In recent years, a variety of motion recognition devices for HMD have been presented. Operation method using the motion recognition is the best one for the characteristics of HMD that the user's sight is obstructed in using the contents. The recent HMD devices have the head-tracking feature recognizing the movement of the user's head. However, the operation of the avatar using head-tracking lead to the depressed usability caused by the unfamiliar use. In this paper, the avatar was moved using the head tracking function built in HMD as a basic operating device, which enhanced the usability of the contents by showing the movement of avatar whose human motion capture was linked to the position of the user's head in the third person point of view. The user is able to trace his own position to operate the contents by the avatar in virtual space, which would reveal the potential for utilization of the user interface by which the avatar is controlled through inputting the function of tracking direction.

동물의 장기를 인간에게 이식하게 되면 초급성거부반응(Hyperacute rejection, HAR)이 일어난다. 초급성거부반응은 면역계의 구성요소 중 보체(complement)에 의해 일어나는 거부반응으로 돼지의 혈관세포 표면에 있는 Galα(1,3)Gal 당분자에 인간의 항체가 즉각 반응하기 때문에 일어나며, α1,3-galactosyltransferase(α1,3-GT) 유전자는 돼지 혈관세포 표면의 Galα(1,3)Gal 당분자 생성에 관여한다. 따라서 인간에게 돼지의 장기를 이식하기 위해서는 α1,3-galactosyltransferase 유전자를 제거하는 것이 필요한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구실의 이전 연구에서, 시카고 미니돼지 귀체세포에서 상동 재조합(Homologous recombination)을 통해 α1,3-galactosyltransferase 유전자가 제거된 체세포를 개발한 바 있으며, 이 체세포를 통하여 α1,3-GT 유전자가 제거된 돼지도 생산된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는, human serum 처리 시 돼지 세포를 보호해 준다고 보고되고 있는 human complement regulator인 human Decay-accelerating factor(hDAF)와 human α1,2-fucosyltransferase(hHT)유전자를 α1,3-GT 유전자 위치에 gene targeting하여 동시에 hDAF와 hHT가 발현하는 체세포를 개발하였다. Knock-in vector는 hDAF와 hHT 두 유전자가 발현할 수 있도록 IRES로 연결하였으며, α1,3-GT 유전자의 start codon을 이용하여 발현할 수 있도록 구축하였다. 구축한 vector는 electroporation을 통해 미니돼지 체세포에 도입하였으며, PCR 결과, α1,3-GT 유전자 위치에서 상동 재조합이 일어났음을 확인하였다. Positivenegative 선별 방법을 통해 얻은 gene targeting 된 체세포는 RT-PCR에 의해 hDAF와 hHT 유전자의 발현이 확인되었으며, 대조군(NIH minipig)에 비해 α1,3-GT 유전자의 발현이 감소하였다. 또한 이들 세포에 100% human complement serum을 처리하였을 때 knock-in 세포가 대조군에 비해 30% 정도 더 높은 생존율을 보였다. 따라서 개발된 체세포는 이종간 장기이식을 위한 돼지 생산과 함께 이를 이용한 이종간의 장기 이식 시 초급성 거부반응을 억제하는 데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 인체 유래 유방암세포인 MDA-MB-231 세포 증식을 억제하고 세포사멸을 유도하는 천연소재 발굴을 목적으로, 북한산 두릅 추출물을 MDA-MB-231 세포에 처리하여 세포사멸 및 작용기전을 규명하였다. 실험 결과, 두릅 추출물 처리 농도가 증가할수록 세포증식이 감소하였고, 세포질의 응축과 핵이 분절되는 등 apoptotic bodies를 형성하였다. 또한 유세포 분석기를 사용하여 MDA-MB-231의 세포주기가 억제되었고, 세포사멸의 특징인 sub-G1 수치가 증가되는 것이 관찰되었고, 두릅 추출물 농도가 증가함에 따라 apoptotic 세포가 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 특히 early apoptosis 보다 late apoptosis가 더 많이 진행됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 MDA-MB-231 세포사멸과 관련된 유전자를 확인하고자 RT-PCR과 western blotting을 수행한 결과, 세포사멸의 주요한 조절인자인 anti-apoptotic인 bcl-2 발현이 두릅 추출물 처리 시 농도 의존적으로 감소되었고, 반대로 Bax의 발현은 증가됨을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 불활성화 형태로 존재한 pro-caspase-9과 pro-caspase-3의 발현이 시료 농도가 증가할수록 감소되었고, 활성화된 형태인 cleaved caspase-9과 cleaved caspase-3의 발현은 두릅 추출물 처리 농도에 의존적으로 증가하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 세포 사멸 과정의 주요 인자인 PARP 또한 시료 농도가 증가할수록 절단 현상이 비례적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과를 근거로, 북한산 두릅 지상부의 70% ethyl alcohol 추출물이 MDA-MB-231 인체 유방암 세포의 증식을 억제하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였고, 세포사멸과 관련된 활성기전을 규명하였다. 추후 암 예방/치료제로서 두릅을 활용하기 위해서는 활성 본체와 안정성 규명 및 임상실험 등 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

