This is the first record of endoparasitic Hymenoptera Apanteles galleriae recorded from Apis cerana colonies in Korea. A simple rearing protocol was established to allow the morphology, mating behavior and infestation rate of A galleriae. In total, 55 lesser wax moth fresh cocoons were kept in the tissue culture test plate at room temperature (25.6 ± 1.5˚C, RH 21 ± 3.7%). The females were 3.4 ± 0.3 longer than male 3.3 ± 0.2. The male antenna was longer than females. The copulation lasts 24.4 ± 2.4 seconds. The larvae of A. galleriae were pupated inside the cocoons of lesser wax moth. Ninety percent of adults A. galleriae was successfully emerged from the lesser wax moth cocoons. A. galleriae can be used as bio-logical control in store and in live colonies to control lesser wax moth.

Social parasitism was occasionally found some Polistes species as well as Vespa species like Vespa dybowskii. In this summer, we newly discovered interspecific facultative parasitic relationship between two closely Polistes species, Polistes djakonovi and Polistes mandarinus, in a rural area of Machi-ri (N35°47′35.05″ E127°15′30.48″), Wanju-gun of Jeonbuk, South Korea. Individuals of P. djakonovi closely resemble individuals of P. mandarinus in their color pattern. Accordingly, the morphological similarity between two species should motivate the parasitism for the invader species. We obviously recognized case of typical social parasitism as follows. 1) P. mandarinus dwelling together in a nest of P. djakonovi, 2) A discovered yellow cocoon cap of P. mandarinus in the nest (cf. color of cocoon cap of P. djakonovi is white). Wecollected 2 females of P. mandarinus among all 30 individuals (14 females and 16 males) in the nest. However, we could not comprehend their ecological characteristics because this phenomenon was discovered after removing of this nest.

It was first recorded that Elasmus japonicus Ashmead had occurred from three Polistes nests in Busan city, Wanju-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun of South Korea. The 2 females and 14 males were collected from the nest of Polistes rothneyi koreanus in Busan city (N35°17′57.71″ E129°06′33.24″), 12 females and 2 males from P. djakonovi in Wanju-gun (N35°47′35.05″ E127°15′30.48″), 18 females and 3 males from P. snelleni in Pyeongchang-gun (N37°39′7.84″ E128°35′15.81″). P. rothneyi koreanus and P. djakonovi were first recorded as new hosts. To date, two Elasmus species, E. nephantidis and E. viridiceps, have been reported from South Korea. In this study, we provide diagnosis, description, and photos of female and photos of male of E. japonicus.

The genus Thomsonina is a small group of Proctotrupidae, with two described species in Palaearctic region: T. boops from Europe; T. scymni from Japan. These species are parasitoids of Scymnus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Genus Nothoserphus was erected on the single species N. mirabilis Brues (1940) from Taiwan (Oriental). Since then two genera, Thomsonina Hellén (1941) from Europe (Western-Palaearctic) and Watanabeia Masner (1958) from Japan (Eastern-Palaearctic), proposed and the taxonomy was revised by Townes (1981) who synonymized Thomsonina and Watanabeia, including three species groups (boops- group, afissae-group and mirabilis-group). At present one genus classification Nothoserphus, is universally accepted. But, Masner (1958) suggested that Thomsonina and Watanabeia should be separated in two distinct genera from the Nothoserphus. This is supported by the different characters and biological data. In this study, the Authors are also agree to the Masner’s proposal and first report the genus Thomsonina from South Korea based on T. scymni. Also, we provide comparison of main different characters and host data for three genera.

The superfamily Proctotrupoidea is cosmopolitan and diverse group comprising 11 extant families: Austroniidae, Diapriidae, Heloridae, Maamingidae, Monomachidae, Pelecinidae, Peradeniidae, Proctorenyxidae, Proctotrupidae, Roproniidae, Vanhorniidae. But, Recently a separate superfamily Diaprioidea was recognized to include Diapriidae, Monomachidae and Maamingidae (Sharkey, 2007; Sharkey et al., 2012). Among them, three families are found in South Korea: Heloridae (Choi et al., 2012), Diapriidae (Notton, 1994), Proctotrupidae (Choi et al, 2012; Lee et al., 1988; Lee et al., 2008). Proctorenyxidae Lelej & Kozlov, a very small family of Proctotrupoidea, contains only 2 genera with 2 species in the world: Hsiufuropronia chaoi Yang, 1997 from China; Proctorenyxa incredibilis (Kozlov) from Russian Far East. These are morphologically distinguished from other families of Proctotrupoidea families by the following combination of characteristics: antennal scape very short; vein Rs of fore wing not bifurcated apically; fore wing with pterostigma; gaster with narrow petiole; tergite 8 with two spiracles. And, the biology of this family is completely unknown. Here we report one unrecorded species, Proctorenyxa incredibilis (Kozlov, 1994), for the first time in Korea and provide photographs for the diagnostic characters.

