This study investigated the flowering response of three Korean native Aster species, namely A. hayatae, A. spathulifolius, and A. koraiensis, to varying photoperiods. Three-month-old plants propagated from cuttings were grown under four different photoperiods: 9, 12, 14, and 16 h. Aster hayatae flowered under all conditions, with flowering rates of 92%, 85%, 65%, and 27% under 9-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods, respectively. Flowering in A. hayatae was promoted by shorter photoperiods, classifying it as a facultative short-day plant. Aster spathulifolius flowered only under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, with no significant difference between these treatments, suggesting that the species is an obligate short-day plant. However, given the low A. spathulifolius flowering rates of 27% and 13% under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, respectively, further research is required. Aster koraiensis did not flower under any photoperiod, possibly due to vernalization requirements or juvenility. These findings offer valuable insights into the photoperiodic flowering responses of these three Korean native Aster species, enhancing our understanding of their ecological traits and potential horticultural applications.

본 연구에서는 광체꽃벌속의 미기록종 Ceratina iwatai Yasumatsu, 1936을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공한다.

Business model(BM) innovation is widely known as a differentiated strategy and strategic framework for companies to secure a sustainable competitive advantage in an uncertain environment. While prior research has studied new business models in accordance with changes in manufacturing trends such as digitalization and servitization, empirical understanding of the dynamic processes of BM innovation is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by proposing an analytical framework of the BM innovation matrix that classifies companies' BM innovation cases into four types according to the degree of BM change and the influential level of the industry/market outcome through a critical literature review on business models and dynamics. Drawing on this framework, we conduct longitudinal case studies of leading global 3D printing firms to examine the dynamic processes and external environmental factors that shape the evolution of BM innovation. Our findings reveal previously underexplored patterns of co-evolution between firms’ business models and their broader industrial and market environments. This study has the significance of constructing a framework for dynamically analyzing BM innovation based on longitudinal case studies of emerging 3D printing companies. We presented implications for companies seeking successful commercialization of emerging technologies, such as the strategic usefulness of the BM innovation framework and the importance of co-evolution with industrial structure and environmental factors in the process of change.

본 연구는 절화 장미‘All For Love’에 대해 과산화초산 (peracetic acid, PAA)의 보존용액 적용 가능성과 적정 처리 농도를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 보존용액 처리는 Distilled water(DW), PAA 50, 100, 200μL·L-1, FloraLife 1%로 하였 다. 절화수명은 대조구 DW(5.27일)에 비해 PAA(5.87~6.20 일)와 FloraLife(5.87일) 처리구에서 절화수명 연장효과가 있었 다. 모든 처리구에서 80% 이상 꽃목 굽음(Bent neck)과 20% 이상 꽃잎 청변화(Blueing) 현상이 나타났다. 화색 변화율과 잎의 엽록소 함량은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 화폭변화율의 경 우, DW(135%)보다 PAA 50μL·L-1(155%), 100μL·L-1(154%), 200μL·L-1(161%) 처리구에서 높은 개화율을 보였다. 상대생체 중은 DW와 FloraLife 처리구에서는 2일, PAA 처리구에서는 3일까지 증가 후 감소하였다. 수분균형은 DW에서 가장 빠르게 (-)의 값을 나타냈고, PAA 50μL·L-1 처리구에서 가장 길게 수분 균형이 유지되었다. PAA와 FloraLife 처리구에서 보존용액과 줄기 절단면 모두 세균이 검출되지 않았다. 결론적으로 PAA 50μL·L-1 처리는 DW에 비해 장미의 절화수명 연장 및 품질 유지에 효과적이었다.

The semi-direct speaking test format has limitations, particularly due to its lack of situational authenticity and contextualized input. To address this issue, virtual reality (VR) can be integrated into speaking proficiency tests to enhance authenticity. In this study, a newly designed VR speaking test was administered, and test-takers’ performances were compared with those on a conventional computer-delivered speaking test. Additionally, test-takers’ perceptions of the VR-based speaking test were examined through a post-test questionnaire. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the two test formats, indicating that the VR-based test enhanced test-takers’ speaking performance. More specifically, a one-way MANOVA showed that test-takers performed better on nearly all scoring criteria in the VR mode compared to the computer-delivered mode, except for completion and fluency. Furthermore, the 32 test-takers who participated in the VR test highlighted the highly contextualized settings and immersive experience as the most distinctive and positive aspects of using VR in speaking assessments.

