The purpose of this study is to analyze the kinematic variables due to the course change in the first serve of high school girl tennis athletes using three dimensional video analysis and to produce kinetic variables using ground reaction force to understa

We report for the first time the occurrence of DWV-infected bumble bees (Bombus ignitus). For the present study, the detection of DWV virus from the female and male bumble bee was investigated in the same colony. The Deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybee (Apis mellifera) is closely associated with characteristic wing deformities, abdominal bloating, paralysis, and rapid mortality of emerging adult bees. Using specific RT-PCR protocols for the detection of DWV followed by sequencing of the PCR products we could demonstrate that the bumble bees were indeed infected with DWV. The virus was detected from Bombus ignitus, and its partial DWV gene was cloned and sequenced. The partial DWV gene encoding the polyprotein is 711-nt of 235 amino acid residues. The deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV showed 96.9%, 96.2%, 96.8%, and 96.5% homology to other structure polyprotein partial gene of DWV from insects, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis further conformed that the deduced nucleotide sequence of the polyprotein partial gene of DWV divided to the outside tree. We describe the first time that presence of Deformed wing virus(DWV) from bumble bee(Bombus terrestris) in korea using RT-PCR.

A survey was conducted in the northern conifer forests of Korea from February to May in 2009 for the Monochamus species vectored Bursaphelenchus species. Dead pine trees infested with bark beetle larvaes were collected from Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis located in the following target areas: Pocheon, Yeongi, Jincheon, Chuncheon, and Bonghwa. A cerambycid beetle, M. saltuarius was only found from sampled log piles in target areas. Bursaphelenchus species carried by M. saltuarius was only isolated in Pocheon, Gyeonggi province. The nematodes recovered from 17 (71%) of 24 beetles from P. koraiensis and 12 (75%) of 16 beetles from P. densiflora. The average number of nematode per adult was 1,974 and 11,823 from P. koraiensis and P. densiflora, respectively. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of both Pinus species infested with M. saltuarius larvae. Bursaphelenchus species identification was performed by morphological characters and molecular analysis with ITS-RFLP patterns and sequences of ITS and D2D3 region. Both morphological and molecular characters match well with the original description of the European type of B. mucronatus. This is the first report of M. saltuarius species as a vector of the European type of B. mucronatus on both P. densiflora and P. koraiensis in Korea.

Grazing restoration succession of the degraded grassland is an important aspect in community ecology. Field experiment was carried out to examine how major species restore in first four years restoration following 11 consecutive grazing under different stocking rates in Inner Mongolian steppe. A. frigida and P. acaulis are the most important two species in the all treatments (NG, LG, MG and HG) after four years restoration, although they had high fluctuation. The biomasses of these two species account for 40-90% of total biomass. Especially in no grazing area, which was exclosured since 1990, A. frigida and P. acaulis are still the most important two species in the community. These results suggested A. frigida and P. acaulis conununity are quite stable, and will keep long-time if no special measurements were taken during the restoration of the degraded grassland.

남한지역 무문토기의 편년은 돌대문토기를 표지로 한 早期의 설정이 이루어지면서 새로운 전환점을 맞이하게 된다. 미사리·옥방 5지구유적 등과 같이 돌대문토기만을 반출하는 주거지가 조기의 표지적인 유적이며, 옥방 5지구·수가리유적의 연대측정 결과를 근거로 조기를 신석기시대 말기와 병행하는 것으로 보는 견해와 突帶文土器외에도 二重口緣土器등 조기에 다양한 토기가 병존했을 가능성을 염두해 둔 견해가 있다. 미사리유적에서 출토된 유물로서는 조기의 유물조합상황을 파악하기 어렵고, 옥방5지구와 동일하거나 더 높은 연대측정자료들이 많기 때문에 신석기말기까지 조기를 올려보기는 어렵다. 무문토기시대 조기는 돌대문토기·이중구연토기의 주류속에 鋸齒文土器·孔列文土器·橫帶區劃文土器등이 병존하였으며, 신석기시대 말기 다음에 이어지는 것으로 보아야 한다. 무문토기시대 전기는 2000년대 이후 역삼동식토기·가락동식토기·흔암리식토기가 병존하는 것으로 논의가 정립되었으나, 최근 複合文에서 단순문으로의 변화, 즉 가락동식토기·흔암리식토기→역삼동식토기로의 변화가 제기되고 있다. 그러나 그것은 역삼동식토기가 뒤늦게 등장하는 것이 아니라 어느 지역에서 장기간 존속하였다는 지역적인 특징으로 보아야 한다. 전기의 특징은 돌대문토기가 소멸되며, 이중구연토기는 類似二重口緣의 형태로 변화하며, 역삼동식토기·흔암리식토기 등 孔列文系土器의 확산과 더불어 지역적 특징이 나타난다. 남한의 무문토기 조기는 동북한지역 보다는 요동~서북한지역과의 관련성이 높은데, 쌍타자·대취자Ⅲ기, 신암리Ⅱ기, 공귀리·심귀리Ⅰ기, 세죽리Ⅱ1기, 구룡강Ⅰ기, 흥성Ⅲ기, 오동Ⅱ기, 서포항Ⅴ기등과 병행한다.

