OBJECTIVES : In this study, microstructural components of crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) binder were investigated using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). To clearly understand the elemental composition of the CRMA binder, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed on the ESEM samples. METHODS: CRMA binders were produced using open blade mixers at 177℃ for 30 min. The binders were artificially aged through a series of accelerated aging processes. Sample preparation was done by making a mold shape on the glass slide. Thereafter, the morphology of the CRMA binder was observed using the ESEM coupled with the EDX. RESULTS : The images captured from the ESEM indicate that the unaged CRMA binder appears to have a single-phase continuous nonuniform structure after the addition of crumb rubber particles, whereas the artificially aged CRMA binder was observed to have two different phases. ESEM coupled with EDX shows detailed internal structure of the modified binders compared to other technologies (i.e., optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conventional scanning electron microscope). CONCLUSIONS: The captured images resemble the internal structures such as the viscous properties of the unaged CRMA binder and the interaction between the rubber particles and the base binder at aged condition. ESEM is a powerful instrument and with the introduction of EDX, it provided more details of the network microstructure of the asphalt binder. ESEM coupled with EDX is recommended for use in future investigation of microstructure of asphalt binders.

In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption in the logistics industry and economic growth of Tumen River region from 1995 to 2014 is empirically analyzed by using the EKC model theory. The results show that there is a turning point in the Kuznets curve of carbon emission in TumenRiverregion. And it has the characteristic sof "invertedU" curve, which conforms to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Meanwhile it is stil lintherisingstage. According to the analysis results, it is proposed to set up the concept of low carbon logistics, optimize the energy structure, strengthen the information construction, and establish low-carbon development mechanism and so on.

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this study is to analyze the nonlinear behavior of block pavements using multi-load level falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections. METHODS: Recently, block pavements are employed not only in sidewalks, but also in roadways. For the application of block pavements in roadways, the structural capacities of subbase and subgrade are important factors that support the carry traffic load. Multi-load level FWD testing was conducted on block pavements to analyze their nonlinear behavior. The deflection ratio due to the increase in load was analyzed to estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. Finite element method with nonlinear soil model was applied to simulate the actual nonlinear behavior of the block pavement under different levels of load. RESULTS: The results of the FWD testing show that the center deflections in block pavements are approximately ten times greater than that in asphalt pavements. The deflection ratios of the block pavement due to the increase in the load range from 1.2 to 1.5, indicating that the deflection increased by 20~50%. The material coefficients of the nonlinear soil model were determined by comparing the measured deflections with the predicted deflections using the finite element method. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the nonlinear behavior of block pavements was reviewed using multi-load level FWD testing. The deflection ratio proposed in this study can estimate the nonlinearity of block pavements. The use of nonlinear soil model in subbase and subgrade increases the accuracy of predicting deflections in finite element method.

Kang, Hyeon-Seok. 2016. “Current Research Trends in Overseas Sociolinguistics: An Analysis Based on Recent Sociolinguistic Journal Articles and Conferences”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 1~35. This paper is an attempt to analyze the current trends in sociolinguistic research overseas, focusing on sociolinguistic studies in the US and Britain. Three main analyses are performed in this research, i.e., analyses of the Journal of Sociolinguistics articles published in 2010~2015 years, of the sociolinguistic conferences held in 2015, and of the sociolinguistic session titles of the LSA meetings held in 2010~2015 years. The results of the analyses suggest that anthropological linguistics, language variation, discourse analysis, and language contact still remain as the most influential subfields of sociolinguistics, while research fields of sociophonetics, social media studies, language landscape, and documentary linguistics have been establishing themselves as new research areas since 1990s.

