This research aimed to investigate heterogeneity regarding governance, agricultural productivity, and food security between developed and developing nations. Utilizing a three-stage least squares (3SLS) simultaneous equation model, this study found that governance could positively impact food security through capital accumulation and agricultural productivity in both developed and developing countries. However, the magnitude of these effects differed significantly between country groups, with developed countries showing stronger governance-food security linkages than developing countries. This study reaffirms the importance of governance while showcasing its potential to vary based on a country’s economic level. Additionally, it sheds comprehensive light on impacts of agricultural production and agricultural capital accumulation on food security.

The postharvest quality of cut flowers often declines during transportation, especially under dry storage conditions. Therefore, incorporating preservative solutions during shipment is vital for extending the vase life of high-value cut flowers. Among commonly used additives, sucrose (Suc) and Floralife (FL), a commercial preservative, have demonstrated efficacy in maintaining vase life. Oxygen nanobubbles (O2NB) and ozone nanobubbles (O3NB), which are nanoscale gas-filled bubbles in aqueous media, have been proposed as antimicrobial agents for use in preservative solutions applied to cut flowers. This study examined the effects of seven preservative treatments on the postharvest performance of cut Cymbidium ‘Lovely King’ during simulated transport. Treatments included tap water (control), Suc, FL, O2NB, O2NB combined with Suc (O2NBS), O3NB, and O3NB combined with Suc (O3NBS). Cut stems were placed in floral water tubes filled with the respective solutions and stored in a cold chamber at 5°C for 7 days to simulate transport conditions. Among the treatments, O2NB resulted in the longest vase life of 21.0 days, significantly longer than that under O2NBS (14.3 days). Additionally, the O2NB solution exhibited the lowest bacterial count (4.9 log 10 CFU mL-1) compared with other treatment solutions. Stems treated with O3NB maintained the highest relative fresh weight throughout the experiment. Initial water uptake was 8.4 g and 7.6 g for the O3NB and O2NB treatments, respectively. These findings indicate that O2NB is an effective transport preservative for enhancing postharvest quality and extending the vase life of cut Cymbidium ‘Lovely King.’

본 연구는 저관리형 거리화단 화훼경관용 초화류 식물 선발을 위하여, 4종의 초본화훼식물(Zinnia elegans, Salvia splendens, Catharanthus roseus, Gomphrena globose )을 대상으로 무관 수 처리에 따른 내건성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 4종 식물의 영구위조점을 알아본 결과, 무관수 후 백일초가 23일째 가장 먼저 고사하였고, 그 다음으로 살비아는 29일째, 일일초는 51일 째, 천일홍은 61일째에 고사하였다. 무관수 처리에 따른 4종의 용적수분함량 변화를 비교한 결과, 용적수분함량은 무관수 이후 지속적으로 감소하였고, 용적수분함량이 0%에 도달한 것은 백 일초가 무관수 16일째로 가장 빨랐으며, 그 다음으로 살비아 25일, 일일초 35일, 천일홍 40일 순으로 나타났다. 4종의 지상 부생체중의 감소율을 영구위조점에서 보았을 때 4종의 식물중 백일초의 감소율이 가장 높았고, 그 다음은 살비아, 천일홍, 일일초 순으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 지상부와 지하부 건물중의 증가율은 일일초가 가장 높았으며 통계적으로 유의하였다. 무관 수 처리에 따른 광합성 형광 변수 중 하나인 Fv/Fm 측정 결과, 백일초는 일시위조점인 15일째부터 감소하였고, 살비아는 무관 수 29일째, 일일초는 37일째, 천일홍은 43일째부터 감소하였 으며, 통계적으로 유의하였다. 무관수 처리에 따른 4종의 각 개체별 측정된 식생지수의 변화를 알아본 결과, 정규식생지수 (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), 광화학 반사율 지수(photochemical reflectance index, PRI), 안토 시아닌 반사율 지수(anthocyanin Reflectance Index, ARI) 가 무관수 기간동안 백일초, 살비아보다 일일초, 천일홍이 장기 간 건강한 잎의 범위에 속하였다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때, 저관리형 거리화단 화훼경관용 식물 선정 시 거리화단의 수분관 리 측면을 고려한다면 무관수 처리 후 약 50-60여 일간 생존하 여 내건성이 강한 것으로 나타난 일일초, 천일홍이 저관리형 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 시 적용 가능성이 매우 높은 식물로 판단되었다. 거리화단 화훼경관 조성 후 물관리가 어려운 거리 화단 화훼경관의 지속적인 유지, 관리에 대한 어려움이 부각되 어왔다. 따라서 저관리형 거리화단 화훼경관용 식물의 다양한 적용 및 관리를 위해서는 향후 보다 많은 식물종을 대상으로 한 실험뿐만 아니라 식물 내에서 품종 간의 비교에 대한 후속 연구도 필요한 것으로 생각되었다.

