We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. Since the consultant is not an employee of the bank, he/she is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCADEA) model to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants.

본 연구는 연안여객선사의 안전관리 운영 효율성을 분석하기 위한 기초연구로 적절한 안전경영지표 평가항목을 설계하고 연안여객선 사를 대상으로 평가항목의 유효성을 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 연안여객운송사업자의 안전관리책임자, 공무원(선박검사관), 여객 선 운항관리자 등으로 구성된 전문가 그룹을 통해 연안여객선사의 자발적 안전관리 활동을 평가하기 위한 5개의 평가항목과 14개의 세부 평가요 인을 선정하고 사전검증 및 테스트를 통해 객관성을 제고하였다. 이 안전경영지표 평가항목을 이용하여 44개 연안여객선사에 대한 자발적 안전 관리 수준을 평가하였다. 그리고 평가항목의 유효성을 검증하기 위하여 안전경영지표 평가항목 결과와 중대해양사고 비율을 비교분석하여 평가 항목의 타당성을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 자발적 안전경영 수준이 높은 업체일수록 중대해양사고가 발생하지 않고 자발적 안전관리에 무관심하거 나 소홀한 업체는 상대적으로 높은 중대해양사고가 발생하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이처럼 안전경영지표 평가항목 선정을 통해 연안여객선사 의 안전관리 운영 효율성을 분석하는데 중요한 항목을 객관적인 관점에서 도출하였다. 따라서 향후 안전관리 효율성 분석을 위한 기초자료로 활 용될 수 있을 것이다.

A dimensionally stable anode based on the RuO2 electrocatalyst is an important electrode for generating chlorine. The RuO2 is well-known as an electrode material with high electrocatalytic performance and stability. In this study, sonoelectrodeposition is proposed to synthesize the RuO2 electrodes. The electrode obtained by this novel process shows better electrocatalytic properties and stability for generating chlorine compared to the conventional one. The high roughness and outer surface area of the RuO2 electrode from a new fabrication process leads to increase in the chlorine generation rate. This enhanced performance is attributed to the accelerated mass transport rate of the chloride ions from electrolyte to electrode surface. In addition, the electrode with sonodeposition method showed higher stability than the conventional one, which might be explained by the mass coverage enhancement. The effect of sonodeposition time was also investigated, and the electrode with longer deposition time showed higher electrocatalytic performance and stability.

In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling caused by water temperature in the Membrane bioreactor(MBR) process and try to derive the membrane fouling control by chemical enhanced backwashing(CEB). The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) concentration was analyzed according to the water temperature in the MBR, and the membrane fouling characteristics were investigated according to the conditions, with sludge & without sludge, through a lab-scale reactor. As shown in the existing literature the fouling resistance rate was increased within sludge with the water temperature was lowered. However, in the lab-scale test using the synthetic wastewater, the fouling resistance increased with the water temperature. This is because that the protein of the EPS was more easily adsorbed on the membrane surface due to the increase of entropy due to the structural rearrangement of the protein inside the protein as the water temperature increases. In order to control membrane fouling, we tried to derive the cleaning characteristics of CEB by using sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl). We selected the condition with the chemicals and the retention time, and the higher the water temperature and the chemical concentration are the higher the efficiencies. It is considered that the increasing temperature accelerated the chemical reaction such as protein peptide binding and hydrolysis, so that the attached proteinaceous structure was dissolved and the frequency of the reaction collision with the protein with the chemical agent becomes higher. These results suggest that the MBRs operation focus on the fouling control of cake layer on membrane surface in low temperatures. On the other hand, the higher the water temperature is the more the operation strategies of fouling control by soluble EPS adsorption are needed.

과실파리류의 발생위험이 점차 증가하고 있는 실정이나 국내에는 아직까지 효율적이고 표준화된 예찰법 및유인제 그리고 방제제가 없는 실정이다. 호박꽃과실파리를 이용하여 과실파리류에 효율적인예찰법 및 유인제 그리고방제제를 선발하였다. 과실파리류의 유인제로 잘 알려져 있는 Methyl Eugenol, Cue lure, Raspberry ketone을 이용하여트랩의 포획력을 비교한 결과 적색 델타트랩이 가장 좋았다. 유인제의 경우 Methyl Eugenol은 호박꽃과실파리에효과가 전혀 없었으며 Cue lure, Raspberry ketone은 유인력은 효과적이었으며 유의한 차이는 없었다. 화학적방제제로는아바멕틴과 비교하여 Fluxametamide EC, Abamectin+Pyrifluqunazon WG의 효과가 인정되었으며, 항공방제용 자재로사용 가능한 친황경자재로 님오일, 고삼추출물등을 이용한 3종의 자재를 선발하였다.

