Salivary proteins include numerous functional proteins which play important roles not only for the food-intake but also for the protective and defensive mechanisms. In the present study the compositions of salivary proteins were analyzed by different methods, including electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In hydrophobic protein HPLC analysis the parotid saliva gradually produced macromolecular complexes when agitated in refrigerator until 30 minutes. These salivary protein complexes were digested by neuraminidase, and then migrated more rapidly in native tris glycine gel than the control. Therefore, it was assumed that the glycosylated proteins of parotid saliva became gradually aggregated to form salivary protein complexes similar to those of whole saliva. The salivary protein complexes were easily degenerated in different experimental buffers, i.e., SDS buffer, tris glycine buffer, methanol, etc., and resulted non-specific patterns in electrophoresis and HPLC. Therefore, it was presumed that the salivary protein complexes was made by the hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic attraction between salivary proteins. These data indicated that to know the real pattern of salivary protein complexes in vivo the whole saliva should be analyzed by HPLC using non-adhering column with isoelectric buffer. Consequently, the whole saliva was analyzed by HPLC using reverse phase SuperoseTM column with 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and two prominent peaks of salivary protein complexes were consistently found in every people. These salivary protein complex peaks were relatively stable up to 6 hours after saliva collection when the whole saliva was kept in refrigerator during experiment. Therefore, it is suggested that the salivary protein complex patterns are characteristic macromolecular structures of whole saliva, which are also applicable as a diagnostic point in different saliva-associated diseases

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a component of propolis, was reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-tumor activities. Our aim was to investigate the effect of CAPE on apoptosis in cultured human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cell line, MC-3. Apoptotic effects of CAPE were measured by cell viability assays, Western blotting, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and Live/Dead assay. The result of cell viability assay showed that CAPE displayed a strong growth-inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner against MC-3 cells. Consumption of CAPE resulted in pronounced increase in the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation and clearly increased the number of dead cells in MC-3 cells. CAPE also caused the increase in truncated Bid (t-Bid) and the cleavage of caspase-8 and this phenomenon was regulated by death receptor 5 (DR5). In addition, Phosphorylation of AKT and ERK were downregulated by CAPE. Taken together, these results suggest that CAPE is a potent apoptosis-inducing agent in MC-3 cells.

Glucosamine is commonly taken by the elderly without prescription as a nutritional supplement to attenuate the progression or symptoms of osteoarthritis. Previous studies demonstrated that glucosamine shows anti-inflammatory effects in tissues such as blood vessels and the heart. However, there have been few reports about the effects of glucosamine on oral inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in this study, the effects of glucosamine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses were investigated using human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs). HPDLFs were incubated in the presence and absence of glucosamine (10 mM) for 24 h, followed by treatment with E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) or vehicle. Quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA results showed that LPS exposure significantly increased the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein, while the effect was significantly suppressed by glucosamine treatment. Glucosamine did not attenuate, but slightly increased, the LPS-induced activation of mitogen activated kinases (ERK, p38, JNK). However, it suppressed the LPS-induced increase in the DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of NF-κB. These results suggest that glucosamine exerts anti-inflammatory effects on HPDLFs exposed to LPS via inhibition of NF-κB activity, necessitating further studies using animal periodontitis models.

Fluoride has been accepted as an important material for oral health and is widely used to prevent dental caries in dentistry. However, its safety is still questioned by some. Autophagy has been implicated in cancer cell survival and death, and may play an important role in oral cancer. This study was undertaken to examine whether sodium fluoride (NaF) modulates autophagy in SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. NaF demonstrated anticancer activity via autophagic and apoptotic cell death. Autophagic vacuoles were detectable using observed to form by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and acridine orange (AO). Analysis of NaF-treated SCC25 cells for the presence of biochemical markers revealed direct effects on the conversion of LC-3II, degradation of p62/SQSTM1, cleavage formation of ATG5 and Beclin-1, and caspase activation. NaF-induced cell death was suppressed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). NaF-induced autophagy was confirmed as a pro-death signal in SCC25 cells. These results implicate NaF as a novel anticancer compound for oral cancer therapy.