Oral language comprehension (OLC) and vocabulary depth are widely recognized as key predictors of reading comprehension. However, research has either provided a limited representation of OLC or failed to acknowledge the distinctive predictive nature of vocabulary depth. This study investigates the combined contributions of OLC, conceptualized as a unified composite of foundational language variables and compares its effects on reading comprehension to vocabulary depth, while accounting for writing abilities. A total of 169 advanced Korean university EFL students were tested on listening comprehension, grammar knowledge, vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth, and reading comprehension in English. SEM analyses revealed that both OLC and vocabulary depth made unique contributions to reading comprehension, with OLC demonstrating relatively stronger predictive power. Writing abilities did not show significant effects when OLC and vocabulary depth were considered in the same model. These findings underscore the independent predictive roles of OLC and vocabulary depth in L2 reading comprehension and highlight the importance of integrating these constructs into EFL pedagogical practices.

This study investigated the flowering response of three Korean native Aster species, namely A. hayatae, A. spathulifolius, and A. koraiensis, to varying photoperiods. Three-month-old plants propagated from cuttings were grown under four different photoperiods: 9, 12, 14, and 16 h. Aster hayatae flowered under all conditions, with flowering rates of 92%, 85%, 65%, and 27% under 9-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods, respectively. Flowering in A. hayatae was promoted by shorter photoperiods, classifying it as a facultative short-day plant. Aster spathulifolius flowered only under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, with no significant difference between these treatments, suggesting that the species is an obligate short-day plant. However, given the low A. spathulifolius flowering rates of 27% and 13% under 9- and 12-h photoperiods, respectively, further research is required. Aster koraiensis did not flower under any photoperiod, possibly due to vernalization requirements or juvenility. These findings offer valuable insights into the photoperiodic flowering responses of these three Korean native Aster species, enhancing our understanding of their ecological traits and potential horticultural applications.

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by GLA mutations, leading to a deficiency in α-Galactosidase A activity and subsequent accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). This accumulation contributes to progressive multiorgan dysfunction, with cardiovascular complications, particularly endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy being major drivers of disease morbidity and mortality. Although enzyme replacement therapy is currently the standard treatment, its effectiveness is limited in addressing advanced cardiovascular pathology. To better understand Fabry-associated vascular and cardiac phenotypes, an isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model in which GLA was knocked out was developed using CRISPR/ Cas9. GLA-knockout (GLA-KO) hiPSCs were differentiated into endothelial cells (ECs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) to evaluate disease-relevant phenotypes in vitro . GLA-KO ECs exhibited normal morphology and differentiation capacity but showed markedly impaired tube formation, high expression of inflammatory genes ICAM1, VCAM1, and SELE, and increased mitochondrial and cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species levels. GLA-KO CMs demonstrated enlarged cell size and nuclear translocation of NFATC4, consistent with hypertrophic remodeling. Together, these findings recapitulate key features of Fabry vasculopathy and cardiomyopathy in a genetically defined, human-derived system. This platform enables direct investigation of Gb3-induced oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms and provides a valuable model for the preclinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting the cardiovascular manifestations of Fabry disease.