시설딸기 주요 비행 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레 Frankliniella occidentalis와 목화진딧물 Aphis gossypii 유시충, 온실가루이 Trialeurodes vaporarium에 대해 발생초기 파악을 위한 황색끈끈이트랩 이용기술을 규명하였다. 제주지역 농가 재배 3개소에서 5개년 동안(2013~2017년) 재 배 전 기간(9월~이듬해 5월)에 걸쳐 조사한 트랩자료를 이용 분석하였다. 해충의 공간분포 특성은 일반적으로 이용하고 있는 Taylor’s power law와 Iwao’s patchiness regression으로 분석한 결과 대상 해충 모두 집중분포를 하고 있었다. 두 회귀식 중 꽃노랑총채벌레와 목화진딧물 유 시충은 Taylor’s power law이, 온실가루이는 Iwao’s patchiness regression이 공간분포 특성을 잘 설명하고 있었다. 트랩당 평균밀도와 최고밀 도, 11마리 이상 잡힌 트랩 비율 간에는 높은 상관관계를 갖고 있었다. 트랩당 평균 밀도 4.0마리를 추정에 필요한 최소 트랩수는 꽃노랑총채벌레 13개, 목화진딧물 유시충 11개, 온실가루이 10개이었다. 고정 정확도 0.25 수준에서 3종 해충의 Taylor’s power law과 Iwao’s patchiness regression 상수를 이용하여 축차표본조사 중지선을 구하였다.

Commercial applications of OPU/IVP were to produce embryos and calves from high genetic cows.The aim of this present study was to compare the number of recovered oocytes and cultured in vitro produced embryos from Ovum Pick-up (OPU). OPU derived embryo production was carried out of oocytes by ultrasonographic guided follicular aspiration and then produced in vitro produced blastocysts by IVP culture system. In result, the rate of recovered oocytes was obtained 612 (57.2%) and 451(73.7) G1+G2 grade oocytes. No difference of recovered rate (51.1~62.1%) was seen in six donor. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst development were obtained 320 (70.9%) and 78 (24.4%) that was 3.3±0.4 cleaved embryo and 0.9±0.2 blastocysts per session. Cleavage rate of OPU oocytes in No. 6 donor was 90.6%, significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the other donors, However, blastocysts was similar (25.8~30.0%). In conclusion, limited numbers of OPU oocytes had competent development when cultured in SOF culture medium

The white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is commercially the fifth most important edible mushroom, accounting for the production of 9,732 tons of mushrooms in Korea in 2015. The genus Agaricus has been known for its potential to degrade lignocellulosic materials. Chemical analyses carried out during the cultivation of A. bisporus indicated that the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions were changed preferentially for both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We screened A. bisporus strains for effective biodegradation through extracellular enzyme activity using cellulase, xylanase, and ligninolytic enzymes. The enzyme biodegradations were conducted as follows: mycelia of collected strains were incubated in 0.5% CMC-MMP (malt-mops-peptone), 0.5 Xylan-MMP, and 0.5% lignin-MMP media for 14 days. Incubated mycelia were stained with 0.2% trypan blue. Eighteen strains were divided into 8 groups based on different extracellular enzyme activity in MMP media. These strains were then incubated in sterilized compost and compost media for 20 days to identify correlations between mycelial growth in compost media and extracellular enzyme activity. In this study, the coefficient of determination was the highest between mycelial growth in compost media and ligninolytic enzyme activity. It is suggested that comparison with ligninolytic enzyme activity of the tested strains is a simple method of screening for rapid mycelial growth in compost to select good mother strains for the breeding of A. bisporus.