Transfection is a gene delivery tool that is a popular means of manipulating cellular properties, such as induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation by reprogramming factors (Yamanaka factors). However, the efficiency of transfection needs to be improved. In the present study, three transfection protocols - non-liposomal transfection (NLT), magnetofection and electroporation - were compared by analysis of their transfection efficiencies and cell viabilities using human dental pulp cells (hDPC) and bovine fetal fibroblasts (bFF) as cell sources. Enhanced green fluorescent protein gene was used as the delivery indicator. For magnetofection, Polymag reagent was administrated. NLT, FuGENE-HD and X-treme GENE 9 DNA transfection reagents were used for NLT. For electroporation, the NeonTM and NEPA21TM electroporators were tested. NeonTM electroporation showed highest transfection efficiency when compared with NLT, magnetofection, and NEPA21TM electroporation, with transfection efficiency of about 33% in hDPC and 50% in bFF, based on viable cell population in each cell type. These results suggest that transfection by NeonTM electroporation can be used to deliver foreign genes efficiently in human and bovine somatic cells.

우리사회가 지속가능한 복지사회의 염원과 복지국가를 추구하고 있지만 온갖 사회문제에 직면해 위험사회와 불확실성의 사회로 급속하게 변하고 있는 가운데 문제 해결의 복합적 접근이 요구된다. 이 해결의 실마리는 인간복지실천에 있다. 인간복지실천은 인간과 사회를 대상으로 하는 실천적이면서 가치지향적인 접근에서 출발한다. 특히 위험사 회의 사회변동 다양성과 가치변화에 따른 개인의식의 혼돈, 현대사회의 특수성을 이해하 고 복잡성을 헤쳐나갈 다학제적 접근이라 할 수 있다. 그동안 사회복지실천의 전문적 영역이 많이 확장되었고 학문적 깊이 역시 간학문적 접근으로 사회복지 전문성은 정신분석학에 뿌리를 두었다. 인간 의식과 행동의 현상학적 측면을 대상으로 한 기존 심리학의 한계에서 근본적인 정신현상인 무의식을 발견하면서 오늘날 인간복지실천의 바탕을 형성하여 왔다고 본다. 그러나 신프로이트학파와 프랑크프루트학파의 비판에 의해 현대적 의미의 정신분석학 거대담론은 사회복지영역에서 시대 변화에 따른 전문성과 이론적 토대가 요구되기 때문에 정신분석을 새롭게 조명하여 인간복지실천의 이론적 체계 및 역동적 논리 개발을 통한 새로운 전략이 요구된다. 또한 인간과 사회는 과학기술 문명으로 끊임없이 역동적으로 진보하는데 특히 ICT사 회 가속화는 기계와 인간이 공존하는 새로운 특이성의 세계를 추구하면서 위험사회의 위기는 더욱 인간의 불안을 조성하고 있다. 기계화와 자동화 등으로 현대사회를 살아가 는 인간의 사회생활은 원자화되었기 때문에 인간복지의 실천은 더욱 강조된다. 우리 인간은 고도의 지능을 가지고 내면적 세계와 자연환경과 인위적인 사회라는 공간에서 상호작용하는 유기체이다. 러시아의 심리학자 비고츠키는 생각을 내면화한 그것 자체의 역동성을 가진다는것 을 발견하여 새로운 심리학적 사고와 연구모형을 제공했다. 인간성장을 구성하는 복잡한 변화들에 대한 이론은 인간의 내면적 성장이 단지 단편적인 변화들의 점진적인 축적이 아니라 주기성, 여러 기능들의 발달에서의 불균등성, 변형(metamorphosis), 혹은 한 형태에서 다른 형태로의 질적인 변화, 외적요소와 내적요소의 합성, 적용 과정 등의 특징을 가지고 있는 복잡한 변증법적 과정이라고 주장하면서 인간의 진화적 변화와 사회적 변화를 모두 통합했다. 구체적으로 인간의 자기 이해에서 출발하여 자기발전 및 자아실현을 위한 창조적인 정신활동을 실천하여 인간 본연의 내적 확신 혹은 내재적 동기를 찾고 잠재력을 발휘할 수 있다고 본다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 21세기 인간사회는 실존 상황에서 극적이면서 아직 예견되지 않은 변화에 직면하게 되었으며 이러한 변화들로 인한 인간복지 영역의 전문성이 더 요구되고 있다. 특히 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화 등 사회 전반의 융복합시스템으로 급하게 변화하고 있는 가운데 인간복지실천의 논리와 전략으로 인간의 실존적 개념의 재해석이 인간 복지 차원에서 대두되고 있다. 따라서 정신분석학의 현대적 의미와 인간의 기본적 필요 충족을 위한 실존적 개념의 인간치유기술인 의미치료(Logo Therapy)와 실존치료(Existential therapy) 그리고 긍정심리치료(Positive Psychology Therapy) 등 휴먼서비스는 인간복지실천 영역에서 전문성과 이론적 틀을 구축하여 위험사회와 불확실성 사회에서 개인과 사회의 역할을 규명하는 논리와 전략이 필요하다. 개인이 사회에 의해 형성되고 인간의 실존 그 자체가 사회의 형성과 그 사회의 역사적 발전에 토대가 된다는 엄연한 사실에서 인간의 진정한 복지를 실현해야 할 것이다.

