This purpose of this study was to develop a functional muffin by adding yam powder in the shape of a muffin as a partial surrogate for wheat flour. The yam has been found to be effective for liver and kidney function, as well as the digestion of protein, since it produces glucuronic acid in the body. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions of yam muffins by adjusting the amounts yam powder, butter, and sugar. The mixing conditions for the yam muffins included 3 categories: yam powder (X1), sugar (X2), and butter (X3) by Central Composite Design (CCD) which was optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of the three variable additions on muffin quality were examined via physical and chemical experiments, such as the analysis of texture (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess), coloration (lightness, redness, yellowness), and height. Lastly, we performed a sensory test, which revealed significant findings for gumminess, color, appearance, flavor, softness (p〈0.05), redness, and overall quality (p〈0.01). Consequently, the optimal mixing rate which best satisfied the sensory items were 34.35g of yam powder, 80.15 g of sugar, and 80.55 g of butter.

WO3-doped SnO2 thin films were prepared in a solution-deposition method and their gas-sensing characteristics were investigated. The doping of WO3 to SnO2 increased the response (Ra/Rg, Ra: resistance in air, Rg: resistance in gas) to H2 substantially. Moreover, the Ra/Rg value of 10 ppm CO increased to 5.65, whereas that of NO2 did not change by a significant amount. The enhanced response to H2 and the selective detection of CO in the presence of NO2 were explained in relation to the change in the surface reaction by the addition of WO3. The WO3-doped SnO2 sensor can be used with the application of a H2 sensor for vehicles that utilize fuel cells and as an air quality sensor to detect CO-containing exhaust gases emitted from gasoline engines.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/SnO2 nano-composite (MSC) for the anode electrode of a Li-ion battery was prepared using a homogeneous precipitation method with SnCl2 precursors in the presence of MWNT. XRD results indicate that when annealed in Ar at 400˚C, Sn6O4(OH)4 was fully converted to SnO2 phases. TEM observations showed that most of the SnO2 nanoparticles were deposited directly on the outside surface of the MWNT. The electrochemical performance of the MSC electrode showed higher specific capacities than a MWNT and better cycleability than a nano-SnO2 electrode. The electrochemical performance of the MSC electrode improved because the MWNT in the MSC electrode absorbed the mechanical stress induced from a volume change during alloying and de-alloying reactions with lithium, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the composite material.

Nano magnetite particles have been prepared by two step reaction consisting of urea hydrolysis and ammonia addition at certain ranges of pH. Three different concentrations of aqueous solution of ferric () and ferrous () chloride (0.3 M-0.6 M, and 0.9 M) were mixed with 4 M urea solution and heated to induce the urea hydrolysis. Upon reaching at a certain pre-determined pH (around 4.7), 1 M ammonia solution were poured into the heated reaction vessels. In order to understand the relationship between the concentration of the starting solution and the final size of magnetite, in-situ pH measurements and quenching experiments were simultaneous conducted. The changes in the concentration of starting solution resulted in the difference of the threshold time for pH uprise, from I hour to 3 hours, during which the akaganeite (-FeOOH) particles nucleated and grew. Through the quenching experiment, it was confirmed that controlling the size of -FeOOH and the attaining a proper driving force for the reaction of -FeOOH and ion to give are important process variables for the synthesis of uniform magnetite nanoparticles.

The hypereutectic Al-20 wt%Si powders including some amount of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn were prepared by a gas atomization process. In order to get highly densified Al-Si bulk specimens, the as-atomized and sieved powders were extruded at , Microstructure and tensile properties of the extruded Al-Si alloys were investigated in this study. Relative density of the extruded samples was over 98%. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in stress-strain curves of the extruded powders increased after T6 heat treatments. Elongation of the samples was also increased from 1.4% to 3.2%. The fracture surfaces of the tested pieces showed a fine microstructure and the average grain size was about

The mechanochemical process were employed to prepare the red phosphors (Y,Gd). The main factors affecting particle size, particle distribution, and luminescent properties of the product were investigated in details. Particles sized around 200-600 nm are formed after intensive milling. The phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and photoluminescence spectrum. Results revealed that phosphors with different morphology, small particle size and high luminescence intensity could be obtained by mechanochemical process

Functional nanomaterial is expected to have improved capacities on various fields. Especially, metal nanoparticles dispersed in polymer matrix and metal nanofiber, one of the functional nanomaterials, are able to achieve improvement of property in the electric and other related fields. In this study, the fabrication of metal (Ag) nanoparticle dispersed nanofibers were attempted. The Ag nanoparticle dispersed polymer nanofiber and Ag nanofiber were fabricated by electrospinning method using electric force. First, PVP/ nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning in voltage with the starting materials (Ag-nitrate) added polymer (PVP; poly (vinylpyrrolidone)). Then Ag nanoparticle dispersed polymer nanofibers were fabricated to reduce hydrogen reduction at for 3hr. And Ag nanofibers were synthesized by the decomposited of PVP at for 3hr. The nanofibers were analyzed by XRD, TGA, FE-SEM and TEM. The experimental results showed that the Ag nanofibers could be applied in many fields as an advanced material.

