1992년 한국과 중국의 수교 이후, 양국은 30년 동안 경제, 교육, 문화 등 다방면의 교류를 통해 비약적인 성장을 이룩하였다. 현재 급변하고 있는 세계질서 속에서 양 국은 인문교류를 비롯한 수많은 관계 속에서 전략적 동반자로까지 관계가 격상되었 으나, 최근 서로를 불편하게 바라보는 시선을 넘어 혐오와 불신이 사회 전반으로 퍼 지게 되는 지경까지 이르렀다. 본 연구에서는 중앙정부 제도적 장치와 지방정부 및 민간 차원의 인문교류 과정들을 분석하여 양국 교류 중에 나타날 수 있는 갈등 및 오해를 발생 요인들을 정치·안보, 역사·문화, 사회 등 다각적인 관점으로 규명하여 양국의 관계가 지속 발전될 수 있도록 가교역할을 할 수 있는 인문교류 메커니즘의 보완적 필요에 대한 고찰과 함께 향후 양국관계가 나아가야 할 방향성에 대해 제언 하고자 한다.

The Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has been cooperating with AfricaRice since 2014 for the eradication of hunger and poverty in Africa through sustainable agriculture and its industrialization. At first, rice breeding activities for staple food production started with KAFACI member countries by sharing high-yielding Tongil-type rice breeding lines and varieties. The Africa Rice Development Partnership project entitled “Enhancement of high-yielding rice germplasm and breeding capacity of rice producing countries in Africa” is implemented for the period from 2016 to 2025 with three phases. The actual rice breeding activities have been conducted by applying anther culture haploid breeding technology in the laboratory and field of AfricaRice Saint-Louis center. The 1,547 elite lines selected through participatory variety selection were distributed to 21 national breeders of KAFACI member countries. These lines derived from the 1,181 cross combination and 34,616 breeding lines on Korea and AfricaRice germplasm crossed. Among them 11 new Tongil-type rice varieties have been selected and registered in the national variety catalogue of Senegal, Mali, Rwanda, Malawi, and Tanzania.

Climate change has severely impacted food security and agricultural productivity in Africa. The scarcity of rains and the severe drought affecting the Sub-Saharan and the horn of Africa have impoverished the soil, and water resources, and have caused the death of livestock in countries like Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Niger, and etc. On the other hand, the usage of chemical fertilizers for soil and crop nutrients is becoming an economic and environmental burden for African farmers. Thus, the necessity to implement sustainable agricultural technics to maintain and improve soil fertility by applying natural nutrients obtained from livestock manure while livestock is fed with crop residues in a single agricultural area. Although this farming system offers environmental and economic benefits to farmers, particularly in the rural and semi-urban areas, its implementation is very low in Africa because of: 1) constant migration of herders in the search of green pasture for livestock, making the collection of manure difficult, 2) religious and traditional beliefs considering animal waste as not being pure to be applied on crops, 3) conflicts between herders and farmers over the control of water resources and arable lands, making the cohabitation of livestock and crops in one farmland unlikely, and 4) the habit of crop residues burning, which is not just harmful to the environment but also a waste of natural livestock fed. Based on the reviewed literature, the Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) plans to develop and implement an integrated crop-livestock project in KAFACI member countries with the mission 1) to diffuse the importance of using natural nutrients for improving soil fertility and enhancing crop and livestock productivity in Africa, 2) to train researchers and farmers on new technologies for manure treatments, 3) to demonstrate the benefits of using livestock manure for soil fertility, crops nutrients, while using crop residues as livestock nutrients, and 4) contribute to enhancing sustainable agriculture in Africa through the reduction of greenhouse gas by reducing livestock’s waste and crop residues burning.