Loan consultants assist clients with loan application processing and loan decisions. Their duties may include contacting people to ask if they want a loan, meeting with loan applicants and explaining different loan options. We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. They do not work as a team, but do work independently. Since he/she is not an employee of the bank, the consultant is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCA-DEA) model integrated with Shannon’s Entropy to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. We adopt a three-stage process to calculate the efficiency of service quality of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. In the third stage, the weight of each result is calculated on the basis of Shannon’s Entropy theory, and then we generate a comprehensive efficiency score using it. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants and how to use the efficiency to improve the service quality of the consultants.

This study introduces the comparison of efficiency levels of photovoltaics systems by analyzing various installation systems of photovoltaics systems and optimization techniques and proposes a system using techniques In this study, the generation time and power generation of two types of photovoltaic power generation system were measured and compared. Comparing the monthly power generation time with the power generation amount, it is found that there are many fixed variable photovoltaic power generation systems with a large average daily power generation time of 0.8h and an average power generation capacity of 2,871kw from November to December. Total Fixed Variable Total Daily Power Generation Time 2.4h The power generation amount is 23,184kw, showing a large amount of electric power generation.

This paper tries to show the efficiency of water financing between central and local governments. From the year of 2017, the operation and maintenance costs for change water pipes has been provided by central government as block grants system(RDSA: Regional Development Special Account). Even though the water financing is responsible for local government, water drought and high production cost in poor area affects the quality of life nowadays. Then, fiscal transfer through block grant for water financing has been decided to invest regional SOC. The purpose of the paper sheds light on the function of the block grant for public provision by water financing. The firstly tried empirical results are based on the survey from local governments and ministry of environments. The point of the empirical analysis shows that the local governments does not have proper measurement for unexpected water leakage and termination until now. In a policy manner, the paper raises the issues about benefit principle for water users by the increase of tariffs. In order to do so, the paper investigates the relationship between the water provision and fiscal status of each local governments.

This study was intended to evaluate the removal efficiency of nutrients in effluents of wastewater using microalgae. Microalgae used in the culture experiment collected in stream and reservoir located in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Dominant species in prior-culture tank were Monoraphidium contortum, Scenedesmus acutus, Coelastrum microporum and Chlorella sp. Dominant species in synthetic wastewater culture under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus. The removal efficiency of NO3-N under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were 27.2%~88.1% and 63.0%~83.6% respectively. The removal efficiency of PO4-P under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux showed above 93%. Removal efficiency of nutrients of 1.0×106 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration was more higher than that of nutrients of 1.0×105 cells mL-1 and 1.0×107 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration. Microalgae cultured in synthetic wastewater removed 94.9% of TN and 90.0% of TP. The removal rate of TN and TP in synthetic wastewater were 1.961 mg L-1 day-1 and 0.200 mg L-1 day-1 respectively. Nutrient removal efficiency of microalgae according to kinds of wastewater showed the highest in the private sewage.

Dans cette étude, les commentaires des professeurs sur la capacité de communication et la capacité de traduction ont été conçus et formulés en utilisant une activité paraphrasante basée sur la théorie interprétative de la traduction dans une classe de traduction au niveau universitaire. La réaction des élèves lors du cours de traduction a ensuite été analysée . Le but de cette étude était d'étudier la valeur éducative de ce type de commentaires des professeurs et de trouver la méthode la plus efficace de rétroaction des professeurs appropriée pour les étudiants qui apprennent la traduction du français vers le coréen. Les principaux résultats des analyses de commentaires des professeurs sont résumés comme suit: (1) Certaines des tâches qui semblaient difficiles pour les élèves ont été classées en éléments de capacité de traduction et de capacité de communication. Les commentaires du professeur, organisés en capacité de traduction et de communication par la méthode d'enseignement par la paraphrase en fonction des difficultés rencontrées par les élèves dans leurs tâches, ont généralement une influence positive sur la capacité de traduction des étudiants, et en particulier la capacité linguistique des élèves. (2) Comme une méthode répétitive d'apprentissage des synonymes, les commentaires répétés des professeurs par la paraphrase ont été trouvés pour aider à améliorer la capacité linguistique des élèves. (3) Il était également possible de voir le potentiel de la compréhension par les élèves des stratégies d'apprentissage autonomes basées sur la méta-cognition en termes de lecture, de traduction et d’écriture.