목적 : 본 연구는 고등학생들이 학교에서의 장애 학생과 접촉 경험이 장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 또한 시각장애 체험 프로그램의 유익성 평가에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하고자 한다. 방법 : 비장애 고등학생(176명)을 대상으로 장애인에 대한 인식과 관심, 학교생활에서 접촉 경험 등에 관 한 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 시각장애 체험 장비를 활용하여 체험 프로그램을 진행 후 장애체험 관련 설문을 추가로 실시하였다. 자료 분석을 위하여 IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0을 통한 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 다중회귀 분석 방법을 활용하였다. 결과 : ‘장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심’과 ‘시각장애 체험 프로그램 유익성 평가’ 와 관련된 세부 항목들에서 전반적으로 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 응답자의 학년이 높을수록, 장애 학생과 반에서 함께 생활 경험이 있는 응답자일수록 장애인에 대한 긍정적 인식이 높은 것으로 나타났다. ‘장애인에 대한 인 식’이 긍정적일수록 장애인에 대한 관심이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 응답자의 연령과 학년이 높을수록 시각장애 체험프로그램에 대한 평가가 긍정적으로 확인되었고, 장애 학생과 반에서 함께 생활한 경험이 없는 응답자일 수록 시각장애체험 프로그램에 대한 평가가 긍정적으로 나타났다. 결론 : 비장애 학생들의 장애인에 대한 인식과 관심이 전반적으로 긍정적이였으며 시각장애인과의 접촉 경 험이 적은 학생들에게 시각장애 체험프로그램을 적용 시 장애인에 대한 인식 및 관심을 제고시키는데 도움이 된다.

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하는 목본 관상용 식물인 먼나무 (Ilex rotunda)와 으름덩굴(Akebia quinata)을 대상으로 삽목 효율을 분석하였다. 삽수는 녹지와 숙지로 구분하고 생장조절 제 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)와 시판용 발근촉진제 루톤 (Rootone)을 처리하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 그 결과, 발근율 (녹지, 숙지)은 먼나무(50.9, 19.0%) 및 으름덩굴(52.8, 28.5%) 로 두 수종 모두 숙지보다는 녹지가 손쉽게 발근되었다. 생장조절 제의 발근 촉진 효과는 녹지보다는 숙지에서 두드러졌으며, 생장 조절제 효과는 두 수종에서 상이하게 나타났으며, IBA와 루톤에 대한 두 수종의 발근 반응이 다르게 나타냈다. IBA 1,000ppm 처리는 먼나무의 발근을 촉진시켰고(65.9%) 으름덩굴에서는 고 사에 따른 발근율 저하를 야기하였으며(5.0%), 오히려 으름덩굴 은 루톤 처리로 발근이 촉진되었다(83.3%).

Business model(BM) innovation is widely known as a differentiated strategy and strategic framework for companies to secure a sustainable competitive advantage in an uncertain environment. While prior research has studied new business models in accordance with changes in manufacturing trends such as digitalization and servitization, empirical understanding of the dynamic processes of BM innovation is still lacking. This study addresses this gap by proposing an analytical framework of the BM innovation matrix that classifies companies' BM innovation cases into four types according to the degree of BM change and the influential level of the industry/market outcome through a critical literature review on business models and dynamics. Drawing on this framework, we conduct longitudinal case studies of leading global 3D printing firms to examine the dynamic processes and external environmental factors that shape the evolution of BM innovation. Our findings reveal previously underexplored patterns of co-evolution between firms’ business models and their broader industrial and market environments. This study has the significance of constructing a framework for dynamically analyzing BM innovation based on longitudinal case studies of emerging 3D printing companies. We presented implications for companies seeking successful commercialization of emerging technologies, such as the strategic usefulness of the BM innovation framework and the importance of co-evolution with industrial structure and environmental factors in the process of change.

Stemflow (SF) is essential for water resources within forest ecosystems and can constitute up to half of the gross rainfall (GR), depending on the forest stand structures in coniferous plantations. Although numerous studies on SF yield have been reported globally for various forest types, very few studies on SF have been reported to examine the influence of forest stand structures on SF in Korea. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between SF and forest stand structures in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantations. Two study plots were established (10 m × 10 m each) in plantations with the same stem density (SD: 2500 stems ha-1) (hereafter P1 and P2). Almost all forest stand structures (canopy projection area, tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of live and dead branches, and ratio of canopy length to canopy width), including canopy volume using mobile LiDAR devices, were investigated. To evaluate the efficiency of funneling rainwater for the effect of tree biomass on SF, a funneling ratio (FR) was used. The present SF ratios (20.7% in P1 and 22.3% in P2) were much higher than those reported in previous studies of various forest types in Korea (SF ratios: 0.2–5.8% with a mean of 2.0%). This is due to the interaction between the high SD and many under-canopy dead branches. Individual-scale FR was correlated with DBH (R2 = 0.43). The present stand-scale FRs (FRstand) (22.3 in P1 and 29.2 in P2) were much higher than those reported in the previous studies (FRstand: 1.0–33.3 with a mean of 7.8) because of the negative relationship between FRstand and mean DBH (R2 = 0.78, p = 0.02). Our results provide useful information for understanding changes in SF caused by forest stand structures.