The concern over beauty is increasing as the importance of appearance is becoming more prominent. Accordingly, the importance of studying beauty is now apparent. The purpose of this study is to analyze existing beauty-related research in order to assess current trends in beauty-related studies. Materials were collected from the master’s theses and academic journals from 1997 through 2016. In addition, 81 beauty-related papers were selected and classified into 3 categories according to their subjects and content. There were 19 hair attitude papers, 52 papers about make-up and skincare, and 10 papers on cosmetic surgery. Each type was divided into detailed themes according to the study theme and its number was grasped. Consequently it was classified into 9 themes about the attitude toward hair and the relevant variable study, 10 themes about the attitude toward hair style and relevant variable study, 24 themes about the make-up attitude and relevant variable study, 28 themes about the skin care attitude and relevant variable study, and 10 themes about the cosmetic surgery attitude and relevant variable study. The results revealed that academic concern about beauty sharply increased starting in 2005. Moreover, we determined that the methodologies used in hair and make-up studies were sound and detailed, while cosmetic surgery studies were more inconsistent and poorly analyzed. Thus cosmetic surgery should be further researched in a more standardized and thorough manner. This review of attitudes toward beauty will serve as a basis for follow-up studies that employ meta-analyses to draw more quantitative conclusions by aggregating many more study results.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources and capacities. However, most of extant studies related to external R&D have focused on analyzing the influence of external R&D on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Innovation performances of external R&D group and internal R&D group are compared. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. The results show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D group. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a highly versatile and flexible process for rapid manufacturing of complex sheet metal parts. Compared to conventional sheet forming processes, ISF is of a clear advantage in manufacturing small batch or customized parts. ISF needs die-less machine alone, while conventional sheet forming requires highly expensive facilities like dies, molds, and presses. This equipment takes long time to get preparation for manufacturing. However, ISF does not need the full facilities nor much cost and time. Because of the facts, ISF is continuously being used for small batch or prototyping manufacturing in current industries.However, spring-back induced in the process of incremental forming becomes a critical drawback on precision manufacturing. Since sheet metal, being a raw material for ISF, has property to resilience, spring-back would come in the case.It is the research objective to investigate how geometrical shaping parameters make effect on shape dimensional errors. In order to analyze the spring-back occurred in the process, this study experimented on Al 1015 material in the ISF. The statistical tool employed experimental design with factors. The table of orthogonal arrays of L8 (27) are used to design the experiments and ANOVA method are employed to statistically analyze the collected data. The results of the analysis from this study shows that the type of shape and the slope of bottom are the significant, whereas the shape size, the shape height, and the side angle are not significant factors on dimensional errors. More error incurred on the pyramid than on the circular type in the experiments. The sloped bottom showed higher errors than the flat one.

Naval combat system developed in-country is progressing at an alarming rate since 2000. ROK navy will be achieved all vessels that have combat system in the near future. The importance of System Engineering and Integrated Logistics Support based on reliability analysis is increasing. However, reliability analysis that everyone trusted and recognized is not enough and applied practically for development of Defense Acquisition Program. In particular, Existing Reliability Analysis is focusing on reliability index (Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) etc.) for policy decision of defense improvement project. Most of the weapon system acquisition process applying in the exponential distribution simply persist unreality due to memoryless property. Critical failures are more important than simple faults to ship’s operator. There are no confirmed cases of reliability analysis involved with critical failure that naval ship scheduler and operator concerned sensitively.Therefore, this study is focusing on Mean Time To Critical Failure (MTTCF), reliability on specific time and Operational Readiness Float (ORF) requirements related to critical failure of Patrol Killer Guided missile (PKG) combat system that is beginning of naval combat system developed in-country. Methods of analysis is applied parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques. It is compared to the estimates and proposed applications. The result of study shows that parametric and non-parametric estimators should be applied differently depending on purpose of utilization based on test of normality. For the first time, this study is offering Reliability of ROK Naval combat system to stakeholders involved with defense improvement project. Decision makers of defense improvement project have to active support and effort in this area for improvement of System Engineering.

본 연구에서는 파랑후측모델링을 통해 우리나라 연안에서의 장기 파랑경향성을 분석하였다. 파랑경향성 분석시 사용한 바람자료는 1979년부터 현재까지 제공하고 있는 ECMWF 바람자료를 사용하였으며, 모델수행 기간은 2001년~2014년으로 14년 동안 수행하였다. 생산된 파랑후측모델링 결과는 국립해양조사원 및 기상청에서 설치한 파랑관측부이 자료를 이용하여 검증하였다. 검증 결과, 태풍 및 폭풍이 발생한 이벤트 상황을 모델이 잘 재현하고 있으며, 정량적인 RMSE 값은 0.5 m로 유의한 결과 값을 보였다. 파랑후측모델링을 통한 최근 14년 동안의 파랑 경향성 분석 결과, 과거에 비해 권역별 파고 2 m 이상 출현율은 전해역 평균 0.082 %/year로 증가하고 있으며, 이는 고파랑이 지속적으로 심화되고 있음을 뜻한다. 이러한 연안 파랑경향성 분석자료는 최근 기후변화에 따른 연안의 취약성평가 및 연안역에서의 침식방지구조물의 방재 설계를 위한 기초자료로 사용 가능하다.

