The lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) is considered one of the promising approaches to overcome the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER), bypassing -OOH* coordination with a high energetic barrier. Activated lattice oxygen can participate in the OER as a reactant and enables O*-O* coupling for direct O2 formation. However, such reaction kinetics inevitably include the generation of oxygen vacancies, which leads to structural degradation, and eventually shortens the lifetime of catalysts. Here, we demonstrate that Se incorporation significantly enhances OER performance and the stability of NiFe (oxy)hydroxide (NiFe) which follows the LOM pathway. In Se introduced NiFe (NiFeSe), Se forms not only metal-Se bonding but also Se-oxygen bonding by replacing oxygen sites and metal sites, respectively. As a result, transition metals show reduced valence states while oxygen shows less reduced valence states (O-/O2 2-) which is a clear evidence of lattice oxygen activation. By virtue of its electronic structure modulation, NiFeSe shows enhanced OER activity and long-term stability with robust active lattice oxygen compared to NiFe.

The study was aimed to investigate the operational meal costs by kindergarten size in Seoul and to analyze recognition for optimal meal prices. A survey (31.6% recovery rate) was conducted on all kindergartens (779 kindergartens) in Seoul on April 2021 using descriptive analysis, t-test, and dispersion method. A price sensitivity measurement (psm) method was used to determine optimal meal prices. Result showed an average food cost for kindergartens of 2,647 won, an average labor cost of 605 won, an average operating cost of 146 won, and the total meal cost of 3,506 won. Total meal cost decreased with increasing kindergarten size (p<0.001). On the other hand, kindergartens with more students decreased the ratio of food cost to total meal cost, and operating cost and labor costs (p<0.001) increased. The optimal price of kindergarten operators' meal cost (OPP) was KRW 3,673. Furthermore, the analysis showed the sensitivity of operators' meal costs to kindergarten size was insignificant.

As cholesterol intake increases, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is also increasing. With increasing food selection considering health, consumption of functional foods that can help health is also expected to increase. Ginger is rich in minerals (such as potassium and magnesium) and antioxidants. Antioxidants have been shown to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Therefore, we would like to produce madeleines helpful for hypercholesterolemia by adding ginger syrup to madeleines recently consumed as desserts. In this study, the quality and characteristics were analyzed after making madeleine by adding ginger syrup at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Baking loss was significantly reduced as the addition amount increased (p<0.001). The pH value decreased as the addition amount increased except for the 5% added group (p<0.001). The b value of the chromaticity showed a significant increase from the 5% addition group (p<0.001). Regarding textures, hardness (p=0.006), gumminess (p=0.001), and chewiness (p=0.001) all decreased as the addition amount increased. Regarding antioxidant activity, polyphenol, DPPH, and ABTS values were significantly increased as addition amount increased (p<0.001). Consequently, Madeleine using ginger syrup rich in antioxidants is expected to help health.

신체적, 정신적 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 몸, 마음, 정신의 통합을 목표로 하는 요 가가 생활스포츠의 하나로 자리매김하였다. 최근에는 도구 활용 요가가 신체균형개선, 자세 교정, 통증 완화 등 재활목적으로 활용되고 있다. 도구 활용 요가는 도구를 활용하여 안전 하고 효과적으로 근육을 이완시키거나 강화시켜 신체의 기능을 회복시키는 것을 돕는다. 도구를 활용하면 관절 가동범위를 무리하게 넘어서지 않고, 골격의 위치를 바르게 하며, 정 확하고 안정된 자세를 유지시켜, 자세교정 및 통증완화에 도움을 준다. 사용되는 도구는 볼 스터, 의자, 벨트, 담요, 블록, 라운드 블록, 프레임, 로프 등이다. 본 연구는 현대인들의 근 골격계 질환중 대표적인 거북목 증후군의 특징을 이해하고, 도구 활용 요가를 통해 거북목 증후군을 개선할 수 있는 맞춤형 도구 활용 요가 프로그램의 구성과 원리를 제안하였다.국 문 요약문(10줄 내외) 본 연구의 요약은 연구의 목적과 방법, 결과, 논의와 결론을 정리하며 주제와 개요를 명확하게 파악할 수 있도록 적는다.