Delayed wound healing in diabetes is aggravated by chronic inflammation and impaired keratinocyte migration. Although zinc facilitates skin wound healing, its excessive accumulation may induce cytotoxicity. This study explores the synergistic potential of zinc and the GPR39 agonist TC-G-1008 in enhancing diabetic wound repair. In vitro , cotreatment reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and promoted keratinocyte migration. In vivo , a hydrogel incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles and TC-G-1008 accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice and suppressed interleukin-1β expression. Notably, TC-G-1008 alone enhanced keratinocyte migration under diabetic conditions, highlighting its critical role in modulating inflammation. These findings support a zincsparing therapeutic approach using GPR39 activation to restore wound healing in diabetic settings.

The number of significant issues on many welding processes are often connected to high productivity and manufacturability at low costs. The research on welding processes in the literature has reported several research activities, but there is still scope for improvement in most industrial settings. The primary goal of this research is to determine the best super-TIG welding settings to use for groove welding. First, in order to determine the quality characteristics and risks associated with them, concepts and frameworks of quality by design (QbD) which is a new standard in pharmaceutical area in order to improve drug qualities were integrated into this process optimization. Second, stepwise experimental design approaches including a factorial design as well as a response surface methodology (RSM) were customized and performed for this specific automated super-TIG welding process. Third, based on experimental design results, the optimal operating conditions with both design space (i.e., acceptable range of operating conditions) and safe operating space (i.e., safe range of operating conditions) were obtained. Finally, a case study including QbD steps, stepwise experimental design approaches, design and operating spaces, the optimal factor settings, and their association validation results was conducted for verification purposes.

Three strains (KCOM 2191, KCOM 2668, and KCOM 2812) of Capnocytophaga sp. isolated from a Korean population were initially classified by 16S rDNA sequence comparison. This study aimed to resolve their species-level identity using whole genome sequencing and to assess their taxonomic characteristics. Genomes of the three strains were sequenced using PacBio RS II and Illumina platforms. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis was employed for species-level identification. Cellular fatty acid (CFA) compositions were determined using the MIDI/Hewlett Packard Microbial Identification System. ANI values for KCOM 2191, KCOM 2668, and KCOM 2812 were 96.43%, 96.33%, and 96.33%, respectively, compared with the type strain Capnocytophaga ochracea DSM 7271T. CFA profiling showed a predominance of iso-C15:0 (57.9%, 67.2%, and 64.9%, respectively), consistent with DSM 7271T (51.5%). These findings confirm that KCOM 2191, KCOM 2668, and KCOM 2812 are strains of C. ochracea . These strains may serve as valuable models for investigating the role of C. ochracea in oral and systemic pathogenesis.

This study evaluated the effects of solid and water-soluble extracts derived from torrefied Pinus densiflora on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) germination and growth, as well as the cultivation efficiency of torrefied materials combined with plant nutrient solutions. Torrefied samples were prepared under various conditions (200°C, 220°C, 240°C for 20–80 minutes) and mixed with sand at ratios from 20% to 100%. Liquid extracts were formulated with macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg) and micronutrients (Mn, B, Fe, Cu) and applied to leafy and root vegetables. Germination tests showed that 60% and 80% torrefied treatments had the highest and most consistent rates, with torrefied samples promoting more rapid and stable germination than controls. A two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between treatment and concentration (p = 0.043), suggesting concentration-specific effects. While shoot length showed no significant difference, root growth was marginally significant (p = 0.064), with washed torrefied material producing the longest roots. Physical analysis revealed that torrefied materials improved soil thermal retention and moisture-holding capacity. However, increasing torrefied content reduced porosity, likely due to fine particles filling soil pores. In conclusion, torrefied P. densiflora materials exhibit strong potential to enhance germination, root development, and soil condition. Optimal results were achieved with 40–60% solid mixtures for germination and 60–80% diluted extracts for rapid and consistent seedling growth. When optimally applied, they may serve as effective, sustainable amendments in cultivation systems.

