The knock-in efficiency is very important to manipulate gene editing in the transgenic domestic animal. Recently, it is reported that transiently loosen nucleosome folding of transcriptionally inactive chromatin might have potential tp enhance the homologouse recombination efficiency. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from an amino acid on a histone. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. In this study, Mac-T cell were treated with 10uM VPA (valproic acid, HDAC inhibitor) for 24 h and transfected with Knock-in vector and TALEN at targeting of β-casein gene. After 3 day of transfection, knock-in efficiency was confirmed by PCR. The level of HDAC2 protein in Mac-T cells was decreased by VPA treatment. The knock-in efficiency in the Mac-T cell with treated HDAC inhibitor was higher than cell not treated HDAC inhibitor. These results indicated that chromatin modification by HDAC inhibitor enhances homologous recombination efficiency in the Mac-T cell.

Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae are one of the most serious insect pests in many crops, vegetables, flowers, and fruit trees worldwide. Many insecticides have been developed to control green peach aphid and two spotted spider mite, but resistance to almost all insecticides has reduced their control effect. Particular groups of plant-beneficial microbials are not only root colonizers that provide plant disease suppression, but in addition are able to infect and kill insect larvae. Antimicrobial compounds produced by biocontrol microbes are effective weapons against a vast diversity of organisms such as fungi, nematodes, and viruses. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of mixtures plant extracts and improvement of culture process biocontrol microbials on insecticidal activity. Azadirachta indica and Derris elliptica mixed with micorbials, which are nutrient sources of mung bean extract and lecithin, were more effective than other the mixtures. Leaf spraying with the mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly showed the highest insecticidal power in vivo for 24 hours after treatment. The effect of spraying mixture was more than 50% at 2000 times dilution, and the spraying concentration of 90% or more showed a dilution of up to 500 times. Our results indicated that the nutrient sources of microbe act as a key antimicrobial metabolite in biocontrol of insect pests, and mixing with plant extracts can provide synergistic effects as an optimal usage of the biocontrol agents.

애벌레의 번지점프는 포식자로부터 몸을 지키기 위한 방어 전략이다. 본 연구는 애벌레가 어떠한 감각 자극에 반응하여 번지점프를 하는지 확인하기 위한 연구이며, 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 2018년 목포대학교 승달산 부근에서 애벌레를 채집하여, 시각(애벌레 시야로 접근), 바람(일정한 세기를 위해 선풍기를 이용한 바람), 촉각(애벌레의 몸을 나뭇가지로 자극)에 대한 반응(번지점프)을 조사하였다. 조사결과 28종 78마리의 애벌레가 방어 전략으로 번지점프를 사용하였다. 또한 애벌레의 자극에 대한 번지점프를 비교해 본 결과 시각, 바람에 반응을 보이는 빈도수가 촉각에 비해 현저하게 적게 나타나는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 애벌레의 번지점프가 포식자로부터 몸을 지키기 위한 생존전략이라는 것을 추가적으로 검증하기 위해 포식자(개미로 가정)가 접근 시 발생하는 진동(포식자가 접근할 때 표면에 나타나는 진동)과 포식자와의 접촉(개미가 애벌레에 접촉)에 대한 애벌레의 반응을 조사하였다. 실험 결과 포식자가 접근 시 발생하는 진동보다는 포식자의 접촉(촉각)이 애벌레의 번지점프를 유도한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 두 실험결과에서 간접적인 자극인 시각, 바람, 진동보다 직접적인 자극인 촉각에 보이는 반응이 현저하게 높게 나타난다. 이는 애벌레의 번지점프는 애벌레와 포식자의 접촉이후 보이는 최종적인 애벌레의 방어 전략이라는 것을 시사하고 있다.

본 연구에서는 피식자의 flash display와 크기에 따른 생존율을 확인하였다. Flash display는 생물체가 가지는 방어 기작 중의 하나로, 피식자가 포식자로부터 도망을 갈 때, 예를 들어, 개구리 다리 안쪽의 색이 몸 색과 다른 경우나, 속날개의 색이 겉날개의 색과 다른 경우(ex. 뒷날개나방) 포식자에게 시각적으로 큰 혼란을 주어 생존율을 높이는 방어 기작 이다. 이를 연구하기 위해 visual studio enterprise 6.0프로그램으로 피식자의 크기와 색을 변경 가능 하게한 시뮬레이션을 만든 후 사람을 포식자로 설정하여 일반인 총 120명, 연령대는 10~50대 중 후반을 대상으로 실험 하였다. 실험 결과로 flash display를 사용하는 피식자의 생존율이 그렇지 않은 피식자 보다 높을 것으로 예상 하였고, 크기는 작을수록 더욱 유리 할 것으로 예측 하였다. 조사 결과 피식자의 크기와 색이 생존율과 상관관계에 있다는 것과 flash display 효과가 피식자의 생존율을 더욱 높여주었음을 발견하였다. 또한 flash display의 색이 주변 환경(이번 실험에서는 녹색 계통의 풀숲을 사용하였다.)과 확실하게 다른 색(녹색 계통의 색이 아닌 색)을 띄는 개체의 생존율이 flash display를 사용하지 않은 개체 보다 월등히 높았음을 확인하였다. 이는 Flash display가 피식자의 생존율을 높이는 요인이라는 것을 시사하고 있다.

