In the literature of the interface between lexical semantics and syntax, the syntactic realization of argument structure has drawn the most serious attention of researchers like Jackendoff (1990), Levin and Hovav (1998), Pustejovsky (1991, 1995), Croft (1998). Ritter and Rosen (1998. 2000), and many others. They share the idea that the syntactic structure of a verb develops from the information of the semantic structure or event structure of the verb. The current paper also deals with the most frequently analyzed topics of causative-inchoative alternation and location-locatum alternation. However, differently from most previous analyses in the literature, by looking deeper into the subevents instead of referring to the event structure as whole, the current paper pursuits a better analysis of the above phenomena. To this purpose, a new hybrid framework is made out of Jackendoffs (1990)`s ways of representing `conceptual structures` and linking algorithm, and Pustejovsky`s (1995) way of` using "Event Headedness", which marks cognitively more prominent subevents. Not only can the current hybrid framework provide better explanations for frame alternations, but also for the incongruity in cancellability of the achievement effect of causative verbs like break, kill, tear, wash etc. in the past form by the ensuing negation clause between English and languages like Korean. Japanese. and Tamil. What all the accounts of these phenomena share in common is to make reference to the notion of Event Headedness. Therefore, Event Headedness has grammatical reality.

This paper focuses on differential scope-taking options of various quantifier classes. A critique is presented of a recent influential account based on feature-checking A-bar movements of the various quantifier classes to specialized functional projections, proposed by Beghelli and Stowell (B&S) (1994, 1995, 1997) and Szabolcsi (1997). We reject B&S`s theory on the grounds that it (i) cannot capture the clause-boundedness of the scope of universals, (ii) it creates a conceptual redundancy, (iii) it both undergenerates and overgenerates. It is argued, contra Szabolcsi, that Hungarian with its overt A-bar movements does not in fact furnish overt evidence for such an account: (i) projections proposed by Szabolcsi do not parallel those of B&S, (ii) Hungarian exhibits a radical scopal freedom within the postverbal field, (iii) some predicted overt movements do not actually take place. The model proposed here incorporates Quantifier Raising for GQs, existential closure over choice function variables as in Reinhart (1997) for bare numeral indefinites, and A-reconstruction. We build on Krifka (1999) in taking modified numeral indefinites to involve focus on the numeral, and we argue that A- reconstruction for scope across modified numeral indefinites is generally blocked, falling under a variety of quantificational intervention discussed recently in Boeckx (2001). It is demonstrated that this approach, combining independent recent results, is empirically accurate in treating differing scope interactions of various quantifier classes.

본 연구는 그림책 읽기 활동에서 나타나는 또래 유아간 언어적 상호작용의 범주를 분석하는 것이다. 연구 결과 그림책 읽기 활동에서의 또래 유아간 언어적 상호작용은 이야기 구조에 대한 상호작용, 의미에 대한 상호작용, 활자에 대한 상호작용, 그림에 대한 상호작용, 북 디자인에 대한 상호작용으로 범주화할 수 있었다.이야기 구조에 대한 상호작용은 배경(시간, 장소), 인물, 주제(문제 혹은 목표), 플롯 에피소드, 해결 등의 내용이 나타났으며, 의미에 대한 상호작용은 명명하기, 묘사하기, 해석하기(연상하기, 정교화하기), 예측하기, 자신의 경험과 연결짓기, 단어의 뜻 질문하기, 해설자식 행동하기 등의 내용이 나타났다. 활자에 대한 상호작용은 글자에 대해 질문하거나 말하기, 발음에 대해 질문하거나 말하기, 단어에 대해 질문하거나 말하기, 단어 읽기, 문장 읽기 등의 내용이 나타났고, 그림에 대한 상호작용은 예술적 요소, 예술적 양식, 예술적 매개체 등의 내용이 나타났으며, 북 디자인에 대한 상호작용은 표지, 면지, 인쇄 정보, 책의 모양 등의 내용이 나타났다.