본 연구과제는 아시아지역 AFACI(Asian Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative) 회원 13개국을 대상으로 토마토 또는 고추 품종육성 기술을 지원하기 위해 수행 되었다. AFACI 회원국 별 채소 육종 및 종자 생산, 가공, 유통 기술 수준 차이가 크다. 라오스, 미얀마, 캄보디아 등의 회원국에서는 자가 종자 생산이 어려워 필 요 종자의 70~80%를 다른 나라에서 수입하여 활용하고 있다. AFACI 회원국들의 자가 종자 생산기술 향상을 통한 자체 종자 생산을 지원하기 위해 회원국들의 요 청을 받아 고추 또는 토마토 작목의 품종육성 기술지원을 수행하였다. 회원국에서 보유하고 있는 다양한 재래종 자원들의 수집, 평가 및 선발과 세계채소센터에서 육성한 자원들을 공급받아 육종 재료로 활용하였다. 본 과제는 2019년 11월부터 2022년 10월까지 1단계 과정을 통해 회원국별로 다양한 성과들을 창출하고 있다. 효율적인 기술지원을 위해 세계채소센터 전문가들을 활용하여 육종 기술과 재료 들을 공급하였다. 2단계에서는 1단계에서 확보된 다양한 자원들을 활용한 우수 고 정종 품종 등록과 일대잡종 품종육성 기술을 지원할 계획이다. 육성된 품종들은 국가별 품종 등록 절차에 따라 품종보호출원 및 농가 보급을 추진할 계획이다. 1 단계에서는 코로나 19로 인한 대면 교육이 불가능하여 국내 종자회사들과의 소통 이 어려웠다. 하지만 2단계에서는 대면 교육 기회를 확대하고, 국내 채소 종자 업 체와 회원국의 연구원들 간의 소통을 확대하여 국내 종자 기업들의 해외 진출에 도 기여 할 수 있도록 노력할 계획이다.

팥나방은 콩과작물 특히 팥을 가해하는 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 팥나방의 생물적 특징을 알아보기 위해 발육단계별 발육기간, 성 충의 수명과 번식능력을 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34°C 항온조건에서 조사하였다. 알은 7°C와 34°C를 제외한 모든 항온조건에서 부화 하였고 유충은 13~28°C 온도조건에서 성공적으로 성충으로 발육하였다. 알의 발육기간은 25°C까지 온도가 상승할수록 짧아지다가 이후 온도 에서 길어지는 경향을 보였다. 유충, 번데기의 발육기간과 성충수명은 온도가 상승할수록 감소하였다. 팥나방 발육단계별 발육 최저, 최고 한계는 LRF와 SSI모델을 이용하여 계산하였고 발육영점온도와 유효적산온일도는 선형회귀분석을 이용하였다. 1령 유충 부화부터 성충출현까지의 발 육영점온도와 유효적산일은 9.1°C와 264.5DD였다. SSI모델을 이용한 부화부터 성충출현까지 발육최저 및 최고온도는 20.0°C과 32.3°C였고 이들간의 차이 즉 발육적정온도범위는 12.3°C였다. 온도와 관련된 팥나방 성충의 생존과 산란특성을 이용하여 산란모형을 작성하였다. 본 연구 에서 제시한 온도발육모형과 산란모형은 야외에서 팥나방의 개체군동태를 이해하고 콩과작물의 종합적인 해충군관리체계 확립에 기여할 것으로 보인다.

어리팥나방은 콩을 가해하는 Matsumuraeses속 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 어리팥나방의 개체군동태를 예측하기 위하여 발육단계별 발육기간, 성충의 수명과 번식능력을 10, 13, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31°C 항온조건에서 조사하였다. 알은 조사된 모든 항온조건에서 부화하였고, 유충 은 10, 13, 31°C를 제외한 온도조건에서 성공적으로 성충으로 발육하였다. 발육단계별 발육기간과 성충 수명은 온도가 상승할수록 감소하였다. 어리팥나방 발육단계별 발육영점온도와 유효적산일은 선형회귀방법을 이용하여 추정하였고 발육최저, 최고한계는 LRF와 SSI모델을 이용하여 계산하였다. 1령 유충 부화부터 성충출현까지의 발육영점온도와 유효적산일은 10.2°C와 492.04DD였다. SSI모델을 이용한 부화부터 성충출현 까지 발육최저 및 최고온도는 16.7°C과 29.1°C였고 이들간의 차이 즉 발육적정온도범위는 12.4°C였다. 온도와 관련된 어리팥나방 성충의 생존 과 산란특성을 이용하여 산란모형을 작성하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 온도발육모형과 산란모형은 어리팥나방의 개체군모형 작성과 콩 작물의 종 합적인 해충군관리체계 확립에 기여할 것으로 보인다.