In this study, a bacterial strain exhibiting high degradation activity toward organic wastes was isolated and taxonomically identified. Five strains with excellent hydrolytic activity toward starch, lipids, and proteins were isolated from slaughter waste processors. Among the five strains, YBK-W4, which showed the highest amylase, protease, and lipase activities, was selected. Through 16S rRNA sequencing, YBK-W4 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus (B. atrophaeus) and designated B. atrophaeus YBK-W4. The optimal temperature and pH for enzyme activity of B. atrophaeus YBK-W4 were 37~42°C and pH 7, respectively. The bacterium was grown on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar containing 12% NaCl, where enzyme activity was 11.4~29.7% of that observed in LB agar without NaCl. These results suggest that B. atrophaeus YBK-W4 is a useful bacterial agent for the decomposition of organic waste, such as food and slaughterhouse waste.

The casting manufacturing process of aluminum automotive wheels often involves processing various wheel models during stages such as flow forming, machining, packaging, and delivery. Traditionally, separate equipment or production lines were required for each model, which led to higher facility investment costs and increased labor costs for classification. However, the implementation of machine learning-based model classification technology has made it possible to automatically and accurately distinguish between different wheel models, resulting in significant cost savings and enhanced production efficiency. Additionally, this approach helps prevent product mix-ups during the final inspection process and allows for the quick and precise identification of wheel models during packaging and delivery, reducing shipping errors and improving customer satisfaction. Despite these benefits, the high cost of machine learning equipment presents a challenge for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) to adopt such technologies. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics of existing machine learning architectures applicable to the automotive wheel manufacturing process and proposes a custom CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) that can be used efficiently and cost-effectively.

The development of Jinhae New Port is expected to have positive effects on the local economy and foster the regional port logistics industry. However, since most of the port-related industry companies are located in the old downtown areas of Busan, such as Yeongdo and Jungang-dong, the main focus of the port will still remain in the old downtown of Busan even after the opening of Jinhae New Port. This study conducted basic research to maximize the benefits of the Jinhae New Port opening by exploring ways to establish Gyeongnam and Changwon as port logistics hubs. The specific research objectives included identifying target port-related industries and companies for attraction, as well as presenting the justification and rationale for establishing Gyeongnam and Changwon as port logistics hubs. The results indicated that the supply industry, ship management industry, ship repair industry, and shipbuilding equipment industry are sectors that Gyeongnam and Changwon should focus on attracting. The necessity of establishing Gyeongnam and Changwon as port logistics hubs is presented based on: 1) local tax revenue from the operation of Busan New Port, and 2) regional balanced development and the construction of a megacity. Specific implementation measures suggested include: 1) renaming the port, 2) attracting port-related industries, 3) seizing key agendas for port advancement, 4) establishing a smart port task force for the coexistence of ports, universities, and cities, and 5) enhancing the attractiveness of port cities to prevent population outflow.

In relation to studying board games, rather than studying web board games, there are some things and problems that try to use this bouncing and facts, and the distinction between web board games is distorted, and problems such as games and immersion occur along with gambling processing, and despite the efforts of related organizations, there are cases where this is used, and it is a web situation that requires examining the results and establishing an effective degree. Based on the current status of the domestic web board game industry, this paper proposes realistic measures to reduce illegal use, so that illegal activities can be reduced in the long term. In addition, the establishment of measures to prevent illegal use of web board games will focus on countermeasures for each type of illegal use, and propose measures to prevent illegal use of web board games. The most important thing is that game users should not hope for luck or think of making a profit through illegal means before participating in the game. As adults, they are primarily responsible for their own actions and are not protected against illegal use. Game users should first have a mature awareness of game use. Based on the results of this study, future discussions should be held on research on more effective policies to prevent illegal use of web board games that can protect game users, as well as on ways to improve self-regulation that can replace legal regulations.

본 논문은 초국가적 종교 인식론적 공동체의 관점에서 탈동성애 운동 의 세계정치적 양상을 분석한다. 일반적으로 탈동성애 운동은 동성애 정 체성을 벗어났다고 주장하는 개인들에 의해 주도되는 지역적·문화적 현 상으로 여겨지지만, 실제로는 서구권의 보수적 복음주의 세력이 주도하 는 조직화된 국제 네트워크임을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 네트워크는 특 정 분야의 정책 형성에 영향을 미치는 지식과 권위를 공유하는 전문가 집단, 즉 인식론적 공동체로서 기능한다. 특히 탈동성애 운동의 종교 보 수 활동가들은 자신을 인간의 성(性)에 관한 전문가로 규정하고, 과학적 외형을 갖춘 증거, 헌법적·권리 기반의 논리, 개인의 간증 등 다양한 전 략을 활용하여 동성애가 변화 가능하며 바람직하지 않은 것이라고 주장 한다. 본 연구는 한국을 주요 사례로 삼아, 한국의 보수적 복음주의 엘리 트들이 서구(특히 미국)의 복음주의자들로부터 탈동성애 담론과 전략을 체계적으로 수입하고 현지화한 방식을 경험적으로 분석한다. 구체적으로, 한국의 활동가들이 초국적으로 유통되는 진정성, 피해자성, 인권과 같은 자유민주주의적 레토릭을 전략적으로 차용하여, 자신들의 LGBTQ+ 인권 반대 활동을 종교의 자유 및 주체적인 삶의 경험(lived experiences)의 정당한 표현으로 재구성하고 있음을 보여준다.