The interaction of mastoparan B, a cationic tetradecapeptide amide isolated from the hornet Vespa basalis, with phospholipid bilayers was studied with synthetic mastoparan B and its analogue with Ala instead of hydrophobic 12th amino acid residue in mastoparan B. MP-B and its derivative, [12-Ala]MP-B were synthesized by the solid-phase peptide synthesis method. MP-B and its analogue, [12-Ala]MP-B adopted an unordered structure in buffer solution. In the presence of neutral and acidic liposomes, the peptides took an α-helical structure. The two peptides interacted with neutral and acidic lipid bilayers. These results indicated that the hydrophobic face in the amphipathic α-helix of MP-B critically affected the biological activity and helical content.

This study was carried out to analyze the three embryo size mutants types (giant embryo; ge, reduced embryo; re, embryoless; eml) and to identify relationship among the genes controlling ge, re and eml genotypes. Difference of grain type and grain size in

강원도 지역에 적응성이 있는 품종을 선정하기 위해서 5개 시험지에서 11개 품종으로 1997년부터 2000년 동안에 수행된 결과를 분석하였다. 품종이 가지고 있는 유전적 특성은 환경요인과의 상호작용을 거쳐 발현되므로 장려품종을 선정하기 위하여 수행하는 다지역검정에서 이 유전자-환경간 상호작용을 평가하는 것은 품종의 환경안정성과 지역적응성을 올바르게 파악하는 데 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서 기존에 활용되어 온 회귀분석모델로서 안정성을 분석하였고 AMMI model로서 지역별 수량성 반응의 변화양상을 토대로 유전자-환경간간의 상호작용을 해석하면서 각 시험지별 적응성 품종과 지역적 특성을 검토하였다. 1. 각 시험지에 대한 수량안정성 평가를 위한 회귀분석 결과 오봉벼, 진미벼, 신운봉벼, 운봉벼 등이 안정성이 있는 품종이었다. 2. AMMI 분석에 의한 수량성에 대한 분산분석 결과 전 변이중 품종변이가 66％, 품종-환경간 상호작용변이가 21％, 지역간 변이가 13％였다. 21％의 품종-환경간 상호작용 변이는 주성분분석을 통하여 제1주성분치(IPCAl)와 제2주성분치 (IPCA2)에 의해서 거의(92％) 해석되었다. 3. 품종들의 지역간 수량성 변화패턴은 육성모지나 시험지 등에 영향을 받았고, 5개 시험지의 수량변화 양상은 철원과 정선, 춘천과 고성이 비슷하였고 강릉은 다르게 구분되었다. 품종-환경간 상호작용 양상이 축약된 주성분분석치와 시험지별 재배기간동안의 순별 평균 기상자료와의 상관분석 결과를 기준으로 품종과 환경간의 상호작용에 관여하는 주요 기상요인은 초상최저온도, 최소상대습도, 일조시수 강수량 등이었다. 4. 비교적 환경안정성이 있는 품종으로는 오대벼, 오봉벼, 진부벼 등이었다. 철원에 적응성이 있는 품종은 진부벼, 신운봉벼, 오대벼, 오봉벼 등에었고, 춘천에는 진미벼 상주벼, 오대벼, 오봉벼가 정선, 강릉, 고성에는 진부찰벼, 삼천벼, 둔내벼 , 운봉벼, 진부올벼가 적응성이 있었다. 0.57, Fe 0.414, p 94.68, fat 3.74, protein 3.08, lactose 4.68,4. In case of processed market cow′s milk ; Ca 134.72, K 142.74, Mg 10.33, Na 45.07, Zn 0.50, Fe 0.650, p 92.48, fat 3.72, protein 3.07, lactose 4.74. According to the group of market milk(milk, fortified market row′s milk, processed market cow′s milk), the mean concentration of Ca and Fe were significantly higher in fortified and processed milk than milk(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in macronutrient(fat, protein, lactose) and mineral contents between pasteurized milk and UHT(ultra high temperature) treated milk(α =0.05). The labeled "Nutritional Facts" of market milk were satisfied with "Labeling Standards for Livestock Products of Korea". The measured mean concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn were generally higher than lower limit of labeled value(above 80% of labeled value). The mean concentration of sodium was lower than upper limit of labeled value(below 120％

The design and maintenance of navigation channel and water facilities of an harbor which is located at the mouth of river or at the estuary area are difficult due to the complexity of estuarial water and sediment circulation. Effects of deepening navigable waterways, of changing coastline configurations, or of discharging dredged material to the open sea are necessary to be investigated and predicted in terms of water quality and possible physical changes to the coastal environment. A borad analysis of the transport mechanism in the estuary area was made in terms of sediment property, falling velocity, concentration and flow characteristics. In order to simulate the transport processes, a two-dimensional finite element model is developed, which includes erosion, transport and deposition mechanism of suspended sediments. Galerkin’s weighted residual method is used to solve the transient convection-diffusion equation. The fluid domain is subdivided into a series of triangular elements in which a quadratic approximation is made for suspended sediment concentration. Model could deal with a continuous aggregation by stipulating the settling velocity of the flocs in each element. The model provides suspended sediment concentration, bed shear stress, erosion versus deposition rate and bed profile at the given time step.