Recently, as informatization of transactions and digitization of product itself progress, the influence of network externalities is increasing. The reason why network externalities receive so much attention is that they fundamentally lead to fierce price competition between products. Following this trend, in this paper, we study the effect of quality and compatibility on the price competition between products under network externalities. To do this, we first present a new market model incorporating quality, network externalities and compatibility. Based on the presented model, the Nash and Stackelberg equilibrium solutions are derived and analyzed numerically. The results can be summarized as follows: First, when the quality difference between products is small, the Nash method of pricing is optimal, whereas when the quality difference is large to some extent, the Stackelberg method of pricing is optimal. Second, in the case of the low quality product, it was shown that there are situations where it is necessary to intentionally lower its own quality for more profit. Third, it was also shown that compatibility mitigates the effects of network externalities.

This study examined the effects of pre-soaking solvents and repeated steaming-drying (SD) cycles on the antioxidant activity and active compound content of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata(RRP), the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. SD treatments were conducted for 1 to 9 cycles using four different pre-soaking solvents: Takju (a traditional rice wine), Spirits, Honey, and Sugar solution. The results showed no significant differences in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities or in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents among the pre-soaking treatments, although samples pre-soaked in honey and Takju exhibited slightly higher levels. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased progressively with the number of SD cycles, reaching levels 2–3 times higher after nine cycles. Catalpol content remained relatively constant regardless of treatment, whereas aucubin content increased in all groups, with the highest accumulation observed in the Takju treatment. Similarly, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) content increased with the number of SD cycles, with the highest levels found in the honey group, followed by Takju, Sugar, and Spirits. In conclusion, while the type of pre-soaking solvent had minimal influence on antioxidant activities and catalpol content, both aucubin and 5-HMF contents increased with additional SD cycles, with Takju proving particularly effective in enhancing their accumulation.

고속 스핀 에코를 이용한 T2 강조 영상에서 재자화 펄스의 FA 크기 변화에 따라 발생하는 전자파 유도 열을 정량적 으로 측정하고, 상변화 물질의 열 저장 특성을 활용하여 열 발생을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다.실험에서는 상변화 물질을 적용한 조건과 적용하지 않은 조건에서 각각 FA의 증가에 따른 온도 변화를 평가 하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 고속 스핀 에코 기반 T2 강조 영상에서 FA 크기의 증가에 따라 계산된 SAR 값은 상변화 물질 적용 여부와 관계없이 각각 0.64±0.048, 0.87±0.042, 1.33±0.042, 1.88±0.031 W/kg로 유사한 경향을 보였다.온도 변화 분석 결과, 상변화 물질을 적용하지 않은 조건에서 돼지 비계의 초기 스캔 온도는 19.3°C였으며, FA 증가에 따라 최대 21.9°C까지 상승하여 총 2.6°C의 온도 증가가 관찰되었다. 반면, 상변화 물질 을 적용한 조건에서는 동일한 초기 온도 19.3°C에서 19.7°C까지 상승하는 데 그쳐 0.4°C의 온도 증가만 나타났으며, 두 조건 간 약 2.2°C의 온도 차이를 보였다. 한편, 돼지 비계에 온열 경피 패치를 부착한 조건에서도 유사한 경향이 나타났다. 상변화 물질을 적용하지 않은 경우, 스캔 시작 온도 20.6°C에서 23.1°C로 총 2.5°C 상승하였으나, 상변화 물질을 적용한 경우에는 20.1°C에서 20.5°C로 0.4°C 상승하는 데 그쳐 약 2.1°C의 차이를 나타냈다. 이와 같은 결과 는 상변화 물질이 반복되는 고주파 자극에 의해 유도되는 온도 상승을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 전자파 흡수율 및 열 발생 저감에 대한 과학적 근거를 제공함으로써, 향후 MRI 검사 환경의 안전성 향상에 기초자료 로 활용되기를 기대한다.