Most games induce their players to be immersed in and to be interested in those games by presenting a specific purpose. And, developers provide and recommend the form and method of game play as a process to achieve that goal, allowing players to naturally experience the aesthetics for which the games intended. However, unlike the intentions of these developers, players who actually play games often reject or reorganize the form of game play that is recommended to achieve the games’ primary purposes faster and easier. Based on the total of twelve weeks since December 2016 when the expansion pack of Heartstone, “Mean Streets of Gadgetzan”, was added, this study analyzed the game phenomenon in which players devises a new type of game play by reconstructing a given content in addition to the game experience desired by game developers in the process of adding a new content to an existing game. Through this, this study aims to present a new perspective on game research and actual development.

This paper was to evaluate social enterprises’ management efficiency with Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). The data was based on the 168 social enterprises’ of annual performance reports published in 2015. The research focused on to measure both financial efficiency and social impact of the companies simultaneously. To apply DEA, the paper classified the enterprises into seven types based on types of socal impacts which each company provides before the estimation of the efficiency. The research results showed that group D, which employes disadvantaged people, provides social services and shares resources was the most efficient group and had higest net worths in Pure Technical Efficiency. In contrast, Group B, which only employs social advantage people and provides social service, was the least efficient one. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. Because the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency does not open business reports which social enterprises submit each year, there are basic limitations on researchers attempting to analyse with data from all social enterprises in Korea. Thus, this study dealt with only 10% of the social enterprises which self-published their performance report on the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency’s web site. Regardless of these limitations, this study suggested substantial methods to estimate management efficiency with the self-published reports. Because self-publishing is increasing each year, it will be the main source of information for researchers in examining and evaluating social enterprises’ financial performance or social contribution. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. The research results suggest not only list of efficient enterprises but also methods of improvement for less efficient enterprises.

악기를 능숙하게 연주하기 위해 구조와 기능을 아는 것은 매우 중요하다. 사람은 목소리를 악 기로 사용하지만, 목소리를 내는 기관은 만질 수 없고 눈에 보이지 않기 때문에 접근하기 어렵 다. 그래서 해부학적으로 접근해야만 구조를 알게 된다. 우리가 몸 안의 기관을 해부학적으로 정확하게 인식하는 것이 운동기능 향상에 영향을 준다. 이것을 ‘운동 감각’을 통해 증명한다. 공명과 턱관절 및 근육의 정의와 기능을 알고 ‘턱 근육의 올바른 사용’이 발성의 ‘공명’에 미치는 영향을 알았을 때 우리는 가창에 필요한 운동기능을 훈련할 수 있게 된다. 이 훈련을 통 해 턱 근육과 발성 기관을 인지하여 가창했을 때 부정적인 주변 환경, 심리상태와 상관없이 좋은 공명의 가창을 할 수 있도록 훈련할 수 있다. 또한, 추상적인 표현의 교수법 등으로 교사의 경험 이 학생에게 제대로 전달되지 못하는 경우가 많다. 발성 기관의 해부학적 접근을 통해 교사와 학생의 거리를 좁힐 수 있는 직접적이고 효과적인 교수법을 제시한다.

In this paper, we compared the efficiencies of national R&D investments between NT (Nanotechnology) areas in terms of papers, patents, and commercializations, and found ways to improve the efficiencies of national R&D investments for each NT area. This is in response to huge R&D investments government has made recently in NT areas.Here, we collected data on investments, papers, patents, and commercializations for the R&D projects in NT areas through National Science & Technology Information Service. Based on the data, we analyzed the investment and performances (papers, patents, and commercializations) for each NT area, calculated the efficiency for each NT area, and compared the efficiencies between NT areas. Next, using cluster analysis, we identified several NT areas with similar characteristics in terms of paper efficiency, patent efficiency and commercialization efficiency. Finally, we derived implications for the efficiency enhancement for each grouping.The cluster analysis showed that there could be two groups, one being low in terms of technological outcome (papers and patents) efficiencies and high in terms of commercialization efficiencies, while the other being high in terms of technological outcome (papers and patents) efficiencies and low in terms of commercialization efficiencies. Therefore, the strategy for one group calls for support for technology transfer or technology introduction from other R&D performers and grant of guidance for improving R&D performers’ commercialization ability to other R&D performers while the strategy for the other group calls for R&D support for transfer of technology to other R&D performers, activation of technology transfer and support for commercialization of R&D performers.

