The aim of this paper to provide grounds for Jeju 4.3 Human Rights educational activities to students. We have 2015 Revised Social Studies Curriculum Basic Direction - Goals and Contents of Korean History - Goals of Korean History (Revised July 27, 2018). It helps students to grasp the process of pre-modern Korean history, and use it as the basis for understanding self-identity and tradition comprehensively and systematically. Through the in-depth understanding of modern and contemporary history in Korea, students develop the ability to gain insight into the historical problems of modern Korean society. Through the process of exploring and interpreting various historical materials, students develop their ability to think critically with a critical mind and identify the historical roots of the problems faced by modern Korean society and their relevance to the world, and jointly seek ways to solve problems that can be realized at the learner level.

Chlorella gloriosa (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) was isolated from seawater off the coast of the Dokdo Islands in Korea. An axenic culture was established using the streak-plate method on f/2 agar media supplemented with antibiotics, allowing identification of the isolate by morphological, molecular, and physiological analyses. The morphological characteristics observed by light and electron microscopy revealed typical morphologies of C. gloriosa species. The molecular phylogenetic inference drawn from the small-subunit 18S rRNA sequence verified that the microalgal strain belongs to C. gloriosa. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the isolate was rich in nutritionally important omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the high-value antioxidants lutein and violaxanthin were biosynthesized as accessory pigments by this microalga, with arabinose, galactose, and glucose as the major monosaccharides. Therefore, in this study, a Korean marine C. gloriosa species was discovered, characterized, and described, and subsequently added to the national culture collection.

Spherical Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) and carbon-coated LVP with a monoclinic phase for the cathode materials are synthesized by a hydrothermal method using N2H4 as the reducing agent and saccharose as the carbon source. The results show that single phase monoclinic LVP without impurity phases such as LiV(P2O7), Li(VO)(PO4) and Li3(PO4) can be obtained after calcination at 800 oC for 4 h. SEM and TEM images show that the particle sizes are 0.5~2 μm and the thickness of the amorphous carbon layer is approximately 3~4 nm. CV curves for the test cell are recorded in the potential ranges of 3.0~4.3 V and 3.0~4.8 V at a scan rate of 0.01 mV s–1 and at room temperature. At potentials between 3.0 and 4.8 V, the third Li+ ions from the carbon-coated LVP can be completely extracted, at voltages close to 4.51 V. The carbon-coated LVP exhibits an initial specific discharge capacity of 118 mAh g–1 in the voltage region of 3.0 to 4.3 V at a current rate of 0.2 C. The results indicate that the reducing agent and carbon source can affect the crystal structure and electrochemical properties of the cathode materials.

우리나라 무궁화 품종 이름에 대한 자료를 찾아 정리하면서 수정하고 개선해야 할 사항을 발견하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 1979년대와 1980년대에 명명한 무궁화 품종 중 외국의 품종 이름을 우리말로 개명하여 부르는 것들은 원래 이름으로 바꾸어 주어야 할 것이다. 두 번째, 2000년 이후 공공기관 외 회사, 개인 등이 신품종 등록을 할 수 있게 됨에 따라 매우 많은 품종들이 등록되고 있는데 기존 품종들과의 구별이 쉽지 않은 문제를 야기하고 있다. 세 번째, 일본 품종의 경우 일본식 한자로 명명되어 있는데 도입 이후 품종명을 한국식 한자로 발음하고 명명, 명찰을 부착하여 한국품종으로 오해 할 수 있기 때문에 이를 개선하기 위해서는 한국식 한자가 아닌 원래 일본 품종명으로 적고, 일본식 이름으로 불러 주어야 할 것이다. 네 번째, 우리나라 무궁화는 학명으로 Hibiscus syriacus 인데, H. syriacus와는 이종인 H. sino-syriacus(대륜목근), H. paramutabilis(노산부용), H. mutabilis(부용) 등과 교배한 후대 들을 무궁화(H. syriacus)로 통합하여 부르고 있으나 이는 종간 잡종으로 구분, H. x hybrida로 구분해서 한다. 마지막으로, 1968년부터 외국에서 도입된 무궁화가 265품종에 달하는데 이 들 중 동일한 이름으로 중복 도입된 품종이 많아 적절한 명명 관리가 필요하다.