이 논문에서 영화 제작자가 사용하곤 했던 불교적 가르침의 렌즈를 통해 서 2011년도 영화 <삼사라(Samsara)>를 고찰했을 뿐 아니라, 영화가 드러 내는 윤회계에서의 그 존재를 탐구하기 위해 이러한 가르침을 사용하였다.􄤋 먼저 텍사스 포트워스(Forth Worth)의 텍사스 기독교 대학(Texas Christian University)에서 반조학(反照學) 동호회를 대상으로 한 영화를 서술하면서 윤회와 자신과의 상호 작용에 대한 간략한 계보 및 벨기에의 종교·문학·역사 국제협회(International Society for Religion, Literature and Culture) 에서 영화에 대해 강의한 원고로 시작하였다. 그 다음 섹션에서는 영화 제작자들이 자신들의 영화를“비언어적, 안내하 는 명상이라고 묘사하기 때문에 영화 <삼사라>에 존재하는 반조적 요소들에 초점을 맞추어 요약하였다. 그리고 최근의 세 학술서들의 출판에서 분명하 게 드러나는 이 주제에 대한 학술적 관심을 고려하면서 불교와 영화라는 주 제를 기술하였다. 마지막에는 윤회에서 인간의 조건에 대한 묘사에 초점을 맞추면서 상호 의존, 무상(無常, anicca), 고(苦, duh.kha) 등과 같은 원리들을 사용하여 영 화에 대한 불교적 해석을 제시하였다. 이 섹션에서는 또한 영화 제작자들의 시간 묘사, 고, 기타 불교와 관련된 주제들을 검토하였다. 이와 같은 불교적 해석을 미국의 영화 비평가들이 제기한 해석들과 서로 비교함으로써 이 영 화를 윤회에 대한 불교적 이해를 탐구하는 반조의 도구로서 고찰하는 것으 로 결론을 맺었다.

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid phytochemical that is extracted from various plants. Having an advantages due to its varied biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects, quercetin is used to treat many diseases. Recently, it has been reported that autophagy inhibition may play a key role in anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and anti-cancer effects of quercetin in human osteosarcoma cells via autophagy inhibition. We ascertained that quercetin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death, these process is demonstrated that apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and the caspase cascade. Quercetin also induced autophagy which was inhibited by 3-MA, autophagy inhibitor and the blockade of autophagy promoted the quercetin-induced apoptosis, confirming that autophagy is a pro-survival process. Thus, these findings demonstrate that quercetin is an effective anti-cancer agent, and the combination of quercetin and an autophagy inhibitor should enhance the effect of anti-cancer therapy.

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a constituent of turmeric powder derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been shown to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, a need exists to design more effective analogs because of curcumin's poor intestinal absorption. EF-24 (diphenyl difluoroketone), the monoketone analog of curcumin, has shown good efficacy in anticancer screens. However, the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells are not clearly established. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells. Our studies showed that curcumin and EF-24 inhibited the growth of HTB-41 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the potency of EF-24 was > 34-fold that of curcumin. Treatment with curcumin or EF-24 resulted in nuclear condensation and fragmentation in HTB-41 cells, whereas the control HTB-41 cell nuclei retained their normal regular and oval shape. Curcumin and EF-24 promoted proteolytic cleavages of procaspase-3/-7/-9, resulting in an increase in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-9 in the HTB-41 cells. Caspase-3 and -7 activities were detected in viable HTB-41 cells treated with curcumin or EF-24. These results suggest that the curcumin and EF-24 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HTB-41 human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells, and that they may have potential properties as an anti-cancer drug therapy.