The tribe Atimiini LeConte containing two genera (Atimia and Paratimia) and about 12 species is distributed in East Asia and North America. The systematic position of the Atimiini has long puzzled the Coleopterist due to the Lamiid-like aspect of the Atimia. But the Atimiini has regarded as a tribe of the subfamily Aseminae since Webb (1912) associated the Atimia with the Asemum on the basis of larval characters. The tribe is very specialized in food habits, the species of Atimia are all restricted to trees of the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae, including Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Taxodium, Sequoia, and their relatives. Members of the Atimiini are characterized by the combination of following features: head transverse, front short, vertical, mouthparts nearly horizontal; antennae 11-segmented, shorter than the body in both sexes, eyes large, moderately granulated, deeply emarginate, embracing antennal insertion; labrum transverse, ciliated; palpi unequal in length, the maxillary longer; pronotum quadrate, transverse; anterior coxae rounded, cavities usually not angulated, completely closed behind; mesonotum with a large, divided, stridulatory area; scutellum subquadrate; intermediate coxal cavities closed; metasternum deeply emarginate posteriorly, metepisterna narrow, attenuated behind; legs short; femora feebly clavate; tibiae armed with short spurs; wings with a closed cell in the anal sector. Here, we report the tribe Atimiini for the first time in Korea based on provisional identified species, Atimia spec. okayamensis Hayashi. We also provide a diagnosis, habitus photo, and drawings of diagnostic characters.

The genus Tetramoera Diakonoff (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) is small group, including 6 species worldwide (Brown, 2005). Among them, 4 species, T. flavescens Kuznetsov, T. isogramma Meyrick, T. paragramma Meyrick, and T. schistaceana Snellen, have been described from the Oriental region in the early 20th century. And the other two species, T. gracilistira Turner, and T. leptalea Diakonoff were reported from Australia and South Africa respectively. During the course of the study on North Korean Tortiricidae based on the material deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary, one species of the genus Tetramoera Diakonoff was found. In the present study, the genus Tetramoera Diakonoff, is reported for the first time from the Korean Peninsula. Also a new species, Tetramoera bongwaensis sp. nov., is described as new to science. Photographs of the adults and male genitalia are presented.

In this paper, a best-first branch and bound algorithm based upon the bottom-up approach for the unweighted unconstrained two-dimensional cutting problem is proposed to find the optimal solution to the problem. The algorithm uses simple and effective meth

일인칭 슈팅게임 제작에서 네트워크 지연 보정은 게임 플레이에 직접적으로 영향을 주기 때문에 이를 효과적으로 해결하기 위한 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이 연구는 예측과 시간 조작 기술을 이용하여 게임 캐릭터와 총알 등의 고속 발사체간의 자연스러운 상호작용의 처리에 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 반면, 일인칭 슈팅게임에서 저속 발사체는 발사시점에서 저속 발사체의 궤도가 정해지고 일정 시간이 지나면 폭발하는 형태로 구현되어 저속 발사체의 지연 보정을 위한 연구가 없었다. 본 논문에서는 이제껏 다루어지지 않았던 저속 발사체를 중심으로 일인칭 슈팅게임에서 효과적인 네트워크 지연보정방법을 제안한다. 저속 발사체의 위치정보의 보정을 위하여 저속 발사체의 형태를 발사 이후 발사체의 움직임에 영향을 주는 요소에 따라 세 가지로 나누어 각각의 보정방법을 제안한다. 그리고 저속 발사체의 충돌정보의 보정을 위하여 두 가지로 나누어 보정방법을 제안하고 마지막으로 게임을 제작하여 검증한다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the menu of a Japanese restaurant in a first class tourism hotel. The calculations used for the menu analysis were conducted using MS Excel 2003. Several previous studies have been conducted to analyze menus. For example, Pavesic used of the weighted contribution margins (WCM) and potential food cost (PFC%) to evaluate menus, while Kasavana & Smith used the mix margin (MM%) and unit contribution margin (CM) to evaluate menus. The menu engineering method focused on the customer's viewpoints, while the Cost/Margin analysis method considered the manager's viewpoints. The menus that need continuous keeping Kasavana & Smith (Star) and Pavesic (Standard) included 'Assorted sashimi with side dishes (big), 'Lunch box special', 'Tempura course', 'Broiled Spanish mackerel and side dishes', 'Shrimp tempura', 'Special sushi', 'Seafood Udong', 'Buckwheat noodles'. The results of this study should increase customer satisfaction and profits at the Japanese Restaurant.