Food toxins are regarded as a major source of health risks, serious illnesses susceptible to even death. These dangerous pathogens may lead to significant economic impact worldwide. The food production chain undergoes different stages like harvesting, processing, storage, packaging, distribution, and lastly preparation, and consumption. Therefore, each step is susceptible to risks of environmental contamination. Nowadays, the carbon quantum dots (CDs) are regarded as one of the most widely used hybrid carbon nanomaterials due to their different magical physical and chemical properties. The CDs have a size below 10 nm and show the fluorescent property. The CDs find vast applications in different fields like sensing, food safety, drug delivery, bioimaging, catalyst, energy conversion, etc. Compared to other available methods, the fluorescence detection techniques have low cost, easy handling, and safe operating system. There is a need for a review to compile the fluorescence properties of carbon nanodots used to detect food pathogens. This brief review is addressed in that direction and mostly focused on the synthesis of carbon dots-based fluorescence sensors for detecting pathogens and toxins in foods and beverages. The detailed mechanisms and origin of fluorescence properties of carbon quantum dots are also highlighted herewith.

In order to manufacture a mask to prepare for infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and yellow dust, it is manufactured through the process of input, fusion, cutting, band attachment, defect inspection, and packaging. Domestic mask producers introduced Chinese facilities to keep up with explosive demand due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in 2020, but serious problems arise in durability. Therefore, domestic processing and tooling companies have developed and supplied molds, but since supply is not smooth compared to demand, research on the development of mask molds with durability reliability is urgently needed to supply masks stably. This technology development aims to supply a mask with excellent quality to a market by applying dots capable of welding and re-painting to a mold for cutting applied to a mask manufacturing process and developing dots optimized for paper angles.

In this study, we intend to develop a control valve with oxidation resistance for hydrogen fluoride that can be applied to the semiconductor production process. Operated Valves currently in use is a form of assembling an air cylinder to the valve body. These valves generally have a cylinder body made of aluminum (Al), so they may corrode depending on the external environment, and the solution leaks along the rod inside the cylinder, causing damage to parts due to corrosion. To solve this problem, the valve plug shape was developed by devising and applying a plug using a valve different from the existing method, and it is possible to block the inflow of hydrogen fluoride into the valve control unit, thereby preventing damage to parts as well as maintaining stable valve operation.

In this study, to develop and verify the Jeju-type groundwater thermal system design program, the energy consumption and system performance derived by input into the design program based on the load calculated on the demonstration site and the groundwater temperature were compared and analyzed with the actual measured values. The theoretical values ​​of energy consumption and heating and cooling COP ​​obtained through the Jeju-type groundwater thermal system design program were 11.24kW, 5.28 for heating, 13.31kW, 3.94 for cooling respectively. The measured values ​​of energy consumption and COP of the Jeju-type groundwater thermal system were 3967.2kW and 4.5, respectively. The error between the theoretical value and the measured value obtained through the design program is 0% and 2.39%, respectively. The errors that occur in the predicted values ​​and the actual values ​​are due to variables that are ignored in the system assumptions. If users consider errors and use it when designing groundwater thermal systems, they can estimate the cost of required drilling works, heat exchangers, and heat pumps and analyze economic feasibility.

The prediction of algal bloom is an important field of study in algal bloom management, and chlorophyll-a concentration(Chl-a) is commonly used to represent the status of algal bloom. In, recent years advanced machine learning algorithms are increasingly used for the prediction of algal bloom. In this study, XGBoost(XGB), an ensemble machine learning algorithm, was used to develop a model to predict Chl-a in a reservoir. The daily observation of water quality data and climate data was used for the training and testing of the model. In the first step of the study, the input variables were clustered into two groups(low and high value groups) based on the observed value of water temperature(TEMP), total organic carbon concentration(TOC), total nitrogen concentration(TN) and total phosphorus concentration(TP). For each of the four water quality items, two XGB models were developed using only the data in each clustered group(Model 1). The results were compared to the prediction of an XGB model developed by using the entire data before clustering(Model 2). The model performance was evaluated using three indices including root mean squared error-observation standard deviation ratio(RSR). The model performance was improved using Model 1 for TEMP, TN, TP as the RSR of each model was 0.503, 0.477 and 0.493, respectively, while the RSR of Model 2 was 0.521. On the other hand, Model 2 shows better performance than Model 1 for TOC, where the RSR was 0.532. Explainable artificial intelligence(XAI) is an ongoing field of research in machine learning study. Shapley value analysis, a novel XAI algorithm, was also used for the quantitative interpretation of the XGB model performance developed in this study.