Recently, K-pop is leading the development of Korean pop culture. And it has established itself as a culture that is accepted and maintained voluntarily by the public worldwide. Cultural development in a region is important because it is a product of the social quality of society. With the debut of ‘Seo Taiji and Boys’ in 1992, the idol group music began in Korea. At present, BTS has formed a global fandom and has become one of the most successful cases among Hallyu content. Therefore, for the development of Korean pop music industry, this study analyzes in various ways what strategies of BTS have made them successful.

In order to investigate the applicability of ohmic heating in the blanching and heat sterilization process of vegetable foods, various electrical properties and heating characteristics were studied using intact potato. The electrical conductivity of potato with cell structure was 0.025 S/m, which was lower than that of starch and protein gel, and was increased linearly with increasing temperature. The temperature of ohmic heating was sharply increased from 8 min at 60 V, reaching 90°C after 10 min. The temperature rise was rapid at 60°C which was due to the increase of current flow by structural change related to the gelatinization of starch. The increase of temperature was faster when the frequency was increased, such as from 500 Hz to 1000 Hz. When potato was heated by ohmic heating at 60- 90 V and 40-120 Hz, rapid and uniform heat generation was possible. Thus, commercial utilization of ohmic heating can be applied for various types of vegetable foodstuff with ohmic heating was observed.

The photovoltaic properties of TiO2 used for the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells(PSCs) are compared according to the particle size. The PSCs are fabricated and prepared by employing 20 nm and 30 nm TiO2 as well as a 1:1 mixture of these particles. To analyze the microstructure and pores of each TiO2 layer, a field emission scanning electron microscope and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) method are used. The absorbance and photovoltaic characteristic of the PSC device are examined over time using ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy and a solar simulator. The microstructural analysis shows that the TiO2 shape and layer thicknesses are all similar, and the BET analysis results demonstrate that the size of TiO2 and in surface pore size is very small. The results of the photovoltaic characterization show that the mean absorbance is similar, in a range of about 400-800 nm. However, the device employing 30 nm TiO2 demonstrates the highest energy conversion efficiency(ECE) of 15.07 %. Furthermore, it is determined that all the ECEs decrease over time for the devices employing the respective types of TiO2. Such differences in ECE based on particle size are due to differences in fill factor, which changes because of changes in interfacial resistance during electron movement owing to differences in the TiO2 particle size, which is explained by a one-dimensional model of the electron path through various TiO2 particles.

방사선조사기술은 기존의 물리·화학적인 식물검역 방법의 대안 중의 하나로 여겨진다. 본 연구는 식물검역의 목적으로 1000 Gy 이하의 감마선 조사가 국내 주요 수출 농산물인 딸기의 이화학적, 관능적 품질 특성 및 유기성분 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이었다. 감마선 조사는 딸기의 부패율과 중량손실률을 감소시켰으며, pH, 산도, 수분활성도, 가용성 고형분 함량 변화에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 경도의 경우에도 조사 직후 유의적인 감소는 있었으나, 저장기간에 경과함에 따라 상쇄되었으며, 주요 페놀산 및 플라보노이드 함량 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 감마선 조사는 딸기의 안토시아닌 생합성을 억제시켜 과일의 색도 변화를 지연시켰으며, 저장 9일째 비조사구보다 높은 관능적 선호도를 부여하였다. 결론적으로 딸기에 대한 1000 Gy 이하의 감마선 조사는 비조사구 대비 유익한 품질상승효과를 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다.

