The comstock mealybugs had been occurred at a Muscat of Alexandria’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. They had beenfound in the vines’s trunk since mid-June and moved to cane and leaves since early July, and also had been found ingrape clusters since late-July. The number of comstock mealybug and the grape’s fruit damage in Eco-friendly vineyardswere higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged fromcomstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 organic agricultural materials(OAM) were evaluated tocomstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibitedstrong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on thevine from early-July to mid-July, commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, I thought that we can control comstockmealybug by spraying OAM in a timely period.

Oxide layers were formed by an environmentally friendly plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process on AZ91 Mg alloy. PEO treatment also resulted in strong adhesion between the oxide layer and the substrate. The influence of the KF electrolytic solution and the structure, composition, microstructure, and micro-hardness properties of the oxide layer were investigated. It was found that the addition of KF instead of KOH to the Na2SiO3 electrolytic solution increased the electrical conductivity. The oxide layers were mainly composed of MgO and Mg2SiO4 phases. The oxide layers exhibited solidification particles and pancake-shaped oxide melting. The pore size and surface roughness of the oxide layer decreased considerably with an increase in the concentration of KF, while densification of the oxide layers increased. It is shown that the addition of KF to the basis electrolyte resulted in fabricating of an oxide layer with higher surface hardness and smoother surface roughness on Mg alloys by the PEO process. The uniform thickness of the oxide layer formed on the Mg alloy substrates was largely determined by the electrolytic solution with KF, which suggests that the composition of the electrolytic solution is one of the key factors controlling the uniform thickness of the oxide layer.

Assays for detecting pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) levels in the blood of pregnant cattle have been developed and commercialized to determine pregnancy status. This study was conducted to determine the accuracy of a PAG-based ELISA test for pregnancy detection in Hanwoo. The anticoagulated treated whole blood was sampled from 595 Hanwoo that were 28-71 d (mean 49) and 85-128 d (mean 106) after artificial insemination. At the 2nd blood collection time, a transrectal palpation test was used as the standard for pregnancy diagnosis. For PAGs and the transrectal palpation test (n=595), the sensitivity was 98.4% (pregnancy, 481/489), the specificity was 100% (open, 106/106), and the accuracy was 98.7% (pregnancy+open, 587/595). In conclusion, the rapid PAG-based ELISA pregnancy test was highly sensitive and specific for pregnancy detection in Hanwoo.

Individuals use material possessions such as clothes as a means to express their individual predispositions, values and position in their social environment (Kaiser et al., 2001). Evidence indicates that various individual differences such as hormone levels, body image perception and a cosmopolitan orientation influence clothing choices (Eisenbruch et al., 2015, Frith and Gleeson, 2004, Gonzalez-Jimenez, 2016). Moreover, body satisfaction, body mass index and trait self-objectification determine if individuals choose clothes for specific purposes such as fashion, comfort or camouflage (Tiggemann and Andrew, 2012). However, while these studies have made an important step towards understanding the influence of individual characteristics on clothing choices, there is a lack of studies that investigate the role of individuals’ materialist tendencies and propensity to engage in social comparison. We extend prior research on clothing choices by examining the associations between individuals’ materialist tendencies and social comparison propensity with sought clothing functions (i.e., fashion, comfort, etc.). Findings show that materialist individuals seek clothing for specific functions such as fashion, individuality and assurance, while avoiding clothes designed for comfort. Individuals’ propensity to engage in social comparison is linked with choosing clothes for fashion, individuality and assurance, but not for camouflage and comfort. Our study confirms that materialism and social comparison drive individuals to seek very specific clothing functions. Specifically, findings suggest that individuals use specific clothing types as a medium to establish their position in a social environment and to express their materialistic tendencies. Gender influences the tested relationships.

This study searches the welfare function of social economy and examines whether it can be the alternative of the welfare state or not. To do this, we set up 5 common variables of social economy and the welfare state, and compared them for finding their similarities and differences. Common variables compose of background, domain, pursuing value, welfare realization method, and welfare delivery system. The results show that even though they are different among each other, social economy performs welfare functions like the welfare state, but the role of it should be identified as a complementary one instead of the welfare state.