Larry Dwan Chong. 2000. Linguistic Interactions on Computer-Mediated Communication. Studies in Modern Grammar 22, 215-233. In order to explore the role of production and perception constraints in computer-mediated communication, I review Lindblom`s (1990) Hypo- and Hyper-form theory of phonetic variation and propose a new model of linguistic production in CMC. Netizens use CMC communication as conceptually oral, medially written. The reason to use chat-mode is that it saves time and space (the principle of least effort); here sound, not spelling, is the first thing to be considered. With respect to production in the proposed model, effort is no longer equated with articulatory movement, but rather with the number of keystrokes involved in typing an utterance. The production of hypo- and hyper-forms will vary according to the sender`s estimation of signal-complementary processes and his attempts to compensate for the restricted context.

Kangsub Lee. 1998. Does Grammar Instruction Interact with Learning Style? Studies in Modern Grammar 21, 149-181. This study extended earlier studies regarding the effects of interactive small group tasks as opposed to traditional teacher-fronted grammar lessons. In particular, it investigated the effects of individual learning styles on students` achievement via the two instructional methods. A "Learning Style Profile" adapted from the Learning Style Profile (Keefe & Monk, 1986) was administered to a large group of Korean EFL college students to assess their learning styles and to establish associations between elements of their learning styles and their achievement on the proficiency tests. In particular, students were considered according to the type of formal instruction they received: grammar task group, grammar lesson group, and non-grammar group. The results of this study showed that learning style preferences were able to predict more than 70% of the participants with respect to which instructional method worked best for them. In addition, aptitude by treatment interaction analyses showed that visual learning style is best accommodated by traditional teacher-fronted grammar lessons. In sum, these findings indicate that formal grammar instruction is facilitated when there is a match between the instructional method and the learners` learning style.

Toxic Mastoparan B(MP-B) which is purified from the venom of the hornet Vespa basalis is a cationic amphiphilic tetradecapeptide. MP-B and its Ala-substituted analogues were synthesized by solid phase method and the toxic peptide-membrane interactions were examined by circular dichroism(CD) spectra, fluorescence spectra, and leakage abilities in phospholipid membranes. In the presence of phospholipid vesicles, synthetic MP-B and its analogues formed amphiphilic α-helical structures, but in the buffer solution, those exhibited random coil conformation as measured by CD. Fluorescence spectra of MP-13 and its analogues which indicated the binding affinity of peptide on phospholipid vesicles showed that the replacement of Lys at position 2 and 11 with Ala caused a remarkable effect in the blue shift and that at position 2, in the leakage ability of the peptide.

Based on the method of determination for relative stability of each phase from the difference among the interaction parameters of the phases consisting the mixed layer, the types of interactions between layers were specified and interaction parameter between layers in ordered domain was analytically derived as a function parameter between layers in ordered domain was analytically derived as a function of not only temperature and mole fraction of layers but also ordering parameter. Interaction parameter between the different layers in ordered phase, L is as follows:{{{{ {L }_{1 } (X,Q,T)= { C} over { Q} -4(1-2Q) { L}^{2 } - { RT} over {2} ln { 1} over {2 } - { 2RT} over { { X}_{ s} } ln { { 4QX}`_{s } ^{2 } } over {(1- { X}_{s }- { QX}_{s })( { X}_{s }- {QX }_{s } ) } }}}}L2 is the interaction parameter between ordered and disordered phase in domain and is the mole fraction of the domain which represent the infinite length of mixed layer mineral and Q and C are the reaction progress parameter and arbitrary constant, respectively. This equation was used for the I/S mixed layer clay minerals to infer the relative stability of R1 type I/S mixed layer in the temperature range from 373K to 450K. The result of calculation suggest that, owing to the decrease in interaction parameter with increasing temperature. The interaction parameter decreases more rapidly with decreasing mole fraction of smectite in domain, which is consistent with the fact that the probability of finding the series smectite layer is lo in the domain with small mole fraction of smectite layers in natural system.