정읍과 장수지역은 고도 차이로 인해 평균기온이 다르며, 이러한 환경조건은 생물군집에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 지표서식성 딱정벌레와 거미에 대한 영향을 알아보기 위해 2018년 3월에 지역별로 10지점의 논둑에서 pitfall-trap을 이용하여 조사하였다. 딱정벌레는 정읍에서 42종이 장수에서 30종이 발견되었으며, 작은모래거저리가 가장 많았다. 거미는 두 지역 모두 40종이 발견되었으며, 턱거미가 가장 많았다. nMDS와 MRPP 분석에서 두 지역의 딱정벌레와 거미의 군집조성이 모두 유의적 차이가 없었다. 딱정벌레와 거미의 개체수와 다양성지수 (species richness, Shannon index, evenness 등)도 지역간 차이가 없었다. 하지만 청동머리먼지벌레의 상대밀도는 장수가 12.3%로 정읍의 0.6%보다 컸다. 또한 밭고랑거미는 장수에서 거미 총개체수의 5.6%를 차지하였으나 정읍에서는 채집되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 두 지역의 환경차이가 딱정벌레와 거미의 전체 군집조성에 미치는 영향은 뚜렷하지 않지만, 일부 종에 대해서는 지역적 특이성을 보일 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

To produce carbon electrodes for use in perovskite solar cells, electrode samples are prepared by mixing various weight ratios of 35 nm nano carbon(NC) and 1 μm graphite flakes(GF), GF/(NC+GF) = 0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1, in chlorobenzene(CB) solvent with a ZrO2 binder. The carbon electrodes are fabricated as glass/FTO/carbon electrode devices for microstructure characterization using transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and a field emission scanning electron microscopy. The electrical characterization is performed with a four-point probe and a multi tester. The microstructure characterization shows that an electrode with excellent attachment to the substrate and no surface cracks at weight ratios above 0.5. The electrical characterization results show that the sheet resistance is < 70 Ω/sq and the interface resistance is < 70 Ω at weight ratios of 0.5 and 0.7. Therefore, a carbon paste electrode with microstructure and electrical properties similar to those of commercial carbon electrodes is proposed with an appropriate mixing ratio of NC and GF containing a CB solvent and ZrO2.

Mitochondrial and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited in humans and most animals. The degradation of sperm-borne mitochondria after fertilization assures normal preimplantation embryo development and may prevent mitochondrial diseases derived from heteroplasmy. Although it has been known that ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major degradation pathway of post-fertilization sperm mitochondria in mammals, it is unclear how the UPS, which is able to get rid of single protein molecule at a time, can eliminate whole sperm mitochondrial organelle. We considered that the autophagy receptors [sequestosome 1(SQSTM1), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP)] and the non-traditional mitophagy pathways involving UPS and the ubiquitin-binding protein dislocase, valosin-containing protein (VCP) may act independently or in concert during post-fertilization sperm mitophagy. We found that the association of SQSTM1 with sperm mitochondria was displayed in both pig and rhesus monkey zygotes after fertilization. Sperm mitochondrial proteins [mitochondrial trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha (HADHA), mitochondrial aconitase 2 (ACO2), and mitochondrial ATP synthase H+ transporting F1 complex β-subunit (ATP5B)] co-purified with the synthetic, SQSTM1-derived, ubiquitin-binding UBA domain were identified. Also, the accumulation of GABARAP-positive protein aggregates was observed around sperm mitochondrial sheaths in fertilized oocytes, which reflects autophagosome formation. Furthermore, the inhibition of VCP delayed the process of sperm mitophagy and completely blocked it when embryos were co-injected with autophagy-targeting antibodies, such as anti-SQSTM1 and/or anti-GABARAP. Thus, both SQSTM1-dependent autophagy pathway and VCP-mediated proteasomal proteolysis facilitate post-fertilization sperm mitophagy in mammals. This explains how the proteolytic pathway can coordinate autophagy pathway to degrade the sperm mitochondrial sheath inside the fertilized oocyte.