This article aims to describe about filling the gaps in the system of combating human trafficking and forced labor in Poland on the basis of the NGO La Strada. This system has been built for many years. We can consider it as relatively effective at the operational level in aspects such as investigation and support for victims but it is far from sufficient at the general concept of prevention. Looking at institutional level, it is obvious that one of the law enforcement agencies existing in Poland, namely Border Guard, plays rather limited role in combating THB in comparison with its potentialities (the main actor is Police). The main causes of human trafficking in Europe, Asia or Africa are universal factors such as poverty, migration and globalization. Poland and Asian countries experienced Communism. For this reason I will try to present an example of identifying the victims of human trafficking.

Malignant gliomas and glioblastomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors. The treatment of malignant glioma involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. These therapies have not been successful in curing malignant glioma and typically associated with dismal prognosis. Therefore, we can investigate thymidine kinase activity and cytotoxic effect after transfer suicide gene in U-251 glioma cells. We assessed expression patterns of green fluorescence protein(GFP) after infected with adenovirus in U-251 cells. After infection of HSV-tk in U-251 cells, we observed thymidine kinase activity with [3H]-penciclovir and cytotoxic effect by treated with ganciclovir. We could observe that expression level of GFP was increased according to infected concentrations in U-251 cells. GFP was not expressed in 1moi and 10moi, and slightly expressed in 30moi. Expression level of GFP was largely increased in 50moi and almost cells expressed GFP in 100moi. GFP expression has shown clear image in 100moi compared with other concentrations. We also investigated thymidine kinase activity using [3H]-penciclovir after infection of suicide gene HSV-tk into U-251 cells. Thymidine kinase activity increased in 10moi concentration compared with empty adenovirus infection. We could find that thymidine kinase activity was elevated proportional to HSV-tk infection amount in 30moi and 50moi. For evaluation of cellular cytotoxic effect of HSV-tk, we treated ganciclovir to U-251 cells and assessed cytotoxicity by using MTT assay. We could identifiy that cytotoicity appeared in very low concentration of HSV-tk compared with cancer cells originated with other organs. Cytotoxic effect was shown about 15% of U-251 cells of total cells in 5moi. By infection 10moi of HSV-tk, cytotoxic effect was intensively increased and about 60% of U-251 cells became extinct. About 70% cells exhibited cytotoxic effect in 30moi and more than 80% cells also appeared cytotoxic effect by infection of HSV-tk in 50moi, 100moi, and 200moi. Therefore, we could confirm to gene expression in U-251 cells was increased proportional to infected gene concentrations. Also we could find that thymidine kinase activity elevated with according to infected concentration and cellular cytotoxic effect was shown in very low concentration and higher cytotoxic effect also appeared by infection of suicide gene HSV-tk into U-251 glioma cells. These results suggest that gene therapy with suicide gene will be successful in curing brain tumors containing malignant glioma and glioblastoma.

Human sacrifice is a religious practice in which living human individuals are consumed to worship natural and ancestral spirits. Ample evidence of this practice during the Yin-Shang period is furnished by oracle-bone inscriptions, which are extant from ca. 1200 B.C.E. This paper addresses the issue of female human sacrifice in Shang-dynasty oracle-bone inscriptions both from the point of view of religious studies and from a socio-historical perspective. Proceeding from a systematic overview of the various categories of female human sacrifice in the inscriptional record, the paper analyzes the social status and origins of the victims in order to better understand the specific functions and peculiarities of female human sacrifice under the Shang.