As increasing markets for Lithium‒ion battery (LiB), several environmental issues have attained great attention. Especially, the organic solvent N‒Methyl‒2‒Pyrrolidone (NMP), commonly used in the traditional slurry casting process for fabricating LiB electrodes, will be about to be regulated due to its toxicity and the environmental concerns. Therefore, the production of LiB electrodes by a dry process without using NMP organic solvents is of special interest nowadays. In the dry process, it is generally accepted that 1‒dimensional carbon materials like carbon nanotubes (CNT) are beneficial than conventional carbon conductor such as carbon blacks (CB). However, CB is inevitably included during the CNT production, simultaneously as an impurity. Refining CNT from CNT/CB mixture can cause another cost obviously. On the other hand, there have been limited information to study dispersion of carbon materials in electrode with respect to dispersion method and types of carbon conductor. Here, we systematically test the effect of dispersibility of carbon conductor in electrode according to dispersion method and type of carbon conductors. In addition, effect of CB amount in carbon conductor are also elucidated on manufacturing procedure, properties of electrode and their electrochemical performances.

본 연구의 목적은 지역 브랜드를 강화하는데 요구되는 축제의 속성을 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구 는 경기도 양평에서 개최된 ‘산나물 축제’를 중심으로 진행되었다. 질적 연구 방법을 통해 현장 근무자, 축 제 현장 모니터링을 위해 축제에 참여한 사람, 방문객, 자원봉사자와의 심층 인터뷰를 실시하여 26명의 참 여자의 데이터를 얻을 수 있었다. 분석 결과, 축제의 속성은 축제의 주제와 경제 활성화와 같은 정체성 관 련 요소, 진정성과 즐거움과 같은 경험 관련 요소, 녹색성과 연령 다양성과 같은 가치 관련 요소가 있는 것 으로 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과는 더 나은 지역 브랜드 개발을 위한 지방 정부, 축제 관련 산업체 또는 지 역사회의 자원봉사자의 역량을 개발하는 기초자료가 될 것이다. 또한 여가활동으로서의 축제관광 방문객의 시장세분화에 기여할 것이다.

In recent years, hydrogels have emerged as premier platforms for drug delivery, attracting significant attention due to their exceptional biocompatibility and precisely tunable physical properties. Among the diverse crosslinking strategies available, enzymatic crosslinking mediated by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) offers distinctive advantages, particularly in enabling precise control over mechanical properties through gradual network formation. This study unveils the remarkable potential of mTG-mediated hydrogels for sophisticated drug delivery applications by harnessing their dynamic crosslinking characteristics. Our findings reveal that higher mTG concentrations generate more densely crosslinked networks with increased stiffness (up to 82.18 kPa at 10 mg/mL mTG), which surprisingly accelerates drug release kinetics by exerting pressure on encapsulated compounds. Conversely, lower mTG concentrations produce more permissive matrices with greater swelling capacity, facilitating sustained drug retention and controlled release profiles. Through systematic investigation of mTG concentration effects on mechanical properties, swelling behavior, and drug release patterns, we demonstrate unprecedented ability to fine-tune release kinetics with exceptional precision. Biocompatibility assessments confirm excellent cell viability across all formulations (80-98%), establishing these systems as highly promising for therapeutic applications. This research positions mTG-mediated hydrogels as next-generation drug delivery platforms capable of achieving customized release profiles through simple enzymatic modulation, offering transformative potential for targeted therapeutics. Future investigations will expand this versatile system's applicability to diverse bioactive compounds and evaluate its performance under complex physiological conditions.

Limited fashion products serve as a strategy for demonstrating the brand’s vitality and presence by satisfying the emotional needs of consumers seeking to escape from the boredom of similar products. The MZ generation values unique experiences and desires to purchase rare and unique products. Accordingly, the fashion industry prioritizes launching limited fashion products that emphasize artistry and can convey different values compared to existing products. The open-run phenomenon, characterized by people waiting in line before the store opens and then running to the store to purchase these limited products as soon as the store opens, is rapidly emerging as a consumer trend in our society. This study explored the impact of fashion consumers’ psychological factors-that is, FOMO, brand attachment, and need for uniqueness-on their open-run intention for limited fashion products. An online survey was administered to test the research hypotheses on Korean consumers, and 300 responses were statistically analyzed using the SPSS 28.0 program. The results revealed that FOMO, brand attachment, and the need for uniqueness significantly increased open-run intention for limited fashion products. Furthermore, consumers’ fashion involvement appeared to have a significant positive moderating effect on FOMO, brand attachment, and open-run intention. However, it did not substantially impact the effect of the need for uniqueness on open-run intention.