Subfamily Ismarinae traditionally has been belong to the superfamily Proctotrupoidea, family Diapriidae. But recently, Sharkey (2007) has been placed family diapriidae in a separate superfamily of the infraorder Proctrupomorpha, the Diaprioidea, together with the New Zealand endemic Maamingidae and the cosmopolitan and speciose Diapriidae. After, subfamily Ismarinae is raised to family status Ismaridae stat. nov., also included the family Ismaridae within Diaprioidea (sharkey et al. 2011). The superfamily Diaprioidea Haliday, 1833 is a moderate large group of parasitoid wasps. Diaprioidea comprise five families (four extant family: Diapriidae Haliday 1833, Ismaridae Thomson 1858, Maamingidae Early, Masner, Naumann & Austin 2001 and Monomachidae Ashmead 1902; one fossile family Spathiopterygidae Engel & Ortega-Blanco 2013) of generally fairly small wasps, with a total of 2,109 species in the world. Family Ismaridae is a small family contains a single genus and 32 described species in the world and previously unrecorded in Korea. Ismaridae is morphologically distinguished from other families of Diaprioidea by the following combination of characteristics: antennae inserted close to the clypeus; position of toruli that are opening forward (not upward); notauli absent, with mesocutum broadly arched in lateral view; antennal formula 15-14. Also, the biology of this family is very poorly studied, only a few species known as hyperparasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) through dryinids (Hymenoptera). In this study, A new species, Ismarussp. nov. and one unrecorded species, Ismarus halidayi Foerster 1850, are reported from South Korea. Photographs of diagnostic characters are provided herein.

Earlier, Ceraphronoids group has been belong to the superfamily Proctotrupoidea sensu lato, as polyphyletic group. But, Masner and Dessart (1967) proposed this group as a separate superfamily, Ceraphronoidea to include Ceraphronidae and Megaspilidae. At present Ceraphronoidea comprised of two families with 27 genera and 603 species described worldwide (except fossil family Stigmaphronidae), though a great many species are still undescribed. This group is morphologically distinguished from other Hymenoptera superfamilies by the following combination of characteristics: two protibial spurs present; forewing C+Sc fused, Rs vein upcurved; metasomal segment II large; metasomal spiracles absent. Ceraphronoids are small group of Parasitic Apocrita of Hymenoptera. They majority are endoparasitoids of a wide range of insects under Diptera, Homoptera (superfamily Coccoidea), Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Thysanoptera. However, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenopera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Heteroptera, spider eggs, and ticks are also attacked. And some species are hyperparasitoids of aphidiinae braconids. Ceraphronoidea has been studied in South Korea mainly by Paik (1994). He recognized the presence of only four species in Megaspilidae as follows: Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis, 1826), D. longispinus (Yasumatus & Moritsu, 1947), D. pupparum (De geer, 1776) and D. remicornis (Boheman, 1832). As a result of this study, 2 families and 2 genera of Ceraphronoidea, Ceraphron in Ceraphronidae, Conostigmus in Megaspilidae are recognized in South Korea. Also, above one family Ceraphronidae and all genera are newly recorded for the first time. We provide comparison of important diagnostic characters with two families and color photographs.

The genus of Stomaphis (Aphididae: Lachninae) is stem or root feeding aphid on trees and can be easily distinguished in having the very long rostrum which extends beyond the length of body. Most of species are monoecious holocyclic without host alternation and attended by ants. Based on body appearance and COI gene sequence, we report a Stomaphis betulidahuricae Zhang and Qio, 1999 (Aphididae: Lachninae) for the first time in Korea, on Carpinus cordata Bl., C. laxiflora Bl., and Acer palmatum Thunb.