본 연구는 그동안 미술사, 사진사에서 거의 논의되지 않았던 19세기 프란시스 갈톤의 합성 초상사진을 연구대상으로 당시 서구 과학이 사진을 통해 인간의 신체를 어떻게 분류하고 유형화했는지를 밝히고자 한다. 합성 초상사진은 동일한 그룹에 속한 사람들의 개별적인 초상사진을 한 장의 감광판에 차례대로 겹쳐서 촬영하면 각 인물의 개별적 특징은 사라지고 공통적 특징인 유형만이 감광판에 나타나는 기법이다. 갈톤은 인간의 유형을 찾아내기 위해 합성사진 기법을 범죄학(범죄형), 의학(환자형), 인류학(인종) 등에 적용했다. 이 사진기법은 결국 실패로 귀결되었으나 이후 현대의 유형학적 사고에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 현대미술에서도 인간 유형에 대한 갈톤의 영향은 매우 크다고 할 수 있다.

The Impact of transnational corporations’ activities on local communities and populations can result in violations of human rights. There are compelling reasons to hold TNCs liable for human rights violations. The regulation of TNCs has become a global public good, and joint forces are needed to hold TNCs more accountable for their violations of human rights. Bilateral Investment Treaties, as a main component of international investment law regulating international investment activities, require urgent reform in this area. This article examines why and how BITs could be drafted or amended in order to enhance TNCs’ human rights accountability. After taking stock of existing legal institutions regulating TNCs, this article analyzes the difficulties and hurdles in subjecting TNCs to human rights liability. Finally, this article probes into potential advisable proposals on how BITs should be reformed, both in substance and procedure, to better respect human rights.

Terfenadine (TFN) was a second generation histamine receptor antagonist. Although several studies have reported the regulatory effect of H1-histamine receptor antagonists in human cancer cell lines, its effect in oral cancer remains unclear. In this study, we focused on addressing the anti-cancer activity of TFN in human oral cancer cell lines. The anti-cancer activities of TFN were performed by tryphan blue exclusion assay, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, live/dead assay and Western blot analysis. TFN induced a significant reduction of the growth in three different human oral cancer cell lines (MC3, HSC4 and Ca9.22). TFN markedly induced apoptosis through DNA damage and increase in cytotoxicity. It also accumulated cleaved PARP and caspase 3. This process was due to cleavage of caspase 8 and Bid protein. The results from this study strongly demonstrated that the cleavages of caspase 8 and Bid are required for the apoptotic activity of TFN in human oral cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest TFN as a potent anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.

Shikonin, a major ingredient in the traditional Chinese herb Lithospermumerythrorhizon, exhibits multiple biological functions including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. It has recently been reported that shikonin displays antitumor properties in many cancers. This study was aimed to investigate whether shikonin could inhibit oral squamous carcinoma cell (OSCC) growth via mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The effects of shikonin on the viability and growth of OSCC cell line, SCC25 cells were assessed by MTT assay and clonogenic assays, respectively. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis indicated that the shikonin-treated SCC25 cells were undergoing apoptosis. Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, MMP activity, and proteasome activity also supported the finding that shikonin induces apoptosis. Shikonin treatment of SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, inhibition of cell growth, and increase in apoptotic cell death. The treated SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation as follows: nuclear condensation; DNA fragmentation; reduced MMP and proteasome activity; decrease in DNA contents; release of cytochrome c into cytosol; translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto the nuclei; a significant shift in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; and activation of caspase-9, -7, -6, and -3, as well as PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45 (ICAD). Shikonin treatment also resulted in down-regulation of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins and up-regulation of p27KIP1. Taken together, our present findings demonstrate that shikonin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins, and that it induces apoptosis via the proteasome, mitochondria, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of staurosporine on the formation of cellular processes in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes. Staurosporine caused a rapid induction of process formation in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes in a concentration dependent manner. The process formation of human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes was prevented by the pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that staurosporine-induced ROS production was responsible for the process formation. Colchicine, a microtubule depolymerizing agent, inhibited the staurosporine-induced process formation, whereas cytochalasin D, an actin filament breakdown agent, failed to suppress the formation of cellular processes. This result indicated that polymerization of microtubule, and not actin filament, was responsible for the formation of cellular processes induced by staurosporine. In support of this hypothesis, Western blot analysis was conducted using anti-tubulin antibody, and the results showed that the amount of polymerized microtubule was increased by the treatment with staurosporine while that of depolymerized beta-tubulin in soluble fraction was decreased. These results indicate that staurosporine induces ROSmediated, microtubule-dependent formation of cellular processes in human gingival fibroblasts and rat astrocytes.