본 연구는 다중빔 음향측심 자료를 바탕으로 침몰선박의 정확한 형상 및 해저지형에 대한 정보를 분석하였다. 다양한 영상 자료처리를 통해 현재 침몰선박의 상태를 분석하였다. 해당 자료와 과거 조사 자료의 비교를 통하여 침몰선박 상태 변화 및 주변지형의 변화를 해석하였다. 분석대상 선박 중 퍼시픽프랜드호의 경우 조류에 의한 침·퇴적으로 인해 선수-선미의 지형변화가 뚜렷하게 나타나는 특징을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 제7해성호의 경우 2011년 국립해양조사원 영상자료에서는 선수 일부가 유지된 상태였으나, 2015년 조사 영상에서는 선수 일부가 붕괴된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 오랜 기간 선박이 해저에 방치되면서 조류 및 화물의 하중 등과 지속적인 부식으로 선체가 붕괴된 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 잔존연료 유출 및 주변 해양오염이 발생할 수 있어 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 침몰선박의 영상분석을 통해 침몰선박이 수심과 조류에 의한 영향을 많이 받은 지역일 경우 지질학적 특성과 퇴적물의 침·퇴적 양상에 따라 침몰선박의 구조 안전성에 상당한 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되며, 부식으로 인한 선체의 변화는 계속적으로 변화될 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 지질학적 특성을 고려한 잔존연료 유출 및 주변 환경 변화에 대하여 침몰선박의 변화에 따라 예측‧대응하는 기술의 개발이 필요하다.

We analyzed information provided by diet-related programs of comprehensive programming channels and the relationship between composition of professional panelists and quality of provided information. We selected 82 items among eight programs by MBN, JTBC, and TV chosun. All 82 items provided information about food & nutrition and health & disease, but only 32 items (39.0%) and 35 items (42.7%) provided information on food culture and food safety, respectively. Among the food ingredients, phytochemicals (81.7%) were the most frequently mentioned, and the contents of functional ingredients occupied a large part. The inappropriate information on programs were broadcast on an average of 1.2 episodes per program, and the most pointed out item was information that could confuse viewers with drugs (29.3%). Among the professional panelists, medical doctors (38.9%) and Oriental medicine doctors (16.6%) had the highest number of appearances, and professors of food & nutrition constituted only 7.1%. However, the increase in the number of appearances of professors showed a positive effect on the quality of program information. Contents focused on balanced nutrient intake and dietary culture of Korea should be increased rather than focusing on the function of each nutrient in comprehensive programming channels.

연료전지는 친환경적 에너지 발생원으로 미래의 에너지 부족 문제와 공해 문제를 한꺼번에 해결하기 위한 방법으 로 최근 그 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 연료전지는 별도의 발전 장치를 필요로 하지 않고, 수소와 산소의 반응에 의해 전 기를 직접 생산하기 때문에 발전 효율이 높다. 연료전지 시스템에서의 핵심 기술은 고분자 분리막을 제조하는 것으로써 상용 화된 나피온 전해질막은 제조 단가가 높고 고온에서 성능이 급감한다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 많은 학자들이 나피온 전해질 분리막을 대체하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 연료전지용 전해질 분리막의 특허 및 논문의 기술 경 쟁력 평가를 통하여 국가별, 기관별, 기업별 발표 빈도수를 정리하였으며, 고분자 전해질 연료전지, 직접 메탄올 연료전지, 그 리고 알칼리 연료전지에 대한 평가를 진행하였다.

The present study was conducted to control Botrytis growth of cut roses during transport by applying hot water dipping. Water temperatures ranging from 40 – 70℃ and dipping time from 10 – 90 s were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Hot water dipping at 50℃ inhibited mycelial growth depending on dipping time. Water temperature over 60℃ completely inhibited the pathogen growth even at exposure of 10 s while water below 40℃ did not have any effect. However, temperature over 60℃ rapidly damaged the tissue of rose petals. Dipping time below 40 s at 55℃ showed no significant difference on electrolyte leakage compared to control. In vivo, dipping flower heads in hot water reduced the severity of Botrytis rot. Dipping for 20 – 90 s at a temperature of 50℃ was more effective than at higher or lower temperatures. Heat treatment increased respiration rate and decreased slightly solution uptake, transpiration, fresh weight of flowers but dipping below 50℃ for 20 s did not affect vase life.

To increase the availability of Maxillaria species and cultivars, we investigated the volatile floral scents in eight species and cultivars of M. tenuifolia, M. variabilis, M. variabilis 'Alba', M. variabilis 'NxO', M. variabilis 'Brown', M. variabilis 'Red', M. variabilis 'Nana', and M. sangnine. The volatile components were analyzed using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). We identified 46 volatiles in eight species and cultivars of Maxillaria. α-pinene, eucalyptol, trans-β-ocimene, α-copaene, and β-caryophyllene were major flavor components in the eight Maxillaria species and cultivars. A principle component analysis (PCA) showed that M. tenuifolia, M. variabilis, M. variabilis 'NxO', M. variabilis 'Brown', M. variabilis 'Nana', and M. sangnine (major components: sesquiterpenes) were located closely together on t he s core p lot. However, M. variabilis 'Alba' and M. variabilis 'Red' (major components: monoterpenes) were located closely on the score plot and not analyzed coconut flavor.