Ultrafine TiC-5%Co powders were synthesized by spray drying of aqueous solution of TiO slurry and cobalt nitrate, followed by calcination and carbothermal reaction. The oxide powders with carbon powder was reduced and carburized at under hydrogen atmosphere. During reduction, CO gas was mainly evolved by reducing reaction of oxides. Ultrafine TiC-5%Co powders were easily formed by carbothermal reaction at due to using ultrafine powders as raw materials. The ultrafine WC-TiC-Co alloy prepared by sintering of mixed powder of ultrafine WC-13%Co powder and ultrafine TiC-5%Co powder has higher sintered density and mechanical properties than WC-TiC-Co alloy prepared by commercial WC, TiC and Co powders

The objective of the present study is to investigate the increase in the functional characteristics of a substrate by the formation of a thin coating layer. Thin coating layers of have high potential because exhibits high hardness. Shock induced reaction synthesis is an attractive fabrication technique to synthesize uniform coating layer by controlling the shock wave. Ti and Si powders to form using shock induced reaction synthesis, were mixed using high-energy ball mill into small scale. The positive effect of this technique is highly functional coating layer on the substrate due to ultra fine substructure, which improves the bonding strength. These materials are in great demand as heat resisting, structural and corrosion resistant materials. Thin coating layer was successfully recovered and showed high Vickers' hardness (Hv=1183). Characterization studies on microstructure revealed a fairly uniform distribution of powders with good interfacial integrity between the powders and the substrate.

In order to investigate a nitriding process of spent oxide fuel and the subsequent change in thermal properties after nitriding, simulated spent fuel powder was converted into a nitride pellet with simulated fission product elements through a carbothermic reduction process. Nitriding rate of simulated spent fuel was decreased with increasing of the amount of fission products. Contents of Ba and Sr in simulated spent fuel were decreased after the carbothermic reduction process. The thermal conductivity of the nitride pellet was decreased by an addition of fission product element but was higher than that of the oxide fuel containing fission product elements.

<그림 1>과 <그림 2>, <그림 3>은 통계 패키지(Econometric Views)를 사용하여 제조업용 로봇의 수출입을 2007년부터 2008년까지 추정한 값이며, 자료는 2001년도 이후의 관세청 수출입 실적자료를 활용하였다. <그림 1>은 SAENGF는 제조업용 로봇 국내생산의 추정치이며, 점선은 95% 신뢰구간을 의미한다. <그림 2>는 통계 패키지(Econometric Views)를 사용하여 제조업용 로봇의 수출을 2007년부터 2008년까지 추정한 값이며, EXPORTF는 제조업용 로봇 수출의 추정치이며, 점선은 95% 신뢰구간을 의미한다. <그림 3>은 통계 패키지(Econometric Views)를 사용하여 제조업용 로봇의 수입을 2007년부터 2008년까지 추정한 값이며, IMPORTF는 제조업용 로봇 수출의 추정치이며, 점선은 95% 신뢰구간을 의미한다. <표 1>은 국내 제조업용 로봇의 국내생산, 수출과 수입의 추정치이며, ARIMA모형을 사용하였으며, 자료는 2001년도 이후의 데이터로 관세청 수출입 실적자료를 활용하였다.

The morphology of three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked electrodeposits of copper and tin was investigated as a function of the content of metal sulfate and acetic acid in a deposition bath. The composition of copper sulfate had little effect on the overall copper network structure, whereas that of tin sulfate produced significant differences in the tin network structure. The effect of the metal sulfate content on the copper and tin network is discussed in terms of whether or not hydrogen evolution occurs on electrodeposits. In addition, the hydrophobic additive, i.e., acetic acid, which suppresses the coalescence of evolved hydrogen bubbles and thereby makes the pore size controllable, proved to be detrimental to the formation of a well-defined network structure. This led to a non-uniform or discontinuous copper network. This implies that acetic acid critically retards the electrodeposition of copper.

Fe-aluminides have the potential to replace many types of stainless steels that are currently used in structural applications. Once commercialized, it is expected that they will be twice as strong as stainless steels with higher corrosion resistance at high temperatures, while their average production cost will be approximately 10% of that of stainless steels. Self-propagating, high-temperature Synthesis (SHS) has been used to produce intermetallic and ceramic compounds from reactions between elemental constituents. The driving force for the SHS is the high thermodynamic stability during the formation of the intermetallic compound. Therefore, the advantages of the SHS method include a higher purity of the products, low energy requirements and the relative simplicity of the process. In this work, a Fe-aluminide intermetallic compound was formed from high-purity elemental Fe and Al foils via a SHS reaction in a hot press. The formation of iron aluminides at the interface between the Fe and Al foil was observed to be controlled by the temperature, pressure and heating rate. Particularly, the heating rate plays the most important role in the formation of the intermetallic compound during the SHS reaction. According to a DSC analysis, a SHS reaction appeared at two different temperatures below and above the metaling point of Al. It was also observed that the SHS reaction temperatures increased as the heating rate increased. A fully dense, well-bonded intermetallic composite sheet with a thickness of 700 μm was formed by a heat treatment at 665˚C for 15 hours after a SHS reaction of alternatively layered 10 Fe and 9 Al foils. The phases and microstructures of the intermetallic composite sheets were confirmed by EPMA and XRD analyses.

