A retractable-roof spatial structure is frequently used for a stadium and sports hall. A retractable-roof spatial structure allows natural lighting, ventilation, optimal conditions for grass growth with opened roof. It can also protects users against various weather conditions and give optimal circumstances for different activities. Dynamic characteristics of a retractable-roof spatial structure is changed based on opened or closed roof condition. A tuned mass damper (TMD) is widely used to reduce seismic responses of a structure. When a TMD is properly tuned, its control performance is excellent. Opened or closed roof condition causes dynamic characteristics variation of a retractable-roof spatial structure resulting in off-tuning. This dynamic characteristics variation was investigated. Control performance of a passive TMD and a smart TMD were evaluated under off-tuning condition.

The seismic isolation system reduces the seismic vibration that is transmitted from foundation to upper structure. This seismic isolation system can be classified into base isolation and mid-story isolation by the installation location. In this study, the seismic behavior of dome structure with mid-story isolation is analyzed to verify the effect of seismic isolation. Mid-story isolation is more effective than base isolation to reduce the seismic responses of roof structure. Also, this isolation would be excellent in structural characteristics and construction.

The objective of this research is to development of a parametric design system for membrane structures. The parametric design platform for the spatial structures has been designed and implemented. Rhino3D is used as a 3D graphic kernel and Grasshopper is introduced as a parametric modeling engine. Modeling components such as structural members, loading conditions, and support conditions are developed for structural modeling of the spatial structures. The interface module with commercial structural analysis programs is implemented. An iterative generation algorithm for design alternatives is a part of the design platform. This paper also proposes a design approach for the parametric design of Spoke Wheel membrane structures. A parametric modeling component is designed and implemented. SOFiSTik is examined to interact with the design platform as the structural analysis module. The application of the developed interface is to design optimally Spoke Wheel Shaped Ductile Membrane Structure using parametric design. It is possible to obtain objective shape by controlling the parameter using a parametric modeling designed for shape finding of spoke wheel shaped ductile membrane structure. Recently, looking at the present Construction Trends, It has increased the demand of the large spatial structure. But, It requires a lot of time for Modeling design and the Structural analysis. Finally an optimization process for membrane structures is proposed.

After an earthquake occurred in the Gyeongju, 2016, many low-story buildings have been questioned in terms of the seismic performance since mostly they have been exempted from the seismic design requirement since 1988. In this study, a 3-story moment resisting frame (MRF) building was analyzed and evaluated the seismic performance. Due to the insufficient seismic performance required for the seismic performance levels, three different seismic retrofit schemes were proposed and their seismic performances were re-evaluated. While steel brace and open shear wall retrofit systems mainly focused on the strength retrofit, the VES damper retrofit system is mainly to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of the system and resultes in the increased ductility. The original building and 3 retrofitted buildings were evaluated using the nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analyses and suggestions were proposed. Through the analysis of nonlinear time history and push-over using MIDAS/Gen program, damages of the building in terms of top story and average story drift and effect of reinforcement were analyzed.

In this study, effectiveness of seismic retrofitting methods using passive damping devices was investigated through numerical analyses of short-period structures under earthquakes which have short-duration and high-frequency impulse characteristics similar to Geyongju earthquakes. Displacement spectra of elastic systems and ductility demand of inelastic systems were evaluated by increasing viscous or friction damping. The damping devices could reduce responses of the structures with shorter structural period than 0.2s. The earthquakes similar to impulse load did not induce the responses of the structures with longer period than 0.4s, and the effects of the damping devices which generates damping forces proportional to structural responses became insignificant.

In this paper, time and frequency domain characteristics of Gyeong-ju earthquakes were investigated, and nonlinear time history analyses were conducted for bi-linear hysteretic structures excited by short-duration ground accelerations. Previous studies showed that larger inelastic displacements than the peak displacement of the corresponding elastic system were observed especially for the structures with structural period shorter than 0.3s, and the similar results could be obtained when long-duration ground accelerations were used as excitation loads. For the short-duration earthquakes, however, the inelastic displacements were not so large and almost identical to the peak elastic displacements.

