Sacbrood virus (KSBV) of honeybees. It contains 5 mg/mL of active ingredient, double stranded RNAs(dsRNA), that homologous to KSBV ribonucleic acid coding coat protein (VP1) of virus and inducing RNA interference (RNAi). RNA medicine is generally recognized as safe for rapid breakage by intrinsic ribonuclease and limited absorption from gastrointestinal tract. However, there were no data of repeat-dose toxicity in laboratory animals for dsRNA targeting SBV. This study was performed to investigate toxicity of GN01 in SD rats after weekly oral dosing for 28 days and to determine its no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). Male and female SD rats were orally administered with GN01 at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/day of dsRNA once per week for 28 days (total 5 administrations). The highest dose 100 mg/kg bw/day was determined based on the maximum volume injectable (20 mL/kg bw) via gavage. During treatment period, clinical signs, functional and sensory responses, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmological findings and urinalysis were investigated. After treatment period, hematological and clinical biochemistry tests and examination of necropsy findings, organ weights and histopathological lesions were performed. There were no significant differences between all test groups and vehicle control group in all measured parameters. Therefore, the NOAEL of GN01 was determined 100 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose administered. In conclusion, repeated oral administration of GN01, a dsRNA medicinal product, is safe even at the maximum available dose in rats.

The cocoa sub-sector is an important pillar of Ghana’s economic stability and growth prospects; the sub-sector contributes to fiscal stability, infrastructure, and employment. In recent times, diversification has become a common observable feature in the industry. This study uses the conditional mixed process approach to examine the interaction between the diversification status and profitability of cocoa farming simultaneously in a single system. Using data from 401 farmers in the Western and Ashanti regions of Ghana in 2022, the study found that more profitable farmers were more likely to diversify. Conversely, diversified farmers were likely to be more profitable than non-diversified farmers. It also found that the farmer's age, experience, farm area, and location of the farm impacted both the profitability and diversification status of farmers. Thus, it is suggested that policymakers should direct policies and programs to support the creation of alternative farm-based livelihoods for farmers.

Glutamate-mediated oxidative stress causes neuronal cell death by increasing intracellular Ca2+ uptake, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus. In the current study, we demonstrated that corydaline exerts potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Treatment with 5 mmol/L glutamate increased cellular Ca2+ influx, ROS generation, MAPK activation, and AIF translocation. In contrast, corydaline treatment decreased cellular Ca2+ influx and ROS generation. Western blot analysis revealed that glutamate-mediated MAPK activation was attenuated by corydaline treatment. We further demonstrated that corydaline treatment inhibited the glutamate-mediated translocation of AIF to the nucleus. We propose that corydaline is a promising lead structure for the development of safe and effective neuroprotectants.

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) refers to a condition wherein the normal functioning of the brain is impaired, resulting in either temporary or permanent damage. The causes of CVD include both hemorrhagic and ischemic events. A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) refers to a condition that occurs acutely. A CVA typically involves a sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain or the rupture of blood vessels, causing damage to brain tissue. This results in impairment of crucial brain functions and can manifest in various neurological signs. This study investigated characteristics of the signalment, clinical symptoms, lesion locations, and prevalence of CVA diagnosed using a 3.0T MRI in dogs. The breeds included 5 Maltese and one each of Poodle, Pomeranian, Chihuahua, Shih-tzu, and Yorkshire terrier. There was one neutered male, five intact males, two spayed females, and two intact females. The median age and weight were 7.5 years and 3.39 kg, respectively. Clinical signs included gait abnormality in five dogs, and four dogs exhibited seizures. Additionally, there were cases of head tilt or turn (n=3) and nystagmus (n=1). The most frequently affected region was the cerebrum (n=7), followed by the cerebellum (n=3), brainstem (n=2), and thalamus (n=1). Three cases exhibited multiple lesions among these regions. In this study using a 3.0T MRI scanner, the prevalence rate was 4.39%, which was higher than that reported in previous studies.