Post-ejaculation of sperms into the female reproductive tract, acquisition of sperm capacitation is an essential step in the fertilization process. Accordingly, during in-vitro fertilization, the successful fertilization requires necessarily induction of capacitation in the retrieved sperms. To date, many candidate substances have been considered as capacitation inducers. However, there were no reports about the comparison of efficiency inducing sperm capacitation among diverse capacitation inducers. Therefore, we tried to determine an inducer showing the best capacitation performance in mouse sperms by comparing the preimplantation development of in-vitro-fertilized embryos using sperms experiencing capacitation by a variety of capacitation inducers. For these, calcium, progesterone, bovine serum albumin (BSA), heparin, lysophosphaticylcholine (Lyso-PC) were used as candidate capacitation inducers. Optimized concentration of each inducer were determined by accessing ratio of sperms experiencing acrosome reaction using coomassie G-250 blue staining. Subsequently, in vitro fertilization was performed using sperms incubated in each optimized concentration inducer. The ratio of fertilized oocytes was observed. As the results, Calcium at 2.7 mM and 0.3% (w/v) BSA showed the highest fertilization rates compared to 15 μM progesterone, 50 mM heparin, and 100 μM Lyso-PC. From these results, we found that 2.7 mM calcium and 0.3% (w/v) BSA were the most effective sperm capacitation inducers of mouse sperm for in vitro fertilization. From these results, we could identify that, among diverse sperm capacitation inducers, 2.7mM calcium and 0.3% (w/v) BSA were the most effective inducers for in vitro fertilization.

에너지 음료는 카페인을 주성분으로 타우린, 비타민 같은 다른 energy-enhancing 성분을 함유하고 있다. 미국과 유럽에서는 글루쿠로노락톤이 에너지 음료에 첨가될수 있으나, 국내에서 의약품으로는 허가되어 있다. 따라서 식품 첨가물로는 그 사용이 금지 되어 있어, 지속적으로 수입 및 유통 음료에서 시험검사를 하여 규제하고 있다. 현재 분석법으로 사용하는 LC-PDA 법은 복잡한 유도체화 과 정을 거치고, 음료 중에 당류들이 위양성 결과를 나타내 기도 한다. 이런 기존 방법의 단점을 개선하기 위해 HILICESI- MS/MS (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) 를 이용한 분석법을 개발하고, 선택성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정밀도, 정확성, 재현성에 대하여 분석법 유효성 검증을 수행했고, AOAC, EURACHEM 가이드라인에 부합되는 결과를 얻었다.

Dinickel-silicide (Ni2Si)/glass was employed as a counter electrode for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) device. Ni2Si was formed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 700 oC for 15 seconds of a 50 nm-Ni/50 nm-Si/glass structure. For comparison, Ni2Si on quartz was also prepared through conventional electric furnace annealing (CEA) at 800 oC for 30 minutes. XRD, XPS, and EDS line scanning of TEM were used to confirm the formation of Ni2Si. TEM and CV were employed to confirm the microstructure and catalytic activity. Photovoltaic properties were examined using a solar simulator and potentiostat. XRD, XPS, and EDS line scanning results showed that both CEA and RTA successfully led to tne formation of nano thick- Ni2Si phase. The catalytic activity of CEA-Ni2Si and RTA-Ni2Si with respect to Pt were 68 % and 56 %. Energy conversion efficiencies (ECEs) of DSSCs with CEA-Ni2Si and RTA-Ni2Si catalysts were 3.66 % and 3.16 %, respectively. Our results imply that nano-thick Ni2Si may be used to replace Pt as a reduction catalytic layer for a DSSCs. Moreover, we show that nanothick Ni2Si can be made available on a low-cost glass substrate via the RTA process.

This study was determined optimal condition as culture medium, pH, carbohydrate source and growth regulators through axillary buds cultures of Salix gracilistyla. S. gracilistyla shoots were obtained from axillary bud on 1/2MS basal medium after 2 weeks of culture. Highest shoot growth was showed in the MS medium(GI= 2.43). Shoot growth was highest in 9% sucrose compared to other concentration. BAP affects axillary shoot multiplication in of S. gracilistyla. Among nutrients, Ca2+ was not affected shoot number of S. gracilistyla. However, NH4+, NO3 -, and K+ is greatly influenced shoot number. However, Ca2+ was affected in shoot length of S. gracilistyla. Feeding of Mg2+ was not affected in shoot length. Root number is greatly influenced by NH4 +, NO3 -, and K+, however NH4 + and K+ was not affected root number of S. gracilistyla. NH4 + was affected root length, however Mg4 + was not affected root length. Treatment of 0.1mg/L IBA promoted in vitro rooting. In vitro rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to pots for 4weeks hardening process. Later, these plants were transferred to soil with above 90% survival rate in BS+SD(2:1). These results could be easily adopted for commercial large scale cultivation.