The objective of this study is to safety assessment for human body on the guided missile combustion products. This study is to verify the safety assessment when operating the interior missile ejection take on verify the safety of the human body. During the missile ejection of combustion products, this study is analyzed combustion products. Result are accepted NIOSH and KOSHA of the safe guideline, and 6 exposure gas to the specified values 42% (CO), 22% (CO2), not detected (others) are within minimal exposures criteria of the reference value respectively. Contribution of these results supported that interior missile ejection during combustion products may have been ensured human safely. Therefore, the future for improving the environmental safety of the shooting projectile steel plate round, dust collector, ventilation and other facilities is to improve environmental safety and efficient renovated design needed by target focused areas.

As an economy with archipelago contour and one of the largest populations in the world, Indonesia faces specific challenges in utilizing ICT for education nationwide. The present study provides a systematic categorization of such challenges into four categories based on Kim YoungHwan’s categorization of ICT utilization challenges, and then breaks down such categories into more explanatory sub-categories, along with order of frequency. Hence, this study aims at systematically describing challenges in utilizing ICT in Indonesia.

In order to shed some light on the historical change of biodiversity concepts, this paper reviews the science and technology studies (STS) literature on the history of biological research on human genetic diversity. By doing that, I show how the notion of genetic diversity in the human population - from “race” to “population” to “biogeographical ancestry” - has changed with methodologies and techniques over the last hundred years. In the meantime, I point out contexts and situations, despite conceptual and methodological developments, that show that current human genetic diversity research is slipping into the past mistakes of scientific racism. This article offers biodiversity researchers an opportunity to consider their own scientific practices on classifying species more reflectively.

Aviation safety is increasingly important to secure the safety of the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF). A critical activity for enhancing aviation safety is to analyze an accident throughly and to identify causes that can explain it reasonably. The results of such a systematic accident investigation can be effectively used for improving information displays, task procedures, and training systems as well as for reorganizing team structure and communication control system. However, the current practice of analyzing aviation accidents in ROKAF is too superficial and simple to diagnose them systematically. Additionally, the current practice does not give a full consideration to human factors that have been identified as main causes of most of the aviation accidents. With this issue in mind, this study aims to suggest a new approach to analyzing aviation accidents related to human factors.The proposed method is developed on the basis of several models and frameworks about system safety, human error, and human-system interaction. Its application to forty-two human factors-related accidents, which have occurred in ROKAF during the last ten years, showed that the proposed method could be a useful tool for analyzing aviation accidents caused by human factors.

최근 동해 표기를 둘러싼 한-일간의 공방과 세계적인 움직임은 이 문제에 다양한 이해와 관점을 가진 주체들이 활동하고 있음을 확인해준다. 이 지명게임의 주요 행위자로서 양국의 정부는 여러 흐름의 주장과 반론으로 다른 행위자들을 설득하려는 노력을 지속한다. 서로 접점을 찾을 수 없는 이러한 평행선을 긋는 현실 하에서 양 극단을 이루는 한국과 일본의 입장 사이에서 합의에 이를 수 있는 몇 개의 대안이 제시되어 왔다. 두 이름을 보여주는 대안적인 방법을 찾는 것, 하나의 도면에 표로 모든 이름을 나열하는 것, 국제적 사용과 국내적 사용을 구분하여 국제적 사용을 위한 새로운 이름에 합의하는 것이 그것이다. 동해 표기 문제 해결을 위한 향후 방향으로서 보다 ‘인간’의 측면에 집중할 것이 제안된다. 가치, 정의, 인식, 문화유산의 문제가 모두 이와 연결된다. 이러한 ‘인간’ 중심의 방향은 교육적 가치와 사회정의, 바다와 그 이름에 대해 갖는 정서적 밀착과 인식, 그리고 문화유산으로서 지명이 갖는 점차 높아지는 가치부여 등으로 발전시켜 나갈 수 있다.

This study is improved manufacturing industry human resource analysis use to developed the national competency standards(NCS). After we finds human factor problems, improve human resource analysis about manufacturing industry.