본 논문에서는 BIM을 활용한 흙막이 시스템을 개발하고 소개한다. 선행 연구 분석을 통해서 흙막이 BIM 시스템을 이루는 기술들 에 대한 조사를 바탕으로 요소 기술들을 개발하였다. 첫 번째 요소 기술로, 선행 연구 및 표준 등을 활용해 BIM라이브러리를 구축하여 범용성과 재사용성을 확보하였다. 두 번째로, 토공 2D 기반의 토공 물량 산출법들을 분석하고 흙막이 BIM 시스템으로 활용하되 추가 로 IDW 보간법을 활용하여 지형 생성 및 토공량 산출 시스템을 구축하였다. 세 번째로, 물량 산출을 위한 4가지 수식을 제안하여 객체 마다 각각 다르게 물량 산출법을 적용하여 개발하였다. 이후, 시스템에서 산출되는 물량산출서와 2D 기반 물량산출서와의 비교와 검 증을 통해서 시스템이 앞으로 나아가야할 방향과 한계에 대해 알아보았다.

본 연구에서는 비닐멀칭된 외두둑에서의 배추 수확을 위한 시작기(A, B-1, B-2)를 설계 및 제작하였고, 시험을 통해 배추 수확을 위한 인발 장치부, 절단 장치부, 이송 장치부 등의 작업공정별 성능과 전체 작업성능을 분석하였다. 이론 분석을 통해 작업속도 0.2 m/s, 이송 벨트 각도 20∼35°, 이론적 이송 벨트의 적정 이송 속도를 작업속도보다 1.5배 빠르게 설정하여 청풍 및 춘광 품종을 대상으로 현장시험을 실시하였다. A형 시험 결과, 인발⋅이송성능은 성공률이 50% 수준으로 낮았으며, 절단성능의 경우 배추의 상품성이 양호한 경우가 35%, 과절단된 경우가 10% 및 미절단된 경우가 55%로 전반적으로 배추의 절단상태가 불량하였다. B형 시험 결과, 스핀들 인발장치는 비닐멀칭된 두둑에서는 감김현상으로 작업이 불가하였으며, 비닐멀칭없는 두둑에서의 인발⋅이송성능은 성공률이 78% 수준으로 A형보다 높아졌으나, 절단성능의 경우 배추의 상품성이 양호한 경우가 7.7%, 과절단된 경우가 15.4% 및 미절단된 경우가 76.9% 로 오히려 배추 절단상태는 더욱 불량해진 것으로 나타났다. 본 시작기의 비닐멀칭된 두둑에서의 현장시험 결과, 배추 인발, 절단 및 이송성능이 불량하게 나타나 인발, 절단, 이송작업에서의 전반적인 구조개선이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

이 연구의 목적은 공공기관이 스마트시티 사업을 수행함에 있어 어느 정도의 수준과 역량을 보유하고 있는지 판단하기 위한 수준진단 프레임워크를 수립하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적 달성을 위해 기존의 지자체 GIS수준평가 방법과 국토부의 스마트시 티 인증체계 기준, 미래사회의 변화 모습 등 다양한 요소를 검토하여 최종적으로는 스마트시티 인프라역량, 기술 및 데이터 보유역 량, 연계통합역량, 미래의 스마트시티 정책수용역량 등 4개의 분야의 총 50개 세부 항목을 도출하고, 이를 계량화시킬 수 있는 틀을 마련하였다. 이 프레임워크를 공공기관 A, B, C에 적용한 결과를 상호비교하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 스마트시티 사업수행 수준진단 틀은 각 기관에서 시간이 흐른 후에 역량 변화에 활용될 수도 있고, 각 기관의 특성에 맞게 일부 세부항목을 변경하여 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 각 기관이 스마트시티 분야의 활동계획과 전략을 수립하기 위해, SWOT 분석 대신 활용할 수 있을 것이다

Since the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese war in 1937, the entire Korean Peninsula has entered a full-fledged wartime system. Japan enacted laws that strongly regulate the distribution of various resources for war, and the same was implemented in Joseon. In particular, as iron, copper, lead, tin, and aluminum were mobilized as raw materials for military supplies such as weapons, private distribution decreased significantly, which had a great impact on the construction industry. As the use of metal such as steel as building materials requires permission from the provincial governor, it has become difficult to supply and demand except for some military facilities. In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry encouraged research and development and manufacturing to promote the so-called “substitute goods industry” to make up for the shortage of supplies. Products with improved performance through chemical treatment by injecting only a small amount of the same raw material than before or using alternative raw materials have been developed. It was intended to overcome the limitations of lack of raw materials through the chemical industry. In terms of building materials, various substitutes were produced due to the incorporation of petrochemicals and the use of synthetic resins. This trend continued even after the end of the war and served as one of the backgrounds for R&D and production of new materials without returning to the “substitute goods.”