PURPOSES : This study deals with first traffic violations occurred by novice drivers, which may be associated with traffic accidents. The objective of this study is to identify what kinds of drivers' characteristics influence on duration till the first traffic violation. METHODS : For the study, Survival Analysis and Cox proportional hazard model, that are usually used in the medical field, were employed. Survival Analysis was conducted to investigate whether there exist differences in survival duration by each covariate, whereas Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify significant factors that affect survival duration till novice drivers violate traffic regulations for the first time after getting a driver license. RESULTS : The results of Survival Analysis indicate that female, age (less than 21), low-frequency examinee of written exam, and non-crash involved drivers have longer duration till the first violation compared to male, greater than 21 years old, high-frequency examinee of written exam, and crash involved drivers, respectively. For the Cox proportional hazard model, license class 1 acquisitor was found to increase the survival duration till the first traffic violation was made, while male, age of 21-24, age of 25-34, age of 45-54, and crash involved drivers were more likely to reduce the survival duration. CONCLUSIONS : Absolutely, traffic violation is closely related to traffic accidents and all of the drivers should keep the traffic regulations to enhance highway safety. The results of this study might provide some insights to construct safe road environments by controlling the factors that reduce the traffic violation duration of novice drivers.

한국산 거저리과 르위스거저리아과에 속한 미기록종 Ades masidai Nakane (딱정벌레목: 거저리과) 보고하고자 한다. 이 종에 대한, 재기재문, 진단형질 그림과 성충사진을 표시하였다.

This paper explores rich and complex implications of Marcel Duchamp's Mile of String which he created for “First Papers of Surrealism,” the Surrealist international exhibition in New York in 1942. Part of a larger project devoted to investigating Duchamp's role in Surrealist exhibitions and his relation to the avant-garde group, this paper focuses on Duchamp's exhibition installation in the 1942 show. Under the title of “générateur-arbitre” Duchamp played an important role as installation and exhibition designer in a series of major Surrealist exhibitions in the 1930's-1960's. The “First Papers of Surrealism” was held by Surrealists who exiled in New York during World War I, and Duchamp created a labyrinthine installation of string for the exhibition, which physically blocked the spectator and optically hindered his or her contemplative view. Unraveling the intricately related meanings of Mile of String as an independent work of art and an installation for a specific exhibition, I examine the work on two levels: frst, how the work was situated in the context of Duchamp's oeuvre, particularly his earlier work employing string or thread; second, how and in what way the installation rendered a critique on Surrealism as a group and an avant-garde movement. More specifically, by exploring the concepts of ‘pataphysics’ and voluntary ‘nomadism’ implicated in Duchamp's work, I suggest that his Mile of String asserted a critical stance against nationalism and collective identity of Surrealism and manifested a radical individualism founded upon what he called the spirit of ‘expatriation.’

2012년 경남 창원의 농약 무살포 단감원에서 단감 잎을 가해하는 해충을 조사한 결과 국내에서 단감 해충으로 기록되지 않은 3종을 채집 동정하였다. 동정된 종은 몸노랑들명나방, 우묵날개원뿔나방, 사과잎말이나방이었다. 이들의 채집기록, 형태, 기주와 간단한 생태를 조사하여 보고한다.

fossil species. It consists of four genera, Caenosclerogibba Yasumatsu, Probethylus Ashmead, Sclerogibba Riggio & De Stefani-Perez and Pterosclerogibba Olmi. Thirteen species of two genera (60% of species worldwide) are known from the Oriental region. However, no species was reported in Cambodia so far. Even though the detailed biology of the sclerogibbids is poorly known, they are ectoparasitoids of the webspinners (Embiidina). From the present study, three species of the family are recognized for the first time from Cambodia: Sclerogibba talpiformis Benoit, S. rapax Olmi and S. impressa Olmi. Diagnoses and photographs for each species are presented.

Olibrus Erichson, 1845 and Olibrus particeps Mulsant & Rey, 1861 (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Phalacridae) are reported from Korea for the first time and historical review of the taxonomic position of this genus is provided. The genus Olibrus Erichson is one of the common phalacrid beetles being widely distributed throughout the world. This genus is easily distinguished from other phalacrid genera by combination of the following characters: Antennae inserted at sides of front, base visible from above; Last segment of antenna softly indented; Basal metatarsomere shorter than second; Elytral surface very polished. O. particeps was found in Andong-si and Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do of Korea, bringing the number of species within the Korean Phalacridae to 2 species. In this study, we provide a redescription of O. particeps Mulsant & Rey, and illustrations of its genitals and other appendages.