반달가슴곰(Ursus thibetanus ussuricus)은 환경부 멸종 위기야생생물로 지정되어 있으며, 멸종위기에 처한 야생동 식물종의 국제거래에 관한 협약(CITES) 부속서 범주I, 국 제자연보호연맹(IUCN) 에서는 취약종(Vulnerable)으로 분 류되어 있어 보전이 필요한 생물종이다. 우리나라와 유전적으로 동일한 반달가슴곰 아종은 러시 아 연해주, 중국 동북부, 한반도에 서식하고 있으며, 우리나 라에서는 20세기 초까지 상당수가 서식했던 것으로 알려졌 지만, 일제 강점기 해수구제 명분을 통한 남획, 급속한 경제 발전에 의한 서식지 파괴, 잘못된 보신문화로 인한 밀렵 등 으로 극소수만 존재하는 멸종위기에 처해져 있었다. 따라서 2002년 시험방사와 2004년 이후 본격적인 반달가슴곰 복 원사업을 시행하여 현재 34개체가 지리산국립공원에 서식 하고 있다. 반달가슴곰 복원은 생태계복원사업으로 1차적 으로 2020년까지 50마리를 목표로 하고 있다. 그러나 반달 가슴곰 복원중에는 올무에 의한 폐사, 농작물 피해 등 직접 적인 충돌사례가 있었으며, 정규탐방로만 이용했을 경우 조 우 가능성은 매우 낮지만 비법정탐방로 등을 이용했을 경우 의 조우가능성의 증가 등 곰과 인간의 충돌 사례가 예견되 고 있다. 따라서 기존에 서식지 관리중에 축적된 데이터, 현장경험 등을 토대로 곰-인간 충돌 현황을 분석하고 이에 대한 관리방안을 구축할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 2004년 이래로 축적된 반달가슴곰 위치추 적자료, 각종 피해현황 등을 통해 국립공원 경계 밖에서 이 루어진 현황을 분석하여 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 국 립공원 경계 내부에 비해 경계 외부는 생물종 등에 대한 적극적인 관리가 부족하여 위협적인 요소가 상존하고 있어 이에 대한 분석 및 자료 확보가 필요하다. 2004년부터 2013년까지 10년간 반달가슴곰 무석위치추 적을 통해 얻은 위치좌표 24,773개를 분석한 결과 반달가슴 곰이 지리산국립공원 경계를 벗어난 경우는 3,692개로서 전체의 14.9%를 차지하였다.. 공원구역 경계로부터 1km 이 내가 2,770개(11.2%)로 제일 많았으며, 1~2km 578개 (2.3%), 2~3km는 219개(0.8%), 3~4km는 79개(0.3%), 4~5km는 24개(0.1%) 순이었다. 연도별로 살펴보면 2006 년에 735개(29.29%)로 제일 많이 벗어났으며, 2005년 19.9%, 2008년 14.6% 순으로 나타났다. 밀렵에 의한 사고는 총 16건(사망 4건, 부상 12건)이었는 데, 이 중 13건(사망 4건, 부상 9건)은 공원구역 밖에서 발생 한 것이었다. 따라서 밀렵피해를 예방하기 위해 올무나 창 애와 같은 밀렵도구 수거활동을 지속적으로 실시하고 있으 며 설치 위치 또한 축적하고 있다. 최근 3년간 밀렵도구가 수거된 1,400여개, 530여지점을 분석한 결과 국립공원 경 계를 벗어난 인접지역의 밤밭, 과수원, 마을 인근 야산에서 발견된 비율이 76.6%였다. 반달곰에 의한 농작물 피해는 주로 한봉, 양봉, 농작물, 가축 등으로 2005년 이후 총 352건이 발생했는데 이 중 198(56.3%)건은 국립공원 밖에서 발생했다. 아울러 공원경 계 1km 내에서 160건(80.8%)이 발생하였다. 국립공원 경계 밖에서 이루어진 반달가슴곰 출현현황, 밀 렵에 의한 사고 현황, 밀렵도구 수거 현황, 농작물 피해현황 을 분석하였으며, 이를 토대로 국립공원 접경지역에서 생물 종 보전을 위한 서식지 관리방안을 위한 기초자료로 활용하 고자 한다.

Cinnamaldehyde is known to have the antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we showed a potent and irreversible cytotoxic activity of the Cinnamaldehyde derivative 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) in human Squamous oral cell carcinoma cell, YD-10B. BCA induced YD-10B cell apoptosis in a dose-responsive manner. BCA-induced apoptosis was associated with corresponding increases in a series of key components in the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathways, followed by caspase cleavage and PARP activation. We also observed that BCA induced autophagy through Akt/mTOR pathway in YD-10B cells. BCA treatment increased LC3B-II expression, and induced the formation of autophagosomes and autophagic vacuoles. These experimental findings suggest that BCA is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in YD-10B cells and provide new insights about leading to the possible development of a new therapeutic agent.