The study aimed to evaluate the damage persistence during subsequent years in kiwifruit vines defoliated by strong wind such as typhoons. Artificial defoliation was treated on five-year-old ‘Jecy Gold’ kiwifruit vines grown in a plastic house in year 2013 and 2014 by applying four levels of defoliation, i.e., 0, 50, 75, and 100% in August 23, 2013 and 100% defoliation in July 28 and August 29, 2014, respectively. Return bloom and fruit quality were investigated in the following two years, 2014 and 2015. A significant reduction in number of flowers per shoot in the following year, 2014 was recorded for the vines with 50%, 75%, and 100% defoliations treated in 2013 compared to the control vines. The number of flowers per florescence was significantly reduced for defoliated vines. Nevertheless, the fruit quality parameters, i.e., fruit length, width, weight, firmness, TSS, acidity, and dry matter content were not significantly different for the defoliated vines compared to the control vines. The vines defoliated in 2013 at 75% and 100% levels showed a significant reduction of number of flower per inflorescence in 2015 compared to the 0% defoliation. However, the number of flowers per shoot and fruit quality were not significantly different. Also, the number of flowers per inflorescence in 2015 was significantly reduced by July 28, 2014 or August 29, 2014 defoliation compared to non-defoliated vines while the number of flowers per shoot, and fruit quality in 2015 were not significantly different between treatments and control vines. Accordance with the present findings, the flowering is considerably affected by the shortage of carbohydrate supply than the fruit quality of ‘Jecy Gold’ kiwifruit. In addition, the negative impacts of severe defoliation in flowering of ‘Jecy Gold’ kiwifruit might be persisted more than one season from the time of defoliation and consequently, the total yield might be reduced in the following seasons after defoliation.

This study investigated the effect of dietary lysine and gamma-linolenic acid(GLA) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pigs were provided with feed containing two different levels of lysine(0.45% and 0.75%) with three different levels of gamma-linolenic acid(0.0, 0.3, and 0.6%). Average daily gain(ADG) was significantly lower (p<0.01) in pigs provided with the lower level of lysine. In contrast, feed/gain(p<0.01), diet cost/gain(p<0.05), and intramuscular fat(p<0.01) were all significantly higher in pigs fed the lower level of lysine. Similarly, meat color scores(CIE L*, a*, and b*) and cooking loss were significantly higher(p<0.01) in pigs fed the lower level of lysine, whereas shear force(kg/2.5 inch2)was not affected by dietary lysine. The addition of GLA had no significant effect on any of the parameters measured. The results indicate that providing pigs with 0.45% lysine in their diet may help to increase intramuscular fat content, allowing the industry to produce pork products that meet consumer needs in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of strengthening and stretching exercises on forward head angle and static·dynamic balance ability. 21 adults with the forward head posture were participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to strengthening exercise group I(n=11) and stretching exercise group II (n=10) respectively. Each group were underwent six intervention over the period of 2 weeks, each session lasting 30 minutes. During a preliminary examination, forward head angle and static∙dynamic balance were measured, and a post examination was conducted that involved same procedure as preliminary examination. There were significant differences in forward head angle after exercise in both groups. In the strengthening group, center of gravity total sway distances was significantly changed under all conditions. In the stretching group, center of gravity total sway distances was significantly changed when subjects had their eyes open while standing on an foam surface. There were significant changes in center of gravity sway velocities in the strengthening group under all conditions, and the same was true in the stretching group only when the subjects had their eyes open while standing on an foam surface. In the comparison between groups, eyes closed while standing on a firm surface was significantly different. There was a significant difference in dynamic balance of the stretching group when the subjects tilted their bodies forward, and there was a statistically significant difference between groups under the same condition. The results of this study suggest that forward head posture can be corrected through therapeutic exercise, and muscle strengthening exercise more effective in improving static balance of forward head posture more than stretching exercise.

To investigated the mechanism, induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC) is important for clinical application and stem cell research. It is well known that hMAGEA2 expression pattern and effect on differentiation in embryonic stem cell but their specific role in iPS cells are unclear. The present study was schemed to understand the function of hMAGEA2 gene in iPS cells and to elucidate its characteristic. Although overexpression of hMAGEA2 in iPS cells are not different on morphology, their pluripotency and self-renewal capacity are significantly strengthened. And hMAGEA2 contributed to promote the cell cycle progression, this cell cycle changes induced proliferation acceleration. Through embryoid body formation in vitro and teratoma formation in vivo, we found that hMAGEA2 critically decreases the differentiation ability in iPS cells. Our results demonstrate that hMAGEA2 intensified the self-renewal, pluripotency, proliferation degree but efficiency of differentiaton is significantly repressed. Our findings provided that hMAGEA2 play a key role of iPS cells.