The TMD has a simpler structure than other vibration control devices and shows excellent control performance for the standardized vibration occurring in the structure. However, when the vibration cycle of the structure coincides with the vibration cycle of the TMD due to the sudden external loads, the off-tuning occurs, which threatens the structure while increasing the vibration width of the TMD. Therefore, Electromagnetic Tuned Mass Damper (ETMD) was developed as a semi-active TMD that prevents off-tuning while exhibiting excellent control performance like TMD. To verify the control performance of the developed ETMD, the bending behavior control performance evaluation experiment using a simple beam bridge was performed. The experimental method compared the mutual control power by experimenting with the existing TMD method and the developed ETMD under nine excitation frequency conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that the control effect of ETMD was about 4.85% higher than that of TMD at 3.02Hz, which generates the maximum displacement in the simple beam bridge. Also, the off-tuning occurred in some excitation conditions when using TMD, although the off-tuning did not occur when using ETMD. Therefore, the excellent control performance of the ETMD developed in this study was verified.

Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a functional fluid in which flow characteristics change into magnetic force due to its magnetic particles. When the semi-active control device does not use MRF for a long time, precipitation of magnetic particles and abnormal control force occur. Thus, Electro Magneto-Rheological Fluid (EMRF), which improves the precipitation of magnetic particles for MRF and exhibits existing control performance, was developed in this study. First, the optimal mix proportion ratio was selected by conducting a precipitation experiment and a controlled force test by varying the content of grease based on the existing MRF components. Also, EMRF was applied to the shear-type damper to evaluate the control performance when applied to the control device. The cylinder-type damper was developed to apply to the structure, and control performance evaluation was conducted. The result confirmed that the precipitation of the magnetic particles was improved, while the damper using EMRF exhibited excellent control performance.

A thermally conductive film can be used to laterally conduct heat along the surface of glass windows, toward its edges where a heat sink could be located, thereby reducing temperature differential between the inside and outside surfaces of the window and thus lowering cross-sectional conductive heat transfer. This technique can offer optimized thermal energy management to modern buildings without the weight and cost of double- or triple-glazed window panels. In this work, a thermally conductive film was developed using carbon dots with inherently high thermal conductivity. Nitrogen atoms were then added to the carbon dots structure to intensify high-frequency phonon that would result in higher lateral thermal conductivity. The nitrogen-decorated carbon dots (NCDs) were prepared by a simple hydrothermal synthesis of citric acid with the addition of ethylenediamine as the N source. The NCDs were added to a cellulose-based solution and drop-casted onto FTO glass resulting in a transparent, laterally thermally conductive film, that also blocks ultraviolet (UV) and high-intensity blue light radiation. The visible-light transmission of the NCDs’ film was found to be up to 65%, comparable to the commercial solar films. The lateral thermal conductivity of the NCDs’ film increases with increasing N content up to an optimum level, suggesting the role of N to “concentrate’ the high-frequency phonons responsible for effective lateral thermal conductivity of the films.

Flipped learning research has been applied in various educational fields since 2015 and the educational effects have been discussed in previous literature. In the beauty field, flipped learning research is insufficient; in particular, it is difficult to find research on flipped learning specifically concerning nail beauty education. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for applying flipped learning to nail beauty education which should involve practical training based on theory. Such an approach is considered effective. Data were collected and analyzed focusing on previous studies with flipped learning applied as a research method. The subject of the research is “Nail Color Design 1”, a common nail major elective subject at J college. The “Nail Color Design 1” course is a practice-oriented course in the form of theory and practical classes. Consequently, the flipped learning education model for nail beauty was designed by reflecting learners’ needs through the ADDIE instructional design model. It was applied based on the education structure of the Pre-class, In-class, and Post-class of the PARTNER instructional learning model. This study deviates from the traditional practical education model, and has educational significance as a practical model in which flipped learning is applied to nail beauty subjects and self-reflection is derived through project practice.