가석방이란 자유형의 집행중에 있는 수형자가 행장이 양호하고 개전의 정이 현저한 경우에는 형벌의 목적이 달성되었다고 판단하여, 수형자의 사회복귀와 갱생의욕을 고취하고자 시설내 중심처우에서 사회중심 처우로 전환하는 것을 뜻한다. 이 제도는 형사정책상의 특별예방사상의 실현과 교정이념의 하나인 수형자 조기사회 복귀를 도모하고, 교정비용도 절감할 수 있는 필수불가결한 제도의 하나이다. 현재 우리나라의 가석방제도의 운영은 형법 등에 규정된 조건보다 엄격하게 운영되어 왔다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 따라 교정시설의 과밀수용 등 여러 가지 어려운 문제들을 야기하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 가석방운영의 현황, 문제점 등을 살펴보고 그 효율적 운영방안에 관하여 다각도로 고찰하여 보았다. 현행 가석방 제도의 개선방안으로는 다음과 같은 사항을 검토해 볼 수 있을 것이다. ① 가석방 심사기관의 일원화･전문화, ② 가석방의 점진적 확대, 활성화, ➂ 가석방전 사회내 적응훈련 등의 효율화 ➃ 시설내 처우와 사회내 처우의 긴밀한 관계유지, ⑤ 가석방자에 대한 사회봉사명령제 등 도입, ⑥ 선시제도와 그 도입여부 검토, ⑦ 가석방의 효율적 운영을 위한 심사기준 확립 등이다. 현행의 가석방제도를 합리적으로 개선해 나가며 이 제도를 적극적으로 활용하여, 당면과제의 하나인 수용자 과밀수용해소와 함께 교정관계 국제규칙 등의 규정에 부합하는 교정행정이 될 수 있도록 다각적인 조치가 필요하다고 본다. 나아가 교정시설 운영에 대한 전문화, 시설의 확충, 예산의 확대도 요구된다 하겠다.

표고(Lentinula edodes)는 우리나라에서 주로 재배 및 식용되고 있으며, 특유의 향과 맛을 지니고 있어 그 소비가 점차 증가하고 있다. 또한 항암효과와 고혈압, 동맥경화 등 기능성 효과가 증명되어 웰빙을 넘는 힐빙 음식으로 대두되고 있다. 우리나라 표고 재배방식은 원목재배에서 톱밥 봉지재배로 변화함에 따라 배지 표면에 나무 표피와 같은 역할을 할 수 있도록 갈변시키는 단계가 필요해졌다. 갈변된 배지는 외부 공기와 접 촉시에도 쉽게 다른 균이 오염되지 않고, 배지 내 수분증발을 억제하여 버섯발생에 도움을 주기 때문에 필 요한 단계이지만 배지의 갈변을 위해서는 매우 긴 기간이 소요된다. 따라서 표고 봉지재배시 배지의 갈변을 촉진시키는 연구가 요구되기 때문에 LED 광원 종류 및 세기에 따른 표고배지 갈변효율을 색도계를 이용하여 Lab색도를 측정하였다. 품종은 농진고와 산조701호를 사용하였고, LED 광원은 청색, 녹색, 백색, 적색을 100~500㏓로 설정한 후 봉지배지에 상, 중, 하로 구분하여 기간에 따른 색도변화를 측정하였다. 10일 간격으로 확인한 결과 40일차에서 농진고는 청색 200㏓ L값이 41.75(±1.61)로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 녹색은 300㏓에서 45.43(±3.01), 백색은 200㏓에서 46.85(±5.52) 순이었다. 광원 종류별 L값은 청색에서 가장 큰 감소를 보였고 백색, 녹색, 적색 순이었다. 산조701호는 농진고에 비해 L값이 적게 떨어지는 것을 확인하였고, 광원 종류별 L값의 감소는 농진고와 같은 경향을 보여 청색, 백색, 녹색, 적색 순으로 나타났다.