This study aimed to discriminate the geographical origins of domestic and chinese Wolfiporia extensa. They were subjected to oxygen (45.32 to 48.07%), carbon (38.09 to 40.12%), hydrogen (6.05 to 6.78%), and nitrogen (0.16 to 0.23%). Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, no significant differences were found between domestic (IC50, 7.25 mg/ml) and Chinese (IC50, 8.35 mg/ml) W. extensa. However, as determined by the inorganic mineral contents were significantly different between domestic and Chinese W. extensa. The amount of potassium in domestic and Chinese W. extensa was and 33.14 ± 17.27%, 47.60 ± 8.78%, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the analysis of inorganic components by ED-XRF should be useful for origin identification of W. extensa

목적 : 본 연구는 국제기능장애 건강분류에 따른 한국 아동작업치료의 연구실태 및 동향을 파악하고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 대한작업치료학회지에 게재된 아동작업치료 분야 연구 115편을 선별하여 연구형태분류 및 근거 수준을 분석하고 이에 대한 동향을 파악하였다. 또한 대상 논문의 연구 대상자 수와 그에 대한 연령, 진단명과 평가도구 사용률을 분석하였고 연구 분야는 ICF-CY (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children & Youth Version)에 따른 기준을 적용하여 분류하였다. 결과 : 대한작업치료학회지에 게재된 아동작업치료 관련논문을 분석한 결과 연구형태는 그룹 비교 및 상관 관계연구가 24.3%로 가장 높았고 근거 수준은 4단계가 44.3%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 또한 학령기 아동을 대상으로 한 논문이 41.5%로 가장 높았고 대상자 수에서는 101명 이상을 대상으로 한 논문이 가장 많은 것으로 집계되었다. 연구 대상자의 진단명에서는 뇌성마비가 26.0%로 가장 높은 비율 을 차지하였으며 평가도구에서는 Sensory Profile이 11.6%로 아동연구에서 가장 많이 사용된 것으로 집계되었다. ICF-CY를 기준으로 분류한 연구 분야에서는 신체 구조와 기능적 요소가 51.2%로 가장 높 은 비율을 차지하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 대한작업치료학회지에 실린 아동작업치료 관련논문을 분석하여 연구 동향을 살피고 ICF-CY분 류체계를 사용하여 주제를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 아동작업치료 분야에서 참여와 개인적 요소에 대한 연구가 부족한 것을 확인하였고 연구 주제 선정에 있어 다양성이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

지구온난화에 따른 기후변화는 전 세계가 경험하고 있는 주요한 환경문제이다. 대한민국도 기후변화에 적응하기 위해 중앙정부와 광역지방자치단체 수준에서 적응계획을 수립하고 있다. 하지만, 지자체별 기후변화 적응계획의 이행과정을 실질적으로 모니터링하고 평가하는 표준화된 체계가 아직까지 갖추어지지 않았다. 이 연구의 목적은 16개 광역지자체(세종특별자치시 제외)별 기후변화 적응지표를 구축하고 그에 따른 평가지수를 분석하는데 있다. 기후변화 적응역량을 측정할 8대 부문(건강, 농업, 산림, 물관리, 생태계, 해양수산업, 재난/재해, 적응기반대책)의 113개 변수를 지표로 선정하였고, 범주척도 기법을 활용하여 광역지자체별 기후변화 적응역량을 평가하는 지수를 도출하였다. 기후변화 적응역량이 높은 지자체는 지속적인 계획의 이행이 요구되며, 상대적으로 낮은 지자체는 상위 지자체의 수준에 도달하려는 노력을 경주해야 할 것이다. 이 연구에서 도출된 지표와 지수는 향후 광역지자체 수준에서의 기후변화 적응대책에 대한 세부시행계획을 평가하고 지속가능하게 모니터링하는 척도가 될 것이다.

한국에서 결핵은 소위 후진국 병으로 인식되어 사라진 질병으로 여겨진다. 그러나 한국은 OECD 가입국 중 결핵 발병률 및 사망률이 가장 높은 국가로 결핵은 여전히 사회적 문제이다. 특히 결핵은 사회적 질병으로서 다양한 사회 ․환경적 요인들이 작용하여 나타나는 질병이기에 이에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 하지만 한국의 결핵 관련 연구는 생의학적 결정 요인 연구에 집중되어, 이외에 발병에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 사회 ․환경적 결정요인 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이는 결핵 발병의 생의학적 결정 요인과 사회 ․환경적 결정 요인을 통합적으로 분석하고 있는 최근의 세계적 연구 흐름과도 동떨어져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 2015년 국내 결핵 발병률의 공간적 차이를 확인하고, 아이겐벡터 공간필터링 모형을 이용하여 공간적 차이에 기반한 결핵 발병의 사회 ․환경적 결정요인을 분석해 보고자 한다.