밀과 보리에 있어서 종자크기와 질소영양이 수분리용효율과 탄소동위원소차별에 미치는 영 향을 조사하여 탄소동위원소차별, 수분이용효율, 질소영양간의 상호작용를 구명하고저 종자크기가 영과당 각각 44mg과 22mg인 춘파형 밀과 보리 한 품종을 직경이 15.3cm인 폿트에서 2본씩 재식, m2 당 질소 10g과 32g 비율로 시용하여 수분이용효율에 관련된 형질과 탄소동위원소차별을 조사하였다. 두 종자크기와 두 질소 시비량을 평균한 건물중은 절간신장기에는 보리가 밀보다 105% 컸던 반면 개화기에는 보리보다 출수가 3일 늦은 밀이 보리보다 16% 많았다. 절간신장기과 개화기에 있어서 보리에 비하여 밀에서 건물중에 미치는 대립종자의 영향이 컸었다. 다질소구가 소질소구에 비하여 개화기에 있어서 밀과 보리의 건물중이 각각 40%와 31% 높았다. 절간신장기와 개화기에 있어서 수분이용효율은 보리가 밀보다 각각 35%와 20% 많았고, 지상부의 탄소동위원소차별은 밀보다 보리가 생육기와 식물체 부위에 따라 2.0~3.6% 적었다. 종자크기가 수분이용효율에 미치는 영향은 뚜렷한 경향이 없었고 탄소동위원소차별에도 유의한 영향을 주지 않았다. 절간신장기에 있어서 수분이용효율은 질소영양에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았으나 개화기에 있어서는 소질소구에 비하여 다질소구에서 밀과 보리가 각각 2%와 7% 컸었다. 두 맥종과 두 종자크기를 평균한 탄소동위원소차별은 생육시기에 관계없이 다질소구에서 소질소구보다 약 2.5% 낮았다. 탄소동위원소차별은 절간신장기에는 수분이용효율과 유의한 상관관계가 없었으나 개화기에 있어서는 부의 상관이 있었다.리고 질소시용량이 적을수록 높은 경향이었으며 아밀로스함량은 재배유형과 비종간에는 큰 차가 없었으나, 시비량간에 있어서는 질소시용량과 비례하여 증감하는 경향을 보였다. 5. 쌀의 N, K함량은 완효성 비료가 속효성 비료보다 높고 질소시용률이 많을수록 높았으나, Mg함량은 질소시용량이 많을수록 높았으며 기계이앙에서는 속효성 비료가, 그리고 건답직파에서는 완효성 비료가 높게 함유하였고, Na함량은 완효성 비료의 시용에서 보다 높게 함유하였다. 또한 Mg/K비을은 속효성 비료가 완효성 비료보다 높았고 기계 이앙보다는 건답직파에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 N/K비율은 완효성 비료가 높았다. 6. 쌀의 외관상 미질은 완효성 비료보다는 속효성 비료 시용에서 그리고 질소시용량이 적을수록 우수하였으나, 밥맛 검정은 재배유형간에는 기계이앙이 건답직파보다 우수하였고, 비종간에는 속효성 비료보다는 완효성 비료에서, 그리고 질소의 감비보다는 100%시용구에서 보다 우수한 경향을 보였다. 따른 분얼체계와 동신엽, 동신분얼의 수량성은 표준구와 50%증비구는 0, 1, 2, 11, 3, 21, 12, 22, 4, C의 순위였으나 100%증비구에서는 주간보다 1차분얼의 1이 무겁고 3보다 11이 무거웠다.섭취하였고, 탄수화물은 농촌지역 여고생이 대도시 지역 여고생에 비하여 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다. 지역별 여고생의 에너지섭취 비율은 탄수화물 : 단백질 : 지방의 섭취 비율이 대도시 60.75% : 16.4% 22.9%이며, 중소도시가 62.7% : 15.7% : 21.5%,농촌이66.8% : 14. l% : 19.1%이었다. 영양지식의 정확도나 인지도는 영양소 섭취와