산악지형이 많은 우리나라의 지형적 특성상 터널은 장대화, 대단면화 되어 가고 있으며 다양한 암반을 관통하여 시공된다. 특히 도로, 철도 터널의 시종점부는 암반 구성 조건이 상부로부터 붕적토, 풍화암, 연암 등으로 구성되며 아칭 효과(Arching Effect)를 많이 기대할 수 없어 보조, 보강 공법을 적용한다. 따라서 안정한 시공을 위해 터널 시공 전에 수치 해석을 실시하여 보강 여부, 범위를 검토한 후 실제 시공 중에 발생한 변형, 응력 등 계측 결과와 수치 해석 결과를 서로 비교 검토(Feed Back) 하는 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 비교적 얕은 토피고를 갖는 풍화암 지반의 터널 시종점부에 대한 유한요소해석(Finite Element Analysis, FEA)과 실제 시공 중에 계측한 결과를 비교하여 터널의 안정성 여부를 최종 확인하였다.

The uneven mass distribution of the Moon highly perturbs the lunar spacecrafts. This uneven mass distribution leads to peculiar dynamical features of the lunar orbiters. The critical inclination is the value of inclination which keeps the deviation of the argument of pericentre from the initial values to be zero. Considerable investigations have been performed for critical inclination when the gravity field is assumed to be symmetric around the equator, namely for oblate gravity field to which Earth’s satellites are most likely to be subjected. But in the case of a lunar orbiter, the gravity field of mass distribution is rather asymmetric, that is, sectorial, and tesseral, harmonic coefficients are big enough so they can’t be neglected. In the present work, the effects of the first sectorial and tesseral harmonic coefficients in addition to the first zonal harmonic coefficients on the critical inclination of a lunar artificial satellite are investigated. The study is carried out using the Hamiltonian framework. The Hamiltonian of the problem is cconstructed and the short periodic terms are eliminated using Delaunay canonical variables. Considering the above perturbations, numerical simulations for a hypothetical lunar orbiter are presented. Finally, this study reveals that the critical inclination is quite different from the critical inclination of traditional sense and/or even has multiple solutions. Consequently, different families of critical inclination are obtained and analyzed.

Ambient particulate matters(PM10 and PM2.5) were investigated at GNTECH university in Jinju city. Samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler(series 240, Andersen Corp.) and a TEOM(Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) monitor period from November 2012 to October 2013. For the dichotomous sampler measurements, daily 24-h integrated PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 ambient air samples were collected at a total flow rate of 16.7 L /min. For the TEOM monitor measurements, daily 1-h integrated PM10 ambient air samples were collected at a flow rate of 16.7 L /min. The annual average concentrations of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 by a dichotomous sampler were 10.0±6.1 μg/m3 and 22.6±9.3 μg/m3, respectively. And PM10 concentration by dichotomous sampler were similar to TEOM monitor by 32.7±12.9 μg/m3 and 31.7±11.3 μg/m3, respectively. And good correlation (R2=0.964) between the two methods was observed. The annual average of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70±0.12.

Vertical pipe cooling method was developed for the thermal cracking control of vertically long and slender mass concrete member. This method was applied to mass concrete wall, and the performance of this method was investigated.

본 연구에서는 건물의 질량중심과 면진층의 강성중심 사이의 차이에 따른 면진효과에 대하여 살펴보았다. 면진기술은 면진층에 설치되는 면진장치의 성능에 크게 의존하는 기술이므로 면진장치 제작 후 전수검사를 통하여 면진장치의 수평강성을 검토하게 되어 있다. 하지만면진장치 성능실험 시 각각의 면진장치의 품질기준은 건축기준에는 정해져 있지 않으며, 이로 인해 설계 시 적용된 강성과 실제 강성의 차이가 발생하여 면진층 상부 부재에 큰 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 연구결과, 최대응답변위의 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았으나 편심이 증가할수록 최대응답가속도, 층전단력 및 상부구조의 부재력은 크게 증가하여 일부 부재에서는 과도한 손상이 예상된다. 따라서 면진층은 실제 장치제작 후 전수검사를 실시하여 반드시 설계된 의도대로 편심이 발생하지 않도록 장치를 재배치할 필요가 있으며, 가능하다면 건물의 질량중심과 강성중심의 차이는 동일하게 설계할 것을 추천한다.