분리막 공정은 에너지 절약형 분리공정으로 전통적인 증류 분리공정과 비교하여 높은 선택도를 나타내기 때문에 액상 혼합물 분리의 대체 공정으로서 주목받고 있다. 제올라이트 막을 비롯한 무기분리막은 유기분리막의 단점을 보완하고 혹독한 조업조건에서도 운전이 가능한 장점을 지니고 있다. 최근 기존의 제올라이트 분리막의 단점을 보완하고 더욱 향상된 분리성능을 위한 새로운 무기분리막 재료들이 연구되어지고 있다. Kalsilite는 Si/Al 비율이 1로써 기존의 4A 제올라이트와 같이 친수성을 나타낼 것으로 예상되며 세공의 크기가 4A보다 더 작은 0.36 nm로 분리막으로 제조 시 가스분리, 물/유기물 혼합물에서 물의 선택적 분리가 가능할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 Si : Al : K : H2O = 1 : 1 : 8 : 60의 원료 포성 비율을 사용하여 kalsilite 분말을 경제적으로 수열합성 할 수 있는 새로운 공정을 개발하였으며. 최적의 합성조건인 합성온도 300℃, 합성시간 6시간으로 kalsilite를 합성할 수 있었다. XRD 분석을 통하여 kalsilite임을 확인하였으며 입도 분석 결과 평균입도는 2.73 μm이었다. 증기흡착 결과 kalsilite는 유기물보다 물에 대한 흡착능력이 큰 친수성 알루미노실리케이트임을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 기존의 이차전지의 분리막보다 좋은 성능으로 각광받고 있는 PVdF (poly(vinylidene fluoride))에 공극률을 높여 전지의 성능을 향상시켜주는 수용성 고분자인 PEG (Poly(ethylene glycol))를 첨가하여 충전용 리튬 이차전지의 분리막을 상전이 방법으로 제조하였다. 용매인 DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide)에 PVdF-PEG를 단일상으로 녹인 후 깨끗한 유리판에 캐스팅하여 막을 얻었다. 기공은 증류수로 채워진 응고조에서 용매-빈용매 교환으로 형성되어진다. 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)을 이용하여 분리막의 단면 관찰을 통해 다공성을 확인하였고 UTM (universal testing machine)을 이용하여 기계적 물성을 확인하였다. PEG-10의 정체시간 30 s에서 균일한 스폰지 구조를 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 87%의 뛰어난 공극률을 가지며 인장강도의 경우 PEG-10에서 3.72 MPa로 가장 크게 나타났고, 신장률과 모듈러스 부분에서도 역시 75.45%와 275.27 MPa로 뛰어난 성능을 나타냈다.

  It is important to manage quality and safety of a product for coping with fast-paced world effectively. This paper demonstrates an integrated model between ISO 9001 Quality Management System and Product Safety Management System. And the paper presents a

엽연의 모양이 다른 4종류의 잎을 식물재료로 사용 하고, 망사잎 제작을 위한 엽육제거시 sodium hydroxide( NaOH)의 농도와 처리시간의 최적 조건을 찾고자 하였다. 중국단풍(장상열)은 NaOH 60% 용액에서 50 분간, 호랑가시나무(예거치)는 NaOH 20% 용액에서 50분간, 신갈나무(천열)는 NaOH 20-60% 용액에서 70분간, 대왕참나무(전열)는 NaOH 20-40% 용액에서 70분간 열탕 처리하다 엽육제거율도 높고 관상가치가 높은 망사잎을 만들 수 있었다.

The ferroelectric properties of UV irradiated and non-irradiated PZT films prepared via photochemical metal-organic deposition using photosensitive precursors were characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that complete removal of organic groups was possible through UV exposure of the spin-coated PZT precursor films at room temperature. The measured remnant polarization values of UV-irradiated and non-irradiated PZT films after annealing at 650˚C were 29 and 23 μC/cm2, respectively. The UV irradiation was found to be effective for the enhancement of the<111> growth orientation and ferroelectric property of PZT film and in the direct patterning in the fabrication of micro-patterned systems without dry etching.

In spray pyrolysis, the effects of the preparation temperature, flow rate of the carrier gas and concentration of the spray solution on characteristics such as the morphology, size, and emission intensity of Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor powders under long-wavelength ultraviolet light were investigated. The phosphor powders obtained post-treatment had a range of micron sizes with regular morphologies. However, the composition, crystal structure and photoluminescence intensity of the phosphor powders were affected by the preparation conditions of the precursor powders. The Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor powders prepared at temperatures that were lower and higher than 700˚C had low photoluminescence intensities due to deficiencies related to the of Cl component. The phosphor powders with the deficient Cl component had impurity peaks of Ca2SiO4. The optimum flow rates of the carrier gas in the preparation of the Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor powders with high photoluminescence intensities and regular morphologies were between 40 and 60 l/minute. Phosphor powders prepared from a spray solution above 0.5 M had regular morphologies and high photoluminescence intensities.