This study explores how to integrate the generative artificial intelligence (AI) tool Midjourney into the fashion design process, emphasizing the visualization of sporty fashion concepts. The research applied Midjourney at every stage of the fashion design process: mood board, fashion sketch, flat drawing, production package, fashion show presentation, and store display and sales. Specifically, sporty fashion was selected as the theme, and customized prompts were developed from prior research and design principles to generate visual outputs for each stage. Furthermore, three apparel design experts evaluated the AI-generated images to assess Midjourney’s practical applicability and effectiveness in each phase of the fashion design workflow. Expert evaluations revealed that Midjourney was particularly effective in the early stages, offering diverse and visually engaging imagery that supported creative ideation and mood expression. The tool allowed quick exploration of different silhouettes during the sketching stage but was imprecise in detailed forms and proportions. Limitations became more evident in the flat drawing and work instruction stages, where outputs failed to accurately reflect material textures and technical construction. Prompt refinements and referencebased prompts were tested but often resulted in inconsistent or stylized outputs. Additionally, continuity between stages was missing. Midjourney shows potential as a creative tool, but experts highlight its limitations for practical industry application. Further research is needed to improve prompt optimization and training data for enhanced accuracy and usability in AI-assisted fashion design workflows.

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the New-Chinese style appearing in Chinese fashion designer Shiatzy Chen’s collections and, accordingly, recommend various directions for the New-Chinese style design. Regarding the research method, the background and concept of Chinese style and New-Chinese style were reviewed, while relevant characteristics were derived from prior research. Concerning the data collection, 21 season collections from A/W 2014 to A/W 2024, were selected, and 26 reviews and 1,168 collection data were collated. The results are as follows: First, “multicultural convergence” emerges as design methods reflecting social changes and utilizes diverse cultural elements. In fashion design, it emerges in a harmonious combination of culture and artistic styles, expressing the integration of varied cultures —for instance, East–West cultural convergence. Second, “historical tradition” consistently expresses Shiatzy Chen’s fashion; continuously explores Chinese people’s garments and aesthetics; and integrates oriental dignity, culture, and discipline into fashion design. Third, “temporary diversity” refers to a Chinese fashion design culture that represents the seamless blending of traditional culture and modern social values— leading the new consumer market by combining new and old generations, graffiti aesthetics on modern streets, and traditional and contemporary expressions. Fourth, “positive metaphor” expresses the intrinsic mental element and emphasizes covert rather than overt beauty. These expressions metaphorically communicate ancient Chinese legends via artistic techniques, such as contemporary illustration and embroidery, thereby conveying an active mental culture.

본 논문은 라이소자임이 칸디다 알비칸스에 항균효능이 있음을 발견하였고 라이소자임의 분해 절편도 또한 항균효능이 있는지 단백질 분해 효소인 트립신을 처리하여 확인해 보았다. 130개의 아미노산 으로 구성된 14 kDa 단백질인 라이소자임을 약 24 kDa의 분자량을 가지는 단백질 분해 효소인 트립신으 로 분해 하였다. 분해된 생성물은 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피인 분석용 및 제조용 HPLC를 사용하여 분 석 및 분리하였다. 이를 통해 효율적인 라이소자임 소화를 위한 최적 조건을 확인하고, 분해된 펩타이드 절 편들을 분리하였다. 효능평가 결과, 일부 펩타이드 절편들이 칸디다 알비칸스에 강한 항균 활성을 보임을 확인하였으며 몇몇은 활성이 줄어드는 결과를 보였다.

To explore the origins of Korean food culture, the results of archaeological excavations of pottery relics from the early Neolithic period on the Korean Peninsula were examined, and the changes in the form and usage of the potteries in the stratified layers of shell mounds were investigated. The findings revealed that pottery was made for use as cooking vessels, fermentation crocks, and storage jars. Advances in materials. shapes, and techniques reflected efforts to produce larger vessels that were more durable, water-resistant, and heat-resistant. The consequent food items developed were traced, the biochemical changes in cooking pot and fermentation crock were estimated, and the nutritional and hygienic contributions of the early pottery to the Neolithic people were evaluated. The primitive pottery culture era is considered an important starting point that determined the food culture of Koreans. It is argued that the production of traditional Korean cuisine, jjigae, and fermented foods such as kimchi, jeotgal and makgeolli began by using pottery. As a result, the food availability of the early Neolithic period greatly expanded, and the nutrition and hygiene of Neolithic people were drastically improved, leading to the beginning of sedentary life and agriculture, and the formation of ancient Northeast Asian states.