This experiment was carried out to establish the optimum cutting time, plant growth regulator, and bed-soilfor rooting by greenwood cutting of Schisandra chinensis. Approximately 7㎝ long-shoots of greenwood cuttings weretransplanted by various cutting times, plant growth regulators, and bed-soils in the plastic-film house. The rooting rate ofgreenwood cutting was 12.5% in the April 5th, 73.5% in the May 8th, and 75.5% in the August 5th. The number and lengthof primary root in greenwood cutting were more in the early May than those in the early August. For mass propagation ofSchisandra chinensis. using greenwood cutting, shoots were treated with plant growth regulators on May to increase rootingrate. Rooting rate was 100% with IAA 50㎎/ℓ,92.9% with NAA 100㎎/ℓ,and NAA 1,000㎎/ℓ,for 60 min. To selecteffective media for rooting, various medias for bed-soil were treated by single and mixture form for 100 days after cutting.Rooting rate was 91.8% in the single treatment of peat moss or decomposition of granite soil, and this result was better thanthose in other treatment. The treatment by 1:1 mixture of peat moss and horticulture bed soil was rooting with 94.0% bestrooting rate.

상용의 GoldSim과 GoldSim 이동 모듈 (GoldSim Transport Module; GTM)을 이용하여 방사성폐기물 처분시스템과 같이 복 잡한 질량 이동 시스템을 신뢰성 있고 효율적으로 모사할 수 있다. 그러나 GTM의 특성을 보다 정확하게 이해하여야 이를 사용하여 실제 처분시스템의 안전성 평가 프로그램을 개발할 때 발생할 수 있는 오류를 피할 수 있다는 것을 인지하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위하여 GTM에서 다양하게 제공되는 요소 (element) 중, 질량 이동 모사에 유용한 Transport pathway의 특 징에 대하여 소개하고, 방사성폐기물 처분시스템 안전성 평가를 위해 시스템 내 핵종의 거동과 같은 질량 이동 모사에서 이 에 대한 올바른 활용 방안을 제시하였다.

The number concentrations, the mass concentrations and the elemental concentrations of PM10 have measured at Gosan site in Jeju, Korea, from March 2010 to December 2010. And the correlation and the factor analysis for the number, the mass and the elemental concentrations of PM10 are performed to identify their relationships and sources. The average PM10 number concentration is observed 246 particles/㎝3(35.7∼1,017 particles/㎝3) and the average PM10 mass concentration is shown 50.1 ㎍/㎥(16.7∼441.4 ㎍/㎥) during this experimental period. The number concentrations are significantly decreased with increasing particle size, hence the concentrations for the smaller particles less than 2.5 ㎛(PM2.5) are contributed 99.6% to the total PM10 number concentrations. The highest concentration of the 20 elements in PM10 determined in this study is shown by S with a mean value of 1,497 ng/㎥ and the lowest concentration of them is found by Cd with a mean value of 0.57 ng/㎥. The elements in PM10 are evidently classified into two group based on their concentrations: In group 1, including S>Na> Al>Fe>Ca>Mg>K, the elemental mean concentrations are higher than several hundred ng/㎥, on the other hand, the concentrations are lower than several ten ng/㎥ in group 2, including Zn>Mn>Ni>Ti>Cr>Co>Cu>Mo>Sr>Ba>V >Cd. The size-separated number concentrations are shown positively correlated with the mass concentrations in overall size ranges, although their correlation coefficients, which are monotonously increased or decreased with size range, are not high. The concentrations of the elements in group 1 are shown highly correlated with the mass concentrations, but the concentrations in group 2 are shown hardly correlated with the mass concentrations. The elements originated from natural sources have been predominantly related to the mass concentrations while the elements from anthropogenic sources have mainly affected on the number concentrations of PM10.