The Gyeong-Ju earthquake in the magnitude of 5.8 on the Richter scaleoccurred in September 12, 2016. Because there are many nuclear power plants (NPP) near the epicenter of the Gyeong-Ju earthquake, the seismic stability of nuclear power plants is becoming a social problem. In order to evaluate the safety of seismically isolated NPP, the seismic response of a NPP subjected to the Gyeong-Ju earthquake was compared with those of 30 sets of artificial earthquakes corresponding to the nuclear standard design spectrum (NSDS). A 2-node model and a simple beam-stick model were used for the seismic analysis of seismically isolated NPP structures. Using 2-node model, the effect of internal temperature rise, decrease of shear stiffness, increase of lateral displacement and decrease of vertical stiffness according to nonlinear behavior of lead-rubber bearing (LRB) were evaluated. The displacement response, the acceleration response, and the shear force response of the seismically isolated nuclear containment structure were evaluated using the simple beam-stick model. It can be observed that the seismic responses of the isolated nuclear structure subjected to Gyeong-Ju earthquake is significantly less than those to the artificial earthquakes corresponding to NSDS.

토마스는 선교의 목표가 인간화라고 주장하였다. 이 소고의 주목 적은 인간화를 신학적으로 분석해 보는 것이다. 토마스는 기독교의 사상의 궁극적인 틀은 추상적인 하나님‐인간 또는 오히려 인간을 위한 하나님인 예수 그리스도 또는 하나님의 인간성이다. 토마스는 현대의 혁명적인 변화의 의미와 신앙의 의사전달 표현으로서의 상황에 대한 기독교의 신앙의 함축적 의미를 탐구하는 맥락에서 그리스도의 통치권 을 촉진시킨다. 토마스의 기독론적인 발전단계는 예수 그리스도의 왕적 통치를 묘사한다. 토마스는 역사상의 하나님 나라의 역동성을, 심판과 구원의 메시지를 선포하는 정의와 인간화를 위한 혁명적인 변화 내의 발효로 역할을 하는 것으로 보는 그의 견해로 발전시킨다. 그것은 그리스도의 통치권이, 죄와 악의 모든 구조를 극복하고 마침내 죽음 자체와 마지막 사건인 그리스도의 왕적인 통치의 뜻으로서 이해되 는 것, 즉 이 세상의 왕국을 그리스도를 통하여 하나님의 나라로 전환 되는 것을 의미한다. 하나님의 고통 받는 인간과의 함께 하심은, 예수 그리스도를 정치적이고 이데올로기적인 투쟁으로부터 도출된 개념적 인 도구의 말로 혁명적인 인본주의를 위한 원동력으로서 나타내는 인도의 기독론을 요한다. 복음의 보편성이 모든 문화와 이데올로기와 종교를 뚫고 들어가서 그것들을 그것의 매개물 즉 소위 “그리스도 중심의 혼합주의’로 변혁시키는 능력 안에서 그러한 표현을 찾아야 한다는 확신을 요구한다. 토마스는 그리스도 중심의 혼합주의로 이끄는 대화를 의미하는 교회가 되어야 함을 말한다. 따라서 “그리스도 중심의 혼합주의”는 타종교간의 대화가 목표이다. 이것은 종교적이고 이데올 로기적인 다원주의 신학의 주요한 논점인 넓은 의미의 에큐메니즘과 열려진 세속주의를 표명하였다. 그가 기독교의 사회적 구조에 대한 구원을 소망하는 에큐메니컬 신학에 거대한 영향을 끼친 영향을 주었으 나, 결국은 그것은 선교에서 편향된 구원을 지향하는 그리스도 중심의 혼합주의를 제안한 것이다.