본 연구는 산림자원으로 활용 가능한 활엽수림(혼효림 포함)의 상층 교목성 수종을 대상으로 유사한 수종구성을 갖는 산림 유형 분류를 통해 활엽수림의 효율적 산림관리 기반 구축을 위해 실시하였다. 제7차 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점(3,994지점) 중 2,291지점의 임분 현황 자료를 기반으로 클러스터분석, 지표종분석, 다중판별분석 등 다양한 다변량 통계분석 기법을 이용하여 산림 유형을 분류하였다. 활엽수림의 산림 유형은 신갈나무-피나무림, 신갈나무-당단풍나무림, 신갈나무-물푸레나무림, 신갈나무-굴참나무림, 신갈나무-소나무림, 졸참나무-굴참나무림, 소나무-신갈나 무림, 소나무-굴참나무림, 밤나무-아까시나무림, 상수리나무-소나무림 등 10개로 구분되었다. 신갈나무와 기타 활엽수림, 신갈나무가 우점하는 참나무 림, 주요 참나무류 수종과 소나무의 혼효림 형태로 구성된 것으로 파악되었다. 조사된 102종의 수종 중 점유비율이 높은 신갈나무, 굴참나무 및 소나무가 산림유형 분류에 중요한 역할을 한 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to understand the current status of regional health inequalities and nurse supply and demand policies, and to suggest ways to supply nurses to regions where nurses are scarce. Secondary data such as academic papers, government announcements, and related laws were analyzed, and the results were reviewed from various perspectives to derive policy proposals. Health professions were distributed around large cities including Seoul, and those regions had relatively high health levels. However, the number of hospital beds increased steadily, mainly in the non-metropolitan area. This seems to be one of the reasons why there is always a shortage of nurses in the local medical field despite the supply of nurses, and it can be a factor that aggravates regional inequalities. In order to solve the chronic shortage of nurses, supply-oriented policies such as increasing the admission quota and utilizing inactive nurses, and demand-oriented policies such as regulations on the nurse staffing level and improvement of the incentive scheme for quality evaluation of hospital service have been implemented. In the past, the focus was simply on the quantitative expansion of nurses, but recently, policies that emphasize the qualitative aspect of nursing are being promoted. However, the policy for the distribution aspect of nurses is still somewhat incomplete. Therefore, to solve this problem, strengthening the nurse staffing level in medical institutions, promoting nursing policies led by local governments, developing standard wage guidelines, and training nurses as public health personnel were proposed.

The purpose of this study is to understand the concept of zero-waste design and to apply Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques to develop a zero-waste fashion design method that contributes to sustainable fashion design. In this study, we explore the method and characteristics of zero-waste fashion design based on the concept of folding described in Sophia Vyzoviti’s book on folding techniques. Using the autonomy of Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding technique, four changeable folding fashion designs were developed and produced, demonstrating zero-waste fashion design. The results were as follows. First, the development of fashion designs using Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques enabled the development and production of free and creative zero-waste fashion designs that were three-dimensional, continuous, fluid, and full of potential. Second, the production of zero-waste patterns was further developed into a transformable fashion design that can be used with geometric patterns. These folding techniques produced a fashion design method that could transform one piece of clothing, demonstration the potential for maintenance of creativity using a zero-waste design based on these folding techniques. Third, the double-faced fabric, Neoprene, was chosen as an appropriate material as it emphasizes the depth of folding with application of two colors and its cotton/polyester blend that is suitable for folding.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to investigate directions for future smart city transportation policies and service development by evaluating road service satisfaction levels and predicting future service demand. METHODS : A nationwide survey was conducted in Korea to develop a transportation service evaluation system based on the functions and objects of transportation. The satisfaction level of road service was evaluated using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), promising service sectors were identified using the revised importance-performance analysis (IPA) technique, and detailed service demands by sector were suggested. RESULTS : The most valuable service value felt by the people was "safety" (weight 0.4), and the overall satisfaction level was 68.9 points, slightly exceeding "normal." As a result of analyzing the promising service sectors by dividing them into urban and rural areas, "handicapped, elderly, and pedestrians" were important in both areas, and "road facility maintenance" was classified as an additional promising sector for rural areas. CONCLUSIONS : People demand that future smart city transportation policies and services should be "people" and "safety" centered. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the development of new services but also to the improvement of problems with existing services and policies.