The gingival epithelium of the oral cavity is constantly exposed to exogenous stimuli such as bacterial toxins, allergens, and thermal changes. These exogenous stimuli are resisted by innate host defense in gingival epithelial cells. However, it is unclear exactly how the exogenous stimuli affect detrimentally on the human gingival epithelial cells. Here, we investigated whether the allergen, such as house dust mite (HDM) extract, is linked to Ca2+ signaling and proinflammatory cytokine expression in primary cultured human gingival epithelial cells. HDM extract induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in a dose-dependent manner. Extracellular Ca2+ depletion did not affected on the HDM extract-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. The HDM extractinduced increase in [Ca2+]i was abolished by the treatment with U73122 and 2-APB, which are inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor. Moreover, HDM extract induced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-8. These results suggest that HDM extract triggers PLC/IP3-dependent Ca2+ signaling and IL-8 mRNA expression in primary cultured human gingival epithelial cells.

For design research of teenagers' posture correcting shirt, postures of teenagers were analyzed and became the base of inventing suitable patterns. The subjects of this study were 198 of both female and male middle school students from the city of Seoul. Students' postures in classroom and length change of body surface were observed and analyzed; based on this, total of 5 postures was selected, and length changes of body surface were applied. The patterns in this study were designed with stretch material to help antagonism by muscle movements. Each fabric that was used in this study had 110% of stretch, 120~140% of stretch, and 150~170% of stretch. Both of one-way-fabric and duplex-fabric were used in this study, depending on application site.

본 연구는 소년원 보호직 공무원을 대상으로 인권태도와 행동실태를 파악하고 영향을 미치는 관련 변인을 파악하여 소년원생의 인권보장과 장기적이고 실질적인 대책을 마련하고자 실시된 것이다. 이를 위해 소년원 현황 및 선행연구 분석을 통하여 관련 지표를 개발하고 2014년 8월 27일부터 9월 16까지 법무부의 협조를 받아 전국 소년원 및 분류심사원 각 행정지원과로 설문지를 발송하였다. 소년원 및 분류심사원에 종사하는 소년원 보호직 공무원 총 681명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였으며(관리운영직, 기간제 제외) 무응답을 제외한 분석대상은 최종 435명이었다. 연구결과 직급이 높아질수록, 기관상황, 자기효능감이 높아질수록 인권태도 및 행동이 통계적으로 유의미하게 점수가 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 소년원 보호직 공무원의 인권수준을 명확히 진단하고 인권교육의 발전 방안을 모색해 보았다는 측면에서 연구의 의의가 있을 것이다. 그러나 다양한 통계방법을 통한 분석이라든지 직접적으로 소년원 보호직 공무원의 인권수준이 소년원 청소년에게 영향을 미치는 상황, 맥락에 관한 부분의 부재는 본 연구의 한계이자, 향후 후속연구의 과제로 남겨두고자 한다.

올레아놀릭산은 항암, 신행혈관 생성방지, 항염증, 항산화 및 주름 개선효과가 알려져 있다. 본 연구자들은 천연에서 분리한 올레아놀릭산의 항산화효과에 주목하여 연구하였고 미백효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 천연유래의 폴리글리세릴계 계면활성제를 사용하여 간단한 교반만으로 올레 아놀릭산을 안정화하였고 고가의 장비인 마이크로풀루다이저를이용하여 제조한 레시틴리포좀과 경피흡 수투과율을 비교하였다. 0.4% 올레아놀릭산을 안정화한 폴리글리세릴 나노에멀젼의 12시간 후 경피흡수 투과율은 95%였다. 레시틴 리포좀은 92%로 유사하였으나 폴리글리세릴 나노에멀젼은 3시간 경피 흡수 투과율이 65%로 레시틴리포좀의 45%에 비해 속방성의 특징을 보였다. 인체대상 임상시험결과 올레아 놀릭산을 무배합한 대조군에 비해 올레아놀릭산을 배합한 폴리글리세릴 나노에멀젼은 MEXAMETER의 한 멜라닌 색소감소효과가 2주차 25%, 4주차 58%, 8주차 58%이상 높았다.