Growth is a fundamental and vital characteristic of abalone, regulated by both cell number and size, and modulated by growth-related genes. The mollusk-like growth factor (MLGF) is a secreted protein that plays a key role in the growth and development of Pacific abalone. In this study, the growth-specific expression of Hdh-MLGF were analyzed under different conditions commonly encountered by Pacific abalone in aquaculture systems. The expression of Hdh-MLGF varied significantly with growth patterns, showed higher expression in rapid-growing individuals and lower expression in slow-growing abalone. Under starvation conditions, Hdh-MLGF expression was downregulated as the duration of starvation progressed. Under thermal stress, Hdh-MLGF expression increased during the first 12 hours at 25 °C stress. However, at 30 °C, the highest expression was recorded after 6 hours of thermal stress. These results provide valuable insights for future research on this growth factor in abalone and its aquaculture management.

본 연구는 기업공개(IPO) 과정에서 최고경영자(CEO)의 해외 경험이 IPO의 성공에 미치는 영 향을 탐구하고, CEO가 경험한 국가와 주관사 국적 간 문화적 거리가 이 관계에 미치는 조절효과 를 분석한다. 또한 IPO 기업과 외부 투자자 간의 정보 비대칭성 정도가 CEO 해외 경험의 신호 효 과에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. 2014년부터 2019년 사이 코스피와 코스닥 시장에 상장한 368개 기업을 대상으로 실증 분석을 진행한 결과, CEO의 해외 경험은 IPO 성공에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 이러한 긍정적 영향은 CEO가 경험한 국가와 주관사의 국적 간 문화적 거리가 클수록 약화 되었다. 반면 IPO 기업과 외부 투자자 간 정보 비대칭성이 높을수록 CEO의 해외 경험이 IPO 성 공에 미치는 긍정적 효과는 더욱 강화되었다. 본 연구는 도구변수를 사용하여 내생성 문제를 통제 하였으며, 도구변수 사용 시에도 주요 가설은 대체로 지지되었다. 본 연구는 CEO의 해외 경험이 IPO 과정에서 중요한 신호(signal)로 작용할 수 있음을 제시하며, 특히 문화적 거리와 정보 비대 칭성이라는 맥락적 요인이 CEO 특성의 신호 효과를 조절할 수 있음을 밝힘으로써, 기업공개 및 신호 이론 연구에 기여한다. 실무적으로는 IPO를 준비하는 기업들이 해외 경험이 있는 CEO를 선 임하면 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사하고, 주관사를 선택할 때는 문화적으로 유사한 국가의 주관사를 전략적으로 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

21세기에 태어난 최초의 세대인 알파세대(Generation Alpha)는 디지털 네이티브로서 스마트 기기, 소셜 미디어, 인공지능(AI) 등의 신기술 과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다. 본 연구는 알파세대의 특성과 이들이 처한 기술적 환경을 분석하고, 이들에게 효과적으로 복음을 전하기 위한 전략을 탐색한다. 알파세대는 출생부터 스마트폰, 태블릿, 인공지능 스피커 등과 함께 성장했으며, 소셜 미디어를 통해 정보 습득과 소통을 자연스럽게 익힌다. 이들은 글로벌 감각이 뛰어나며, 빠른 정보 소비와 시각적·경험적 학습을 선호하는 특징을 가진다. 그러나 기술 의존도가 높은 만큼 정보 과부하, 짧아진 집중력, 영적 관심 저하, 디지털 우상화 등의 위험에도 직면해 있다. 이러한 변화 속에서 전통적인 복음 전도 방식만으로는 알파세 대의 신앙 형성이 어렵기 때문에, 본 연구는 인공지능(AI), 빅데이터, 가상현실(VR), 증강현실(AR) 등의 기술을 활용한 맞춤형 전도 전략을 제안한다. 이를 통해 알파세대가 복음을 직관적으로 경험하고 능동적으로 참여할 수 있도록 돕는 새로운 복음 전도 모델을 제시하며, 한국 교회의 미래 선교 방향성을 제안하고자 한다.