PURPOSES : A methodology for estimating micro-emission factors using vehicle trajectory data collected from navigation and DTG devices and basic emission factors for each vehicle type of the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) is presented. The methodology can calculate micro-emissions based on only the traffic volume and average speed for each vehicle type. METHODS : Cluster analysis was performed by accumulating the trajectories of individual vehicles on a specific road section into speed groups in which vehicles drove with the same range of average speed. Then, the micro-emission factors were estimated for each speed group. RESULTS : Using the vehicle trajectory data revealed that the emissions calculated from micro-emission factors estimated by the proposed methodology were similar to the sum of the emissions calculated from the vehicle trajectories for each vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : The micro-emission factor database for each road type and vehicle type proposed in this study should be useful for estimating vehicle emissions on the road. The proposed method can calculate emissions in the same way as the macroscopic analysis method, using the traffic volume, average speed, and link length.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to develop techniques for forecasting black ice using historical pavement temperature data collected by patrol cars and concurrent atmospheric data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration. METHODS : To generate baseline data, the physical principle that ice forms when the pavement temperature is negative and lower than the dew-point temperature was exploited. To forecast frost-induced black ice, deep-learning algorithms were created using air, pavement, and dew point temperatures, as well as humidity, wind speed, and the z-value of the historical pavement temperature of the target segment. RESULTS : The suggested forecasting models were evaluated against baseline data generated by the above-mentioned physical principle using pavement temperature and atmospheric data gathered on a national highway in the vicinity of Young-dong in the Chungcheongbukdo province. The accuracies of the forecasting models for the bridge and roadway segments were 94% and 90%, respectively, indicating satisfactory results. CONCLUSIONS : Preventive anti-icing maintenance activities, such as applying anti-icing chemicals or activating road heating systems before roadways are covered with ice (frost), could be possible with the suggested methodologies. As a result, traffic safety on winter roads, especially at night, could be enhanced.

Most of the drinking water dams managed by the local governments in Korea are earthfill dams, and these dams have almost no geotechnical property information necessary for seismic performance evaluation. Nevertheless, in the rough planning stage for improving seismic safety for these dams, it is necessary to classify their relative seismic hazard against earthquakes and conduct an additional ground investigation. The zero seismic failure probability curve is a curve suggested in this study in which the probability of failure due to an earthquake becomes ‘0’ regardless of the geotechnical properties of the earthfill dam. By examining the method and procedure for calculating failure probability due to an earthquake suggested in previous researches, the zero seismic failure probability curves for an earthquake in 1,000-year and 2,400-year return periods in Korea were presented in the form of a hyperbola on the plane of the dam height versus freeboard ratio (ratio of freeboard to dam height), respectively. The distribution characteristics of the dam height and the freeboard ratio of 81 Korean earthfill dams were presented. The two proposed zero seismic failure probability curves are shown on the plane of the dam height versus freeboard ratio, and the relative seismic hazard of 81 dams can be classified into three groups using these curves as boundaries. This study presented the method of classifying the relative seismic hazard and the classification result.

최근 인공지능(AI) 기술이 급격하게 발전되고 있으며, 이를 활용한 산업이 점차 확대되고 있다. 또한 사회과학 연구분야에서 도 인공지능기술의 텍스트 마이닝을 활용한 분석연구가 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 해양수산부에서 소관하는 법률은 125여개로 해양환 경, 수산, 선박, 어촌, 항만 등 다양한 분야에서 제정되었다. 해양수산부 법률을 대상으로 한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 양적으로 꾸준하게 증가하고 있다. 이 연구는 해양수산부 법률 관련 연구논문을 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝을 적용하여 국내 연구동향을 분석하였 다. 연구방법으로 첫째 텍스트 마이닝의 일종인 토픽 모델링을 수행하여 잠재된 토픽을 파악하였다. 둘째 특정 법률을 주제로 다룬 연 구논문의 동시출현 네트워크 분석을 수행하여 주요 주제를 도출하였다. 마지막으로 저자 네트워크 분석을 수행하여 저자 간 사회 연결 망을 탐색하였다. 분석결과 시기에 따라 핵심 토픽의 변화를 확인하였으며, 선박안전법, 해양환경관리법 등 법률별 주요 주제를 탐색하 였다. 또한 저자 네트워크 분석하여 핵심 연구자를 도출하고, 저자 간 공동연구 성향을 파악하였다. 이를 통해 해양수산부 법률 관련 연구주제의 변화를 탐색하였으며, 향후 연구주제의 다양화와 해양수산 분야 연구의 양적 증가와 질적 성장을 기대한다.