The mammary gland is a complex organ, made up of various cell types that work together for mil synthesis. A previous study had established a clonal cell line from primary bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T) for the study of bovine milk production and synthesis. In this study, we transplanted MAC-T bovine alveolar cell line to BALB/C nude mice for regeneration of bovine mammary gland alveolar ducts. The MAC-T cells were suspended with matrigel and injected into the dorsal tissue of 8 weeks old male BALB/C nude mice. After 6 weeks, the injected cells were showed typical morphology of the tubuloalveolar female glands by histological analysis. It was made the branching ducts that were surrounded by smooth muscle with small alveoli budding off the ducts. In addition, the epithelial markers CK14 and CK18 were expressed within the duct-like structure. Prolactin was detected in the duct interior in these CK14 and CK18 positive cells but not in the non-transplanted MAC-T cells. These results showed that duct-like tissue had been successfully formed after 6 weeks of transplantation of the CK14 and CK18 positive MAC-T cells into mice dorsal tissue. This mouse model will be a useful tool for further research on the bovine mammary gland.

Adipose tissue is the largest energy storage in the body, with the endocrine, paracrine and autocrine function, and they constitute a network regulatory signal, and participate in energy balance and metabolism regulation in adipose tissue. When adipose tissue is excessively accumulated or obesity, inflammatory signaling pathway is activated as the secretion increase of a variety of inflammatory cytokines, then, the body is under the state of chronic inflammation, causing insulin resistance and many metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer and other chronic metabolic disease, and bringing a serious health crisis to humans. And, excessive fat deposition reduces the feed conversion rate, leading to the increase of livestock and poultry production cost and the reduction of meat food quality. Therefore, the regulation of adipogenic differentiation has become an important field in the study of human health and animal production. 1. The source of adipose tissue The formation of adipose tissue is due to the increase of adipose cell number caused by differentiation and the increase of adipose cell volume and adipose accumulation during development. This process is that adipose mescenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are transformed to preadipocytes in adipogenic environment, and differentiation related specific transcription factors start to express and induce the specific expression of adipose cell genes and terminal differentiation, finally, mature adipose cells are formed after adipose accumulation. Recent studies have suggested that dedifferentiated fat cells (DFATs) may be an important source of adipose tissue. Mature adipose cells can be dedifferentiated to the sub cells (DFATs) with the dividing ability in vitro culture, and DFATs are pluripotent and can be redifferentiated to adipose cells or transdifferentiated to other cell types, such as cartilage cells, bone cells, muscle cells, etc. by induction. This suggests that DFATs are progenitor cells with the stem cell properties, showing the great potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Research on the mechanism of DFATs redifferentiation and transdifferentiation has an important significance for human health and animal production. 2. Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and transcription The adipocyte differentiation lies in the transcription level regulation, involving the cascade and cooperative effects of multiple transcription factors, among which, the core transcription factor is peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-γ (PPARγ), which specifically expresses in adipose tissue, combines the promoters of downstream genes promoter and induces their expression, such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), insulin sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipose-specific fatty acid binding protein-2 (AP2) and adiponectin, and promotes the differentiation and maturation of adipose cells. 3. Transcription regulation of PPARγ by Kruppel like factors Kruppel like factors (KLFs) are a class of transcription factors with zinc finger structure, which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation and tumor formation in a variety of animal cell types. Since KLF15 is first proved to have the transcriptional regulation capability of adipose differentiation by Gray, et al. in 2002, other KLFs are also found to be involved in the adipose differentiation regulation. According to the recent studies of KLFs regulation of adipose differentiation, Christopher, et al. in 2009 summarized KLFs transcription regulation network in the PPARγ upstream. This network includes 8 types of KLFs, namely, KLF2-7, KLF11 and KLF15, among which, KLF2, KLF3 and KLF7 are involved in the negative regulation of adipose formation, while KLF4-6, KLF11 and KLF15 positively regulates adipose formation, and they express according to a certain time sequence during adipocyte differentiation. 4. Regulation of adipose differentiation by curcumin Curcumin is a kind of polyphenols extracted from Curcuma longa L.. Curcumin can reduce the mice obesity formation, directly interfere with the preadipocytes differentiation and decrease the adipocyte number and adipose accumulation. Moreover, curcumin plays a role in the early stage of adipocyte differentiation, and inhibit the mitotic proliferation process and the expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and certain downstream transcription factors. 5. Regulation of AMSCs and DFATs adipogenic differentiation in pigs It is generally believed that pigs are the most suitable animal models for the application of human clinical medicine. Also, pigs are the largest source of human meat food, and one of animals with the most fat content. Therefore, research on the regulation of porcine adipocyte differentiation has an important significance for the establishment of human disease model and the production of low fat and lean meat pigs. This report summarizes the expression patterns of different KLFs and the effect of curcumin on the KLFs and PPARγ expression during the adipogenic differentiation of porcine AMSCs and DFATs in recent years.