Insecticidal and repellent effects of herb extracts were tested against Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus togoi that are common among mosquitoes which inhabit Korea. Herb extracts from Mentha×piperita, Ocimum basilicum, and Nepeta cataria were extracted using distilled water and 70% ethanol respectively. Both kinds of mosquitoes were raised in environment control rearing system with air temperature of 25℃, humidity of 70%, and light condition of 14:10(L:D). Insecticidal effect was verified by feeding extracts to mosquitoes(Park et al., 2016.); repellent effect, by measuring their radial distance from extract by time. N. cataria extract using distilled water as a solvent is predominant in insecticidal effect; O. basilicum, using 70% ethanol. In particular, N. cataria has the most outstanding repellent effect.

Herbicides have consistently contributed to yield increases in crop production for many decades however, those same herbicides are facing the loss of effectiveness because of the rapid spread of weed resistance. Since the first instance of herbicide resistance to triazine herbicides over 50 years ago, resistant biotypes have been observed to the major herbicides numbering more than 150 different weed species due to excessive use of single mode of action (MoA)treatments combined with limited crop rotation practices. In the US, the most well-known broad-spectrum herbicide used in major crops, glyphosate is facing huge challenges due to the appearance of many resistant weed species. The consequences of the loss of effectiveness of the current herbicide choices, coinciding with an increasing world population with improved living standards, is beginning to present a severe constraint on food security globally. Unfortunately, the agriculture industry has been unable to find any new mechanism in the last 30 years. The absence of choices of novel active ingredients along with the increased costs of developing new entities is forcing the industry to rely on older modes of action which, with limited application, means lower annual yields of the major crops as the number of resistant weed species increases. The Chemical Genomics group in FMC Agricultural Solutions Discovery has been building ‘Chemistry to Gene’ (C2G) capability to identify new MoAsby applying chemical genomics tools. We have recently discovered that compounds described in WO2017075559A1, are potent selective herbicides with novel action that control many grasses. As a result of knowledge of the mechanism of this area of chemistry, we have extended the work to include a ‘Gene to Chemistry’ (G2C) approach to provide new structural starting points for more synthesis projects.

It has been reported that gastrocnemius tightness and posterior talar glide are crucial factors influencing ankle dorsiflexion. However, the relationship of ankle dorsiflexion and these factors is not identified in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion and gastrocnemius tightness and posterior talar glide. Twenty-five male subjects participated in this study. Bilateral weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion and amount posterior talar glide of participants were measured using an inclinometer. Change in myotendinous junction of medial gastrocnemius was measured using ultrasonography to identify gastrocnemius tightness. Pearson product moment correlations were performed to examine correlations between ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion and gastrocnemius tightness and posterior talar glide. Present findings revealed significant correlation between ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion and gastrocnemius tightness (p=0.017, r=0.336). Also, ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion was correlated with posterior talar glide (p=0.001, r=0.470). The present findings provide experimental evidence for factors influencing weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion.

In the SW industry, the diversification of global markets and technology trends are changing due to the emergence of new services, and IT companies are in need of strategic change different from the previous one. In this study, SWOT analysis was performed by extracting the internal environmental factors and external environmental factors through the previous studies to improve the project performance competence of small IT companies, and the SWOT Matrix was reconstructed through the pairwise comparison. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to propose the project performance competency improvement plans for small IT companies based on importance and priority, and the following four strategies were derived from the result of SWOT-AHP analysis. SO strategy was drawn in direction to invest R & D in new SW industry to enhance technology competitiveness of SMEs in order to develop SMEs, and in order to secure competitiveness of SW industry, WO strategy is drawn the cultivation of professional technical manpower through SW policy. ST Strategy presented technical management through SW system improvement policy to improve SW environment, and WT Strategy presented awareness training on the construction and necessity of project management system construction. Using the strategies presented in this study, it is expected that the managers of small IT firms will be presented as references to measure the performance competence factors of current organizations and company organizations.

As research evidence for the facilitative effects of reading strategies on reading comprehension has been accumulating, research and pedagogical interests in prereading strategies such as prediction and schema activation are increasing. Yet, little research evidence of how actual performance on such tasks may be related to reading comprehension is sparse. This study explores whether prediction abilities and content schema are related to Korean middle school EFL learners’ reading comprehension abilities in English, and whether such potential relations may differ for factual and inferential comprehension. The study participants were one hundred thirty-seven Korean seventh grade students, and their performance on schema activation, prediction, and reading comprehension abilities was investigated, while controlling for their overall language proficiency and literacy skills. The findings indicated that although both prediction abilities and content schema facilitated reading comprehension, prediction abilities were a relatively stronger predictor of both factual and inferential comprehension. The results further suggest the need to provide effective trainings on pre-reading strategies.

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of prednisolone in rabbit primary cultured articular chondrocytes treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor. After a cell phenotype was determined, the MTT assay and Western blot analysis of type II collagen, cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) were performed in the control, SNP (298 μg/ml) alone or SNP plus prednisolone (0.05-50 μg/ml)-treated rabbit articular chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of type II collagen was also performed. Cell morphology indicated that SNP treatment induced cytotoxicity, and that the SNP-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by prednisolone treatment. MTT assay showed that the SNP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the level of cell viability compared with that of control (p<0.01), and that the prednisolone treatment resulted in a decrease in the SNP-induced cytotoxicity. SNP treatment resulted in a decrease in the level of type II collagen, compared with the control chondrocytes. The prednisolone treatment recovered the down-regulated expression of type II collagen induced by SNP, showing a significant level in 5 μg/ml of the prednisolone treatment group compared to the SNP treatment group (p<0.05). A significant increase in COX-2 was significantly induced by the SNP treatment compared to control chondrocytes (p<0.01). The COX-2 expression was decreased by the prednisolone treatment, showing a significant level in 50 μg/ml of the prednisolone treatment group compared to the SNP treatment group (p<0.05). These phenomena was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the SNP treatment significantly induced a decrease of pERK expression compared to the control chondrocytes (p<0.01). The prednisolone treatment recovered its expression, showing a significant level in 0.5 μg/ml of the prednisolone treatment group compared to the SNP treatment group (p<0.05). Taken the above results together, prednisolone is considered to inhibit SNP-induced cell death and dedifferentiation, and modulated expression of COX-2 and pERK in rabbit articular chondrocytes.

Effect of the nonuniform grid on the two-dimensional transport equation was investigated in terms of theoretical analysis and finite difference method (FDM). The nonuniform grid having a typical structure of the numerical weather forecast model was incorporated in the vertical direction, while the uniform grid was used in the zonal direction. The staggered and non-staggered grid were placed in the vertical and zonal direction, respectively. Time stepping was performed with the third-order Runge Kutta scheme. An error analysis of the spatial discretization on the nonuniform grid was carried out, which indicated that the combined effect of the nonuniform grid and advection velocity produced either numerical diffusion or numerical adverse-diffusion. An analytic function is used for the quantitative evaluation of the errors associated with the discretized transport equation. Numerical experiments with the non-uniformity of vertical grid were found to support the analysis.

Digital channels have been rising to the major shopping paths from the past few years, yet it is interesting to notice that more and more digital retailers advance into offline channel nowadays due to the benefits. For example, the digital retailing giant Amazon opened its first bricks-and-mortar bookstore in 2015. Dell, which distributes its products only in the catalog and digital channels, entered the leading retail stores such as Best Buy and Walmart. The digital retailers’ strategy trend that moves into the real world reveals the unique and powerful capabilities of the offline distribution channel and the importance of launching products in the offline channel. Previous studies in marketing have investigated various complement and substitute impacts of offline channel introduction (i.e., Avery et al. 2012, Wang and Goldfarb 2017). However, most of the literature focus on the pc-based online channel and catalog, there is little research about the impact of offline channel introduction on smartphone-based mobile channel. Although mobile channel is similar to online channel in many ways (i.e., internet access and convenient shopping), it can be distinguished from online channel in terms of search and access, leading to a different interplay with offline channel. This research, therefore, aims to investigate how product launching in offline channel affects purchases in mobile channel versus online channel, and deepen the understanding by exploring the moderating effect of offline store intensity. Besides, we also explore the interaction between two digital channels: online channel and mobile channel. As most of the multi-channel retailers offer products in both online and mobile channels, it is incremental to know the interplay between these two digital channels. Using data from a representative multichannel retailer selling beauty products, we find the following three empirical results. First, product introduction in offline channel has a positive effect on online and mobile sales, and the effect is greater for mobile. Second, as offline store increases, the positive impact of offline product launch weakens on online channel, and even turns to negative once the number of offline stores reaches a threshold. However, the influence on mobile channel stays the same. The results reflect that the complementary interplay between offline and mobile channel is relatively stronger than between online channel. Finally, within the digital channels, online purchases only increase with the growth of sales performance within online channel, whereas mobile purchases are positively affected by both within mobile channel sales and across online channel sales. Our findings contribute critical academic and managerial implications for multichannel retailing.