Recently, there has been growing interest in harmful substances released from household items such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and this has increased people’s environmental awareness. In this study, adhesives and manicures were used as samples of indoor household goods and formaldehyde emission and tested over time under temperature conditions of 15oC, 25oC, 35oC, and 45oC. The small chamber method as the indoor air quality process test method was employed and used to evaluate the concentration of formaldehyde emissions. As a result, formaldehyde emissions gradually decreased over time in both tests using adhesives and manicures. The cumulative emission showed a logarithmic function over time, and the formaldehyde can be released for longer periods of time at lower temperature conditions. The logarithmic value and response time showed linear relationships, and it can be inferred that the formaldehyde was released from the sample through the first order reaction. Furthermore, the relationship between temperature and velocity constants which was determined using the Arenius linear equation showed that the reaction rate of formaldehyde can be estimated by a temperature change.

In this study, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of twisting in the preparation of waterproofing in the process of unfolded donut-type staking method fire hoses in indoor hydrant system. The central pull-out method caused more twisting than the rolling method, and there was no significant difference in the number of twists according to the pull-out method in the case of male and female students. It was found that the time it took to untwist and prepare waterproofing was much shorter for male students. The angle valve and hose are connected, and the time to untwist and prepare for waterproofing after withdrawing the fire hose with the hose and nozzle connected was shorter than the unconnected state. In the rolling method, when a hose connected with two 15 m fire hoses was used and the angle valve-hose was connected, but the hose-nozzle was not connected, the least kinking occurred. The time to untwist and prepare for waterproofing was also the shortest. As a result, in the withdrawal method of the donut-type loaded fire hose in the