Curcumin is a widely used flavoring agent in food, and it has been reported to inhibit cell growth, to induce apoptosis, and to have antitumor activity in many cancers. Cisplatin is one of the most potent known anticancer agents and shows significant clinical activity against a variety of solid tumors. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effects of co-treatment with curcumin and cisplatin on human tongue SCC25 cells. To investigate whether the co-treatment efficiently reduced the viability of the SCC25 cells compared with the two treatments separately, an MTT assay was conducted. The induction and the augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst staining, and an analysis of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot, MMP and immunofluorescence tests were also performed to evaluate the expression levels and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins following the co-treatment. In this study, following the co-treatment with curcumin and cisplatin, the SCC25 cells showed several forms of apoptotic manifestation, such as nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, reduction of MMP, increased levels of Bax, decreased levels of Bcl-2, and decreased DNA content. In addition, they showed a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) to the nuclei, and activation of caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP, and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of 5 μM of curcumin or 4 μg/ml of cisplatin, for 24 hours, did not induce apoptosis. Therefore, our data suggest that combination therapy with curcumin and cisplatin could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safe criteria of portable slipmeter using human perception onto the several different floor surfaces under contaminated conditions. It was difficult to find why many different slipmeters took there’s own safe criteria. It is still unclear how thres hold values established in many literatures. Two different subjective slippery evaluating methods, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and Friedman test,were used to evaluate the perception of slipperiness of seven different floor surfaces under the contaminated condition with detergent solution. Twelve subjects worn same footwear and walked with self-selected step and cadence along the test floors. The SCOF(Static Coefficient of Friction) obtained for same test conditions with BOT-3000 was compared to perception of slipperiness to establish as a safe criteria. The very high significant correlation(r=0.97) was found between AHP and Friedman test. Also, The high significant correlation(r=0.96) was found between AHP and SCOF obtained with BOT-3000. The results suggested that the SCOF should be greater than 0.63 for safer walking. Perception rating obtained with AHP showed a high correlation with Friedman test and the SCOF obtained with BOT-3000 except for polished tile floor.The safe criteria obtained through this study were similar to ANSI/NFSIB101.1.

Occupational fatal injury rate per 10,000 population of Korea is still higher among the OECD member countries. To prevent fatal injuries, the causes of accidents including human error should be analyzed and then appropriate countermeasures should be established. There was an severe converter furnace accident resulting in five people death by chocking in 2013. Although the accident type of the furnace accident was suffocation, many safety problems were included before reaching the death of suffocation. If the safety problems are reviewed throughly, the alternative measures based on the review would be very useful in preventing similar accidents. In this study, we investigated the converter furnace accident by using human error analysis and accident scenario analysis. As a result, it was found that the accident was caused by some human errors, inappropriate task sequence and lack of control in coordinating work by several subordinating companies. From the review of this case, the followings are suggested: First, systematic human error analysis should be included in the investigation of fatal injury accidents. Second, multi man-machine accident scenario analyis is useful in most of coordinating work. Third, the more provision of information on system state will lessen human errors. Fourth, the coordinating control in safety should be performed in the work conducting by several different companies.

본 연구에서는 LED 면조명을 이용한 감성조명시스템의 인체 생리학적 반응을 검증하였다. 실험은 시각 질환이 없는 건강한 20대 남성 10명을 대상으로 LED 면조명의 색상에 따른 인체의 반응을 평가하였다. LED 조명은 빨간색, 주황색, 노란색, 초록색, 파란색, 보라색, 무채색(하얀색)을 사용하여 5분간 조명 자극을 주었다. 평가 방 법으로 심리적 상태를 분석하기 위하여 뇌파와 심박변이도를 평가하였고 피부의 온도 변화를 살펴보기 위해 체 열을 평가하였다. 분석 결과 뇌파의 경우 무채색, 빨간색, 주황색 LED 면조명 자극 시 α파 비율이 감소하였다. 또한 무채색, 빨간색, 주황색, 노란색 LED 면조명 자극을 받을 때 부교감신경에 비하여 교감신경이 활성화되고, 체열이 증가하였다. 이에 비해 초록색, 파란색, 보라색 LED 면조명 자극을 받을 때에는 α파 비율의 증가와 교감 신경에 비하여 부교감신경의 활성화가 발생하였고 체열이 감소하였다. 향후 각 색상을 조합하여 상황별 모드를 구성한 실험과 시각적 자극 외에 아로마와 같은 후각 자극, 음악과 자연의 소리를 이용한 청각 자극 등을 이용한 복합한 시너지 효과에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.