Adsorption of phenol on activated carbon in a fixed bed was studied. The effects of fixed-bed length, superficial velocity (flow rate) and particle size of adsorbent on fixed-bed performance were investigated. Some characteristic parameters such as the breakthrough time (t0.05), saturation time (t0.95), length of mass transfer zone (LMTZ), adsorptive capacity (W), and adsorption rate constant (Ka) were derived from the breakthrough curves. Adsorbent particle sizes significantly affected the shape of the breakthrough curve. Larger particle sizes resulted in an earlier breakthrough, a longer LMTZ and a lower adsorption rate. Superficial velocity was a critical factor for the external mass transfer during fixed-bed adsorption process. The external mass transfer resistance was dominant as increasing superficial velocity.

Volatile organic silicon compounds (namely as siloxanes) are impurities in biogas generated from landfill and biogas.They have been known to cause damages to gas combustion engines. However, factors affecting process design decisionshave been less studied. In this research, we experimentally determined the gas-liquid partition coefficients (Kp) of siloxanesby applied the equilibrium partition experiment in closed system. we also investigated the effects of liquid solutes onsiloxanes partitioning. Five different types of siloxanes and five different types of liquid solutes (distilled water, nutrientsolution, ferrous sulfate solution, and surfactant solutions) were selected for this study. Dimensionless gas-liquid partitioncoefficients of siloxanes were determined to be 8.808 for L2, 2.278 for L3, 1.455 for L4, 3.435 for D4, and 0.770 forD5. Partition coefficients varied by liquid solutes, Especially for surfactants as liquid solutes, mass transfer of siloxanesfrom gas to liquid was enhanced, showing the lowest coefficients of partitioning.

This paper presents a new method for conveniently estimating static displacements of a structure based on its vibration data. In the proposed method, structural static displacements can be obtained using a normalized modal flexibility matrix assisted by a known mass perturbation method in order to overcome several shortcomings of existing displacement sensors such as the limitation on installation due to surrounding environments and the inconvenience to the public during static loading tests. For validating the feasibility of the proposed method, experimental validation was carried out on a simply-supported beam model. It was found that the proposed method can be an effective alternative to conventional static displacement estimation.

Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Application of this process include: clonal propagation of genetically uniform plant material; elimination of viruses; provision if source tissue for genetic transformation; generation of whole plants from single cells called protoplasts; development of synthetic seed technology. In this study tissue culture was carried out for mass propagation of cassava using somatic embryogenesis. For tissue culture set up, we used cassava variety (“Rayong5”, “Rayong7”, “Rayong9”, “Rayong11”) developed in Rayong Field Crop Research Center(RYFCRC). In induction of callus step, the callus formed from each cassava variety. “Rayong 7“ showed the highest induction rate of 95%, while induction rate of other varies were ranged from 50% to 85%. In the case of weight of callus ”Rayong5“ has the highest weight. Results in the present study would be useful in mass propagation of cassava by somatic embryogenesis.

A mass balance of process was calculated by using the analysis of basic unit and environmental assessment of all the processes of Busan fashion color industry cooperative that operates a combined heat and power plant and a bio treatment plant. The mass balance for the combined heat and power plant was done, based on boiler and water treatment processes while each unit reactor was used for the bio treatment plant. From the results above, a resource recycle network, a treatment flowchart for food waste water/wastewater treatment and a carbon reduction program were established.

본 연구는 바이러스 무병묘의 대량 증식을 위한 기초 자료를 얻고자 포도 '자랑' 품종의 신초와 뿌리의 형성 및 생장에 미치는 배지조성물질과 생장조절제의 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 배지의 무기염 농도가 낮을수록 신초의 형성은 많아지는 경향으로, 특히 1/2MS배지에서 신초의 형성 및 생장이 가장 양호하였다. 부정근의 형성은 무기염의 농도가 높아질수록 양호하여 2MS배지에서 부정근의 수가 2.1개로 가장 많았다. Sucrose의 경우, 신초의 형성은 1%, 부정근의 형성은 3%, 생장은 1% 농도구에서 가장 좋았다. 활성탄의 0.05% 첨가에 의해 신초의 생장은 양호했으며, 특히, 부정근의 형성 및 생장에 효과적이었다. '자랑'의 대량 증식을 위한 배지의 pH는 6.8이 가장 적합하여 신초의 마디수와 길이가 각각 3.9개와 1.3 cm로 가장 좋았다. 기내 대량증식에 미치는 생장조절제의 영향으로 BA 1.0 mg/L에서 신초의 생장이 가장 왕성하였으며, NAA 1.0 mg/L에서 절편체당 16.9개의 신초가 형성되어 양호한 결과를 얻었다.