본 연구에서는 군산시 옥서면, 산북동, 비응도와 야미도, 신시도, 선유도 일대를 중심으로 야외지질학습을 위한 적절한 지질명소를 탐색하고 교육적 활용 방안을 논의하였다. 이를 위하여 2015 개정 교육과정의 지질 학습요소를 분 석하고 연구 지역에 관한 선행 연구를 바탕으로 현장 답사를 통해 7곳의 지질명소를 선정하였다. 이 일대는 중생대 쥐 라기부터 백악기 무렵 한반도 화성 활동의 결과로 형성된 화성암류와 백악기 퇴적암류, 공룡 발자국 및 식물 화석, 연 흔, 습곡 등 한반도 중생대 지질을 이해하는데 교육적 가치를 지니고 있다. 지질명소의 학습요소를 교육과정과 비교한 결과, 초등학교 고학년 수준에서 고등학교 수준의 학습요소를 내포하고 있으며 특히 고등학교에서 다루어지는 학습요소 를 두루 갖추고 있었다. 이에 따라 군산시 일대 지질명소와 각 장소에서 이루어질 수 있는 교육 활동을 제안하였다.

Hydro-forming technology is a technology that will replace the existing press-forming technology and is used in various industry range from automotive parts to electronic products. The advantage of this technology is that it has dramatically changed the existing processing method, and it can be said that the process reduction due to the reduction of parts, cost reduction, and high precision are mentioned. In this study, it is intended to present a design process using computer simulation by changing the sub-frame for automotive parts produced with the existing press forming technology to the hide-forming method. To this end, it is intended to use it as part design data by comparatively analyzing the cross-sectional shape and thickness reduction, which are the major factors necessary to determine the successful development of the developed parts.

최근 인공지능을 활용한 채용이 일반화됨에 따라 구직자들은 더 이상 AI면접 이 낯설지 않다. 사용자들은 인공지능에 의한 데이터 분석을 활용하여 직무에 가장 적합한 사람을 선택하고 근로계약을 체결한다. 사용자들은 빠르고 정확 하며 좀 더 진보된 방법이라고 여겨지는 인공지능의 활용을 적극적으로 도입 하고 있다. 채용이 절실한 구직자들에게는 선택권은 없어 보인다. 구직자의 포 괄적이고 추상적인 동의만을 얻은 채 구직자들의 개인정보는 보호받지 못하고 있다. 구직자에게 채용 절차 상의 여러 정보에 대한 접근권, 정정권 및 처리제 한권 등을 부여함에 있어서 개인인 구직자가 기업을 상대로 자신의 권리를 피 력하는 것에 한계가 있을 수 있다. 유럽의 경우 인공지능을 활용한 데이터 분 석에 대한 규제가 활발하게 도입되고 있고, 미국은 주별로 규제가 만들어지고 있는 바, 이러한 사례를 살펴보고자 한다. 인공지능을 활용한 기술을 도입하면 서 강력한 규제가 수반되는 것은 자칫 기술의 발전을 저해하는 요소가 될 수 있다는 지적이 있을 수 있다. 그러나 새로운 기술의 발전은 적절한 규제를 통 해 컨트롤 될 때 그 활용이 극대화될 수 있을 것이다.

Among migratory insect pests, Mythimna seperata and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis are invasive pests introduced into South Korea through westerlies from southern China. M. seperata and C. medinalis are insect pests that use rice as a host. They injure rice leaves and inhibit rice growth. To understand the distribution of M. seperata and C. medinalis, it is important to understand environmental factors such as temperature and humidity of their habitat. This study predicted current and future habitat suitability models for understanding the distribution of M. seperata and C. medinalis. Occurrence data, SSPs (Shared Socio-economic Pathways) scenario, and RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) were applied to MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy), a machine learning model among SDM (Species Distribution Model). As a result, M. seperata and C. medinalis are aggregated on the west and south coasts where they have a host after migration from China. As a result of MaxEnt analysis, the contribution was high in the order of Land-cover data and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). In bioclimatic variables, BIO_4 (Temperature seasonality) was high in M. seperata and BIO_2 (Mean Diurnal Range) was found in C. medinalis. The habitat suitability model predicted that M. seperata and C. medinalis could inhabit most rice paddies.