The subfamily Lycorininae Cushman & Rohwer, 1920 is a small group with a single genus, Lycorina. This subfamily can be easily distinguished from other ichneumonids subfamilies by the following characters: impreesed triangular pattern on the metasomal tergites, tergite 2-4 with convex central triangular area; hypopygium of female large and triangular in lateral view, centrally membranous and with small median apical notch. Genus Lycorina is a cosmopolitan genus with 30 described species (Yu et al., 2012). Also, from this genus have been reported five species in Eastern Palaearctic region, six species from China, two species from Japan and one species for the first time from Korea. The focal host range appears to be weakly concealed larva of micro-lepidopteran species. Some species have been reared from Crambidae in leaf-rolls or webs (Doerksen & Neunzig, 1974; Finlayson, 1976) and Tortricidae (Chao, 1980; Shaw, 2004). In this study we report one newly recorded to Korea species, Lycorina triangulifera Holmgren, 1859 and provide the diagnosis and photographs.

The purpose of this study is to explore L1 use in L2 writing from the perspective of Vygotskian Sociocultural Theory (SCT). We examine whether generating ideas in L1,compared to generating ideas in L2, results in inferior L2 writing. The participants were 42 Korean EFL students. As part of the course requirements, the students were required to hand in 400-word essays on a given topic. Once the writing was completed,they were asked to write down about what language(s) they used to prepare for the assignment and why they used this language or these languages. The data analysis used here stems from two ways in which the data were coded, use of language(s) during idea generation and a global-level essay analysis. This study has shown that more than half of students use their L1 while writing in L2 to some extent. Regarding the effect of L1use on L2 text quality, L1 use does not appear to be negatively related to L2 text quality. This does not confirm the results of earlier research, which suggested that L1use has a detrimental effect on L2 text quality. We argue that the L1 is an already internalized and very effective meditational means that learners will resort to,principally for discovering and shaping meaning and as support in moments of cognitive difficulty.

한국산 애기버섯벌레과(Ciidae, Leach)에 속한 애기버섯속(Cis Latreille) 분류학적으로 검토하였다. 이 속에 속한 Cis boleti (Scopoli, 1763); Cis seriatopilosus Motschulsky, 1861; Cis mikagensis Nobuchi & Wada, 1955; Cis jezoensis Nobuchi, 1960; Cis sasajii Kawanabe, 2001; Cis hieroglyphicus Reitter, 1877 등 6종을 국내에서 처음으로 분류학적으로 검토하여 보고하였다. 또한 야외관찰과 실내사육을 통해 6종에 대한 숙주버섯을 처음으로 밝혀 보고 하였다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 한국산 애기버섯벌레속에 대한 분류학적 정보와 더불어 한국산 종들의 숙주버섯에 대한 생태적 정보를 제공하였다.

漢文 敎科 敎育에서 經書의 經文은 많은 교육 내용을 포함하고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 경서 교육의 중요성에 비해 이에 관련된 연구는 많이 부족하였다. 필자 는 지금까지 교과서에 수록된 사서의 經文과 관련된 연구를 진행하던 중 몇 가지 큰 문제점을 발견하였다. 우선, 한문 교과서 경문 제시의 문제를 살펴보면, 첫째로 현재 중학교 1학년 교과서의 경서 단원 구성은 체계적이지 못했다. 경서 교육의 목표를 효율적으로 달성하기 위해서는 교과서의 단원들이 유기적으로 구성되어야 하고 교육 목표도 더욱 상세하게 진술해 주어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 懸吐․句讀의 제시 방법에 관한 구체적인 기준이 없는 문제를 확인할 수 있다. 이에 따라 한문 독해에서 懸吐․句讀의 제시방법에 대한 객관적 실험연구가 필요한 실정이다. 마지막으로 經文을 제시할 때 전체 경문을 제시하기보다는 대부분 斷章으로 제시하 고 있었다. 經文의 斷章이 잘못되었을 경우 經文의 의미를 제대로 파악할 수 없 는 문제가 발생한다. 즉, 효과적인 斷章에 대한 방안이 모색되어야 할 것이다. 다 음으로 한문 교과서 수록 경문의 난이도 문제이다. 현재 중학교 1학년에 수록된 사서 경문들은 겉으로 보이기는 쉬운 문장처럼 보이나 그 함의는 매우 깊다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 중학교 교과서의 수록 경문이나 고등학교 수록 경문의 차이는 극명 하게 나타나지는 않는다. 이는 사서 경문의 난이도에 대한 위계화가 이루어지지 못한 것이 가장 큰 이유이다. 따라서 객관적으로 경문의 수준을 위계화 하는 방안 이 필요하다. 이러한 문제점을 보다 체계적이고 객관적으로 접근하여 경서교육에 적용한다면 더욱 효과적인 교육이 이루어질 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.