As the scale of structure becomes larger, the temperature crack of massive concrete structure is caused by the phenomenon which the mass concrete volume is restricted in the inside or outside part due to the temperature variations induced by the hydration heat of cement. So, we should prepare the method to reduce reasonably the hydration heat for the control of temperature crack. Therefore, this study presents the hydration heat analysis to verify the control effect of temperature crack when we consider to the different concrete mixtures.

We present a spectroscopic study of 343 blue compact galaxies (BCGs) at 0.20 < z < 0.35 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR7 data. We derive gas phase oxygen abundance using the empirical and direct method. Stellar masses of galaxies are derived from the STARLIGHT code. We also derive star formation rates of galaxies based on Hα emission line from the SDSS as well as far-ultraviolet (FUV) flux from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer GR6 data. Evolution of the luminosity-metallicity and mass-metallicity (M-Z) relations with redshift is observed. At a given luminosity and mass, galaxies at higher redshifts appear to be biased to low metallicities relative to the lower redshift counterparts. Furthermore, low mass galaxies show higher specific star formation rates (SSFRs) than more massive ones and galaxies at higher redshifts are biased to higher SSFRs compared to the lower redshift sample. By visual inspection of the SDSS images, we classify galaxy morphology into disturbed or undisturbed. In the M-Z relation, we find a hint that morphologically disturbed BCGs appear to exhibit low metallicities and high SSFRs compared to undisturbed counterparts. We suggest that our results support downsizing galaxy formation scenario and star formation histories of BCGs are closely related with their morphologies.

본 연구는 신체활동과 심리수정을 토대로 한 비만관리 프로그램이 남자비만청소년들의 체중감소와 신체 활동수준 및 심리적 변인을 변화시키는데 효과가 있는지를 확인하는데 그 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 서울시 N구에 소재한 C중학교 남학생중, 체질량이 25kg/m2인 비만학생 86명이 자발적으로 비만관리 프로그램에 참여하였다. 비만관리 프로그램은 12주간 줄넘기 운동 (주 3회)과 심리수정 전략(주 2회)으로 구성되어 있으며, 1회 40분씩 실시되었다. 여가시간 신체활동 질문지, 운동자신감 질문지, 의사결정균형질문지가 연구참여자들의 신체활동 및 관련된 심리적 변인의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 사용되었다. 연구 참여자들의 일반적 특성은 기술분석에 의해 제시되었으며, 비만관리 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 반복측정분산분석이 수행되었다. 비만청소년들의 체질량은 비만관리 프로그램을 통해 유의하게 감소 하였고 (F=4.89, p=.007), 신체활동량은 유의하게 증가하였다 (F=3.87, p=.025). 또한, 비만청소년들의 신체활동 자신감(F=4.38, p=.016)과 신체활동이득에 대한 지각 (F=4.07, p=.021)은 유의하게 증가한 반면, 신체활동의 지각된 장애요인 (F=4.15, p=.023)은 유의하게 감소하였다. 본 연구는 비만과학 및 운동과학 영역에서 비만관리 프로그램을 계획하고 적용하는데 있어 신체활동 뿐만 아니라, 신체활동에 영향을 주는 다양한 심리적 특성의 중요성을 고려하여야 한다는 것으로 제안한다.

Vortex shedding occurred at relatively low mean wind velocities between 13m/s and 16m/s in the 2nd Jindo grand bridge. To control the vortex shedding Multiple Tuned Mass Damper(MTMD) was installed in the mid span. The control effects of MTMD was verified by assessing the damping ratio before and after installing MTMD. This paper present the evaluation of damping ratio of a cable- stayed bridge based on measuring data through unified remote monitoring system.