Despite the recent increase in the consumption level of the processed meat-byproducts, the health and safety issue has consistently been raised in the processes of production, distribution and consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the microbiological hazard elements in the Korean sausage, “Sundae,” to present not only the safety standard of meat by-product vendors based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), but also the quality control criteria and sanitary arrangements of small manufacturers. For the study, the microbiological hazards in 24 raw materials, 7 manufacturing processes, 40 facilities and tools, 17 workplace environment, and 12 workers were analyzed. The analysis revealed the hazardous elements in the initial stages with 6.28 and 4.07 log CFU/g of total aerobic count and coliforms, respectively, detected from the porcine blood and 3.23 log CFU/g of coliforms from the porcine small intestines. The result also showed that the total aerobic counts and coliforms in the process of mixing and filling process exceeds the standards in the hygiene guidelines by Natick with the total aerobic counts of 5.23, 5.45 log CFU/g, and the coliforms of 3.25, and 3.31 log CFU/g, respectively. Although the detected total aerobic count and the coliforms in the filling and washing rooms exceeded the standards, it was found that the total aerobic count was significantly reduced by 98% after cleaning and disinfecting and no coliforms was detected in any process thereafter. In order to achieve high level of safety in the manufacturing processes of Sundae, the separation of washing and disinfection room from the other sections and the sanitation control of the workers must be preceded, along with strict monitoring in the storage and distribution processes. The study raises necessity for additional studies for the safety evaluation of the processed meat-byproducts and further researches on the validity of the critical limits.

The water consumption data of individual consumers must be analyzed and forecast to establish an effective water demand management plan. A k-mean cluster model that can monitor water use characteristics based on hourly water consumption data measured using automated meter reading devices and demographic factors is developed in this study. In addition, the quantification model that can estimate the daily water consumption is developed. K-mean cluster analysis based on the four clusters shows that the average silhouette coefficient is 0.63, also the silhouette coefficients of each cluster exceed 0.60, thereby verifying the high reliability of the cluster analysis. Furthermore, the clusters are clearly classified based on water usage and water usage patterns. The correlation coefficients of four quantification models for estimating water consumption exceed 0.74, confirming that the models can accurately simulate the investigated demographic data. The statistical significance of the models is considered reasonable, hence, they are applicable to the actual field. Because the use of automated smart water meters has become increasingly popular in recent year, water consumption has been metered remotely in many areas. The proposed methodology and the results obtained in this study are expected to facilitate improvements in the usability of smart water meters in the future.

농경지에서 작물이 필요로 하는 이상으로 양분이 과다하게 투입되는 경우 작물의 생육을 저해하거나 환경오염원으로 작용하게 된다. 우리나라 농경지 양분수지는 다른 OECD 국가에 비해 월등히 높은 수준이며, 과다양분 투입 때문에 수질과 대기 등 농업환경의 오염과 생물다양성 저하가 유발되고 있다. 환경부의 ‘양분관리제’ 도입, 농특위의 ‘토양 양분관리제 도입’ 의결과 같은 정부 정책은 이러한 과다양분 투입을 개선하기 위한 노력으로서, 이러한 정책을 뒷받침하고 환경적⋅사회경제적 성과를 도출하기 위해서 농업분야 양분수지 개선에 따른 공익적 기능의 발굴과 공익가치 의 평가가 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 메타분석 기법을 적용하여 선행연구에서 추출한 다양한 공익적 기능에 대한 가치평가 추정치를 이용하여 양분수지 개선의 공익가치를 간접적으로 추정하는 데 있다. 공익기능에 대한 연간 가구별 한계지불의사액을 추정한 결과, 수질개선은 약 60,315원/년, 기후조절은 139,740원/년, 토양보전 및 정화는 109,179원/년, 생물다양성은 150,213원/년으로 나타났다. 추정한 한계지불의사액과 산정된 기여율을 이용하여 공익가치를 추정하면 수질개선은 7,596억 원, 기후조절은 5,715억 원, 토양보전 및 정화는 3,380억 원, 생물다양성은 8,124억 원으로 추정된다. 이러한 결과는 향후 농업 환경보전 프로그램이나 정책을 추진하는 데 있어 객관적인 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

Production management in the automobile parts industry is carried out according to the production plan of the customer, so it is important to prevent shortages in product supply. As the product composition became increasingly complex, the MES System was built for the purpose of efficient production plan management and inventory management, but its utilization is low. This study analyzed the problems of the MES system and sought to improve it. Through previous studies, it was confirmed that the inventory management of the pull approach that actually occurred in the warehouse is more suitable than the push approach based on the forecast of the warehouse for the volatility, complexity, and uncertainty of orders in the auto parts industry. To realize this, we tried distributed MRP by using the ADO function of VBA to link the standard information of the MES system with Excel and change the structure of the BOM table. Through this, it can help increase the accuracy of production planning and realize efficient inventory management, thereby increasing the utilization of the MES system in the auto parts industry and enhancing the competitiveness of the company.