This paper evaluates the use of Factor Analysis (FA) in English education research in Korea and suggests improvements in methodology. A detailed coding protocol was used to review 179 FA cases from 12 major English education journals (2014-2023). The review identified several key issues, including small sample sizes and lenient criteria for sample size selection, insufficient reporting on data appropriateness and normality, confusion between principal component analysis and FA, overreliance on the Eigenvalue > 1 criterion for determining the number of factors, inappropriate factor rotation methods, inconsistency between factor rotation and extraction methods, inadequate reporting on factor loadings and cross loadings criteria, and excessive reliance on SPSS as a statistical tool for FA. This study provides specific guidelines for applying FA appropriately and reporting results accurately.

본 연구는 관상적 가치가 뛰어난 한반도 자생식물 너도개미 자리[Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf.]의 산업화를 위한 대량 번 식 기술을 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자 번식 실험에서는 2023년 8월 16일 형태적으로 완전히 성숙한 종자를 채종하여 사용하였으며, 종자의 내부 형태를 관찰한 결과 배가 완전히 발달하여 미숙배로 인한 형태적 휴면(MD)은 없음을 확인하였 다. 또한, 종자를 증류수에 침지시켜 수분 흡수율을 조사한 결과 수분흡수 24시간 후 약 66%의 수분 흡수율을 보여 불투수성 종피에 의한 물리적 휴면(PY)도 없음을 확인하였다. 실온 (22±2℃)에서 후숙처리(Dry after-ripening)를 0, 4, 21주 실 시 후 각각 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30℃로 설정된 기내 발아 실험을 진행하였다. 실험의 결과, 후숙 4주 처리 후 20℃에 치상한 종자 의 발아율이 약 76%로 가장 높았다. 후숙 처리를 하지 않은 종자는 12주 내 어떠한 온도 조건에서도 발아하지 않아 생리 적 휴면(PD)으로 판단되었다. 삽목 번식 실험에서는 줄기삽목 (Stem-cutting) 방식으로 진행하였고, 루톤 분제 처리가 발근 에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 루톤 분제를 처리하지 않은 처리 구는 발근율과 생존율이 100%로 나타났으며, 루톤 분제가 처리 된 삽수는 이들보다 발근율과 생존율이 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 따라서 너도개미자리 종자는 생리적 휴면 종자로 분류 되며, 4주간의 후숙 처리가 휴면 타파에 효과적인 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한, 너도개미자리 삽목 번식 시 별도의 발근 촉진제 처리가 필요하지 않음을 확인하였다.

꼬마꽃벌과의 1종, Lasioglossum (Hemihalictus) sphecodicolor이 국내에서 처음 확인되었다. 이 종에 대한 암컷의 진단 특징과 분포, 형태적 형질 도판, 한국 내 Hemihalictus아속의 종에 대한 분류키를 수록한다.

A new variety of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), named 'Alfaking' was developed between 2015 and 2023 at the Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. The variety was produced through artificial hybridization, with ‘Paravivo’ serving as the maternal line and ‘WL514’ as the paternal line. ‘Alfaking’ underwent field tests across four regions (Cheonan, Pyeongchang, Jeongeup, and Jinju) to evaluate its agronomic characteristics and forage production over two years (2022-2023). The dry matter yield of ‘Alfaking’ reached 22,516 kg/ha, which is 11% higher than the control variety, ‘Vernal.’ ‘Alfaking’ exhibited 2.1% higher crude protein content than ‘Vernal’ in forage nutritive value. The development of this new alfalfa variety, which exhibits excellent adaptability to challenging environmental conditions, is expected to enhance forage cultivation and productivity in Korea.

This study evaluated the efficacy of a wild boar repellent (Repellent A) consisting of tannins and plant oils (castor oil, garlic oil, and cinnamon oil). Sixty farmed wild boars (4-8 months old) were divided into three groups: the normal control group (NC, n=20), the experimental group (EP, n=20), and the comparative experimental group (C-EP, n=20), which used Repellent B consisting of guaiacol, eugenol, menthol, thymol, and indole. EP and C-EP were equipped with four repellents per feeder, while no repellents were installed in the NC feeder. The feed intake and the number of feeding approaches were measured for one week in all groups. The number of approach of wild boars in feeders was monitored daily using a CCTV camera. The daily feed intake per farmed wild boar in EP and C-EP was significantly decreased compared to NC (p<0.05), and EP was significantly decreased compared to C-EP (p<0.05). In the average number of daily approaches, EP and C-EP were significantly decreased compared to NC (p<0.05), and EP was significantly decreased compared to C-EP (p<0.05). In conclusion, Product A has been confirmed to have excellent repellent effects on wild boars, and it could be used to prevent wild boars from approaching pig farms.

목적 : 본 연구는 입체시 검사법들의 재현성과 교환가능성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과적 질환과 관련된 진단을 받은 적이 없으며 교정시력이 20/20 이상인 30명을 대상으로 하였다. 굴 절이상을 확인한 후 입체시 검사(티트무스, 랑 Ⅱ, 티엔오, 프리즈비 검사)를 각각 하루 이상의 간격을 두고 두 번 검사하였다. 검사 간의 신뢰도 분석은 급내상관계수를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 반복 검사를 통한 입체시 검사의 신뢰도 확인에서 프리즈비 검사(p=0.103, ICC=0.99) 에서만 높은 재 현성을 보였다. 입체시 검사 간의 비교에서는 프리즈비와 티엔오 검사(p=0.358, ICC=0.89)에서 좋은 호환성을 확 인할 수 있었다. 20초미만의 작은 차이를 나타내는 경우 또한 42%로 모든 검사법들의 비교 중 가장 큰 비중을 차 지하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 입체시 검사의 진행은 방문 간에 일정하게 유지되는 것이 좋으나 검사 방법들의 특성에 따라 신뢰도와 호환성이 좋은 입체시 검사와 함께 평가되는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구의 결과 프리즈비 검사가 신뢰도와 호환성에서 좋은 것으로 나타나 다른 검사와 함께 평가하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and mineral contents of rye cultivated in the paddy field. The field experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate with seeding dates of October 19 (T1), October (T2), November 2 (T3), November 9 (T4), and November 16 (T5). All treatments was harvested on May 22 of the following year. Plant length, stem diameter, dry matter yield, and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher in rye with early seeding dates (p<0.05), whereas TDN was higher with late seeding dates (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between crude protein and ether extract among the different seeding dates. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were higher with early seeding dates (p<0.05). K and Ca contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). There was no significant difference in Mg and Na content among T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments. P content was higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in free sugar contents (glucose, fructose and sucrose) by treatments, whereas total free sugar content was the highest in T1 than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable to seed (T1 and T2) soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter, TDN yield and total free sugar content of rye in the midlands of Korea.

Background: The clinical application of canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) necessitates efficient and safe culture methods to produce large quantities of cells. Traditionally, fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been used for MSC expansion, but it carries risks such as contamination and adverse immune responses. Methods: In this study, we investigate the efficacy and efficiency of canine allogeneic serum as an effective alternative to FBS for the in vitro culture of canine MSCs. We measured the population doubling time of canine MSCs in allogeneic serum conditions and utilized qRT-PCR, flowcytometric analysis, and cellular staining/color-metric assay for investigating its effects on cellular senescence during long-term culture and the expression of key pluripotency-related transcriptomes. Results: Our findings demonstrate that canine MSCs cultured with allogeneic serum exhibited enhanced proliferation rates, reduced cellular senescence, and lower apoptosis levels compared to those cultured with FBS. Additionally, the expression of key pluripotency-related transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, was increased in canine MSCs cultured with allogeneic serum. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of canine allogeneic serum to provide a safer and more effective culture environment, supporting the large-scale expansion and maintenance of canine MSCs for clinical applications.

Recently, ESG(Environmental, Social, Governance) has been recognized as an important factor for the sustainable growth of companies. However, only 14.5% of food manufacturing companies have adopted ESG management. In particular, small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) face difficulties in implementing ESG management due to a lack of specialized personnel and resource constraints. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of ESG ratings on the management performance of 40 food manufacturing companies listed on the Korea Exchange(KRX) that have been evaluated for ESG. The one-way ANOVA was used and performed on data for 40 food manufacturing companies published by the Korea Institute of Corporate Governance and Sustainability(KCGS) in 2023. The results of the analysis showed statistically significant differences in sales (F=12.936, p<0.001) and foreign ownership (F=7.74, p<0.01) based on ESG ratings. Furthermore, Scheffe's post-hoc analysis indicated that the higher the ESG rating and individual scores, the better the overall management performance. Therefore, it is concluded that food manufacturing companies should continuously invest in and focus on ESG management to secure a competitive advantage in the market and achieve sustainable growth.

호접란은 세계적으로 분화뿐만 아니라 절화로도 판매되는 주 요 화훼작물이다. 상업적 종묘 대량생산은 조직배양 기술에 의 해 이루어지고 있으나 우리나라는 아직까지 균일하고 우수한 발근묘 생산 기술이 확립되지 않았다. 생육이 고르고 우수한 발근 배양묘를 생산하기 위한 적정 배양 신초수를 찾기 위해 용적 500mL 유리 배양병에 호접란 2품종(‘Lovely Angel’과 ‘UniVivace’)의 신초를 1, 4, 7, 10개씩 배양한 후 3개월에 지상부 및 지하부 초기 생육 특성을 조사한 결과, 7개의 신초를 배양하였을 때 신초의 생육이나 뿌리 유도 및 생육에 효과적이 었다. 또한, 배양병 재질이 발근묘 생육에 미치는 영향을 확인하 고자 용적이 500mL로 동일한 유리 배양병과 플라스틱 배양병 에 신초 7개 배양 3개월 후 2품종의 생육 특성을 비교한 결과, 2품종 모두 플라스틱 배양병 보다는 유리 배양병이 유의적으로 생육에 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다. 기내 발근묘 생산을 위한 배양병 재질의 영향은 이후까지 지속적으로 영향을 미치는 것으 로 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 균일한 호접란 발근묘 생산은 플라 스틱 재질보다는 유리병 재질의 배양병이 적합하며, 특히, 용적 이 500mL인 유리 배양병의 경우 신초를 7개(묘당 재식면적 5.4㎠) 이내로 배양하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 확인되었다.

Due to climate change and the expansion of cultivation areas through the use of reclaimed land, changes in the selection of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) varieties are anticipated. This study was conducted to compare the growth characteristics before overwintering, productivity, and feed value of eight Italian ryegrass varieties with different maturing stages under the same cultivation conditions. The variety ‘Lm4ho’, a medium-maturing type, showed superior growth characteristics before overwintering, including plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. The heading date was advanced in all varieties, with a greater degree of advancement observed in varieties with earlier heading dates. When harvested at the heading stage of the early-maturing types, the dry matter yield of the medium-maturing types was not significantly different from that of the early-maturing types. However, when harvested at the heading stage of the medium-maturing types, the dry matter yield was higher than that of the early-maturing types. Specifically, ‘Lm4ho’ produced 2,518 kg/ha more than ‘Kowinearly’. The late-maturing variety IR901 and the medium-maturing varieties ‘Lm4ho’ and ‘Kowinmaster’ showed statistically superior dry matter yields. In terms of forage value, including crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV), the medium- and late-maturing types outperformed the early-maturing types. Notably, ‘Lm4ho’, ‘IR 901’, and ‘Hwasan 104’ were evaluated as suitable varieties for high-quality forage production. These results suggest that medium-maturing varieties may be suitable for double cropping in the central regions due to climate change. We propose that future breeding of Italian ryegrass should expand from focusing on cold tolerance and early-maturing varieties to include mediumand late-maturing varieties that consider both productivity and quality.

This study investigates the effects of a sulfur spa product on the skin and hair health of dogs. With the rise in environmental pollution and health threats to pet dogs, interest in natural, non-irritating skin care products for dogs has grown. The study involved 15 Maltese dogs divided into three groups: a control group only shampooed, a water group soaked in tap water post-shampoo, and a sulfur group soaked in sulfur-infused tap water post-shampoo. Measurements of skin moisture, oil, skin barrier, and pH were taken from the dogs' back and abdomen after 60 minutes of treatment over six weeks. Additionally, skin condition and hair cuticles were analyzed using microscopes. Results showed that the sulfur group had significantly higher skin moisture levels in both the back and abdomen compared to the control and water groups. While there was no significant change in skin oil levels and skin barrier, the sulfur group had the lowest skin barrier, indicating a potential reduction in trans-epidermal water loss due to the detoxified sulfur. The pH levels were within the alkaline range typical for dog skin, averaging between 5.7 and 6.5. Visual observations revealed a reduction in dead skin cells and improvements in skin cleanliness. Analysis of hair cuticles showed that sulfur positively impacts hair smoothness and elasticity.

Airpower is a crucial force for suppressing military threats and achieving victory in wars. This study evaluates newly introduced fighter forces, considering factors such as fighter performance and power index, operational environment, capacity of each airbase, survivability, and force sustainment capability to determine the optimal deployment plan that maximizes operational effectiveness and efficiency. Research methods include optimization techniques such as MIP(mixed integer programming), allocation problems, and experimental design. This optimal allocation mathematical model is constructed based on various constraints such as survivability, mission criticality, and aircraft's performance data. The scope of the study focuses the fighter force and their operational radius is limited to major Air Force and joint operations, such as air interdiction, defensive counter-air operations, close air support, maritime operations and so on. This study aims to maximize the operational efficiency and effectiveness of fighter aircraft operations. The results of proposed model through experiments showed that it was for superior to the existing deployment plan in terms of operation and sustainment aspects when considering both wartime and peacetime.

본 연구는 현 시대에 등장하는 일러스트레이션을 하인리히 뵐플린이 제시한 이론의 관점으로 접근하였으며, 시각적 회화와 촉각적 회화로 분류하여 해석하고자 한다. 일러스트레이션에 나타난 표현기법을 통합적으로 살펴보기 위해서 그림책작가를 선정한 후, 인 터넷 사이트나 출간된 서적 등에서 해당 작가의 작품 이미지를 수집하였다. 이들을 시각적 회 화와 촉각적 회화로 분류하였다. 윤곽선의 활용에 대한 부분이 가장 확실한 특징이라고 파악 하여, 윤곽선 활용 유무를 기준으로 분류하였다. 이들 중에서 작가가 각 작품마다 다른 스타일 을 추구하는 경우, 본 연구에서 수집한 작품을 중심으로 분류하였다.

본고는 북한의 비공식경제 확산과 시장화 진전의 구조적 특성을 조사하여 북한경제의 실태와 작동 메커니즘, 경제개혁의 시사점을 살펴보고자 한다. 북한에서 비공식 경제활동의 증가와 함께 상품, 유통, 서비스, 노동 등에서 진전된 형태의 시장거래가 형성되었다. 북한의 비공식 경제활동과 시장화 현상은 공식경제영역 및 국영기업의 작동과 밀접한 상호관계에서 진행되었다. 경제관리 개선조치는 시장화 과 정에서 발생한 북한경제의 구조적 변화와 연관되어 있으며, 시장거래와 사적경제활동의 제도적 수용범 위를 확대하였다. 본고에서는 사회주의국가들에서 나타났던 비공식 경제활동을 비교분석하고 북한에서 진행되고 있는 비공식경제의 확산과 시장화의 실태 및 특징을 조사한다. 본고는 다양한 형태의 시장경 제활동과 북한당국의 경제관리제도 개편의 내용을 검토하면서 국가와 시장이 연계된 북한의 시장화 양상을 파악하고 함의를 모색한다.

As the number of enlistees decreases due to social changes like declining birth rates, it is necessary to conduct research on the appropriate recalculation of the force that considers the future defense sufficiency and sustainability of the Army. However, existing research has primarily focused on qualitative studies based on comprehensive evaluations and expert opinions, lacking consideration of sustained support activities. Due to these limitations, there is a high possibility of differing opinions depending on perspectives and changes over time. In this study, we propose a quantitative method to calculate the proper personnel by applying system dynamics. For this purpose, we consider a standing army that can ensure the sufficiency of defense between battles over time as an adequate force and use battle damage calculated by wargame simulation as input data. The output data is the number of troops required to support activities, taking into account maintenance time, complexity, and difficulty. This study is the first quantitative attempt to calculate the appropriate standing army to keep the defense sufficiency of the ROK Army in 2040, and it is expected to serve as a cornerstone for adding logical and rational diversity to the qualitative force calculation studies that have been conducted so far.

본 연구에서는 호흡동조화기법의 대안으로 딥러닝 자유호흡기법에서 b-value 별 겉보기확산계수 값을 평가하고 확 산강조영상과 겉보기확산계수 지도의 해부학적 일치성을 분석하여 적절한 여기횟수 값을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법은 2023년 7월부터 2024년 1월까지 간 자기공명영상 검사가 의뢰된 성인 남녀 35명을 대상으로 하였고 사용 장비는 Magnetom Skyra 3.0T(Siemens, Germany)를 이용하였다. 자유호흡기법의 비교를 위해 b-value 50, 400, 800(s/mm2)의 여기횟수를 각각 딥러닝 호흡동조화기법에서 2,3,4으로 딥러닝을 이용하지 않은 일반 자유호 흡기법에서 4,6,8으로 검사하였다. 딥러닝을 추가한 일반 자유호흡기법에서는 1,2,3 여기횟수, 2,3,4 여기횟수, 3,5,6 여기횟수, 4,6,8 여기횟수로 변화하였다. 연구 결과 딥러닝 자유호흡기법에서 간의 좌엽과 우엽, 담낭의 평균 겉보기확산계수 값은 딥러닝 호흡동조화기법과 비교하여 모두 통계적 유의성을 확인하였다. 한편 정성적 평가의 해 부학적 일치성을 분석한 결과 딥러닝 자유호흡기법의 3,5,6 여기횟수와 4,6,8 여기횟수에서 가장 높은 점수를 얻었 으며 검사 시간에서는 딥러닝 호흡동조화기법과 비교하여 약 51%, 40% 감소하였다. 따라서 간 진단에 있어 딥러닝 자유호흡기법에서 b-value 별 적절한 여기횟수 값을 이용한다면 겉보기확산계수 지도의 정확도 유지와 함께 검사 시간을 감소시킬 수 있어 임상적으로 유용한 검사가 될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구의 목적은 전쟁 후의 정의에 있어 정치적, 윤리적 우선순위는 무엇이 되어야 하는지를 살펴 보는 것에 있다. 본고에서는 이를 위해 정 의 전쟁론에 기반하여 전쟁의 규범성 및 윤리성을 검토함으로써 전쟁 후 의 정의에 필요한 요건들을 살펴보았다. 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁과 이스 라엘의 가자지구 하마스 섬멸 작전은 최근 신냉전 담론을 일반화 시키고 있다. 그러나 역설적이게도 이는 동시에 전쟁 규범의 목소리를 키웠다. 현재 진행되고 있는 전쟁들의 정당성과 전투 가운데 벌어지는 제 사건들 에 대한 윤리적 비난 등이 그것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 혼란 가운데 전 쟁의 규범성에 주목했다. 정의로운 전쟁이 되기 위한 정당성은 어떻게 형성이 되는지, 그리고 이러한 정의전쟁은 구현할 수 있는가? 사실 이는 규범과 국가이성, 합리적 자조(self-help)행위 간 충돌과 그로 인해 폭로 되어진 규범의 이중성은 권력의 불가분성을 설명한다. 그리고 완성은 전 후 정의에 대한 승전국의 선언으로 끝난다. 그러나 역설적이게도 동시에 전쟁 피해자의 피해 복구 또한 전쟁 후 정의로서만 복구 가능하다. 혹자 는 이러한 피해자의 피해 복구는 전쟁범죄에 대한 처벌로만 가능하기 때 문에 승전국은 이를 피해 화해를 앞 세워 전쟁의 정당성을 완성하려 한 다고 본다. 그러나 전후의 정의는 오히려 처벌과 화해가 동시에 양립함 으로써 수립된다고 본 고에서는 주장한다. 이러한 연구는 전쟁이 한참인 가운데 전쟁 이후의 정의로운 평화를 구상하는 편린이 될 수 있다는 점 에서 유의미하다. 더불어 현재 전쟁들에 대한 정당성이 아닌 전후의 정 의를 논한다는 점은 연구의 공헌성을 더 한다.

This study evaluates the balance between cellular removal and extracellular matrix (ECM) preservation in cardiac tissue engineering by comparing chemical and physical decellularization methods. Cardiac tissues were treated with chemical agents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100) and physical methods (freeze-thawing and ultrasound). These methods were assessed based on residual cellular content, DNA quantification, ECM structural integrity, and preservation of key ECM components like collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG). The results revealed that while chemical methods, particularly SDS, achieved more complete cell removal, they significantly compromised ECM integrity. In contrast, physical methods, such as freeze-thawing, preserved ECM structure more effectively, despite moderate cellular removal. The findings underscore the importance of tailoring decellularization techniques to specific cardiac tissue engineering needs, with chemical methods excelling in cell removal and physical methods offering superior ECM preservation. Future research should aim to optimize these methods to achieve a better balance between decellularization efficiency and ECM integrity.

This study aims to examine the expressive characteristics of the New Chinese style in the collection of Chinese fashion designer Ziggy Chen, analyze the inner meaning, and suggest a new direction in Chinese fashion design. As a research method, the background and concept of New-Chinese style occurrence were examined through previous studies, and the characteristics of the New Chinese style expression in fashion were investigated. The characteristics of the New Chinese style were summarized as cultural tradition, historical ethnicity, and pluralistic convergence. Based on these contents, the characteristics of the New Chinese style expression in Ziggy Chen’s men’s fashion design were analyzed. The data collection range was selected as the range of 20 seasons collected from 2012 S/S to 2022 A/W, which was collected on fashion sites and the brand’s official Instagram. The analysis results are as follows. First, subcultural resistance is a retro and ragged decadence formed by combining punk elements and industrial styles based on the clothing styles of lower-class Chinese people in the 17th and 90s. Second, cultural traditionality was influenced by traditional culture by mainland Chinese designers, who expressed the conservative presence of tradition and the Chinese style by looking at it from an oriental perspective. Third, historical ethnicity forms a Chinese fashion culture in which the national spirit and the development of the times coexist, while traditional culture and contemporary social values develop in harmony. Fourth, traditional fashion develops by combining a contemporary aesthetic sense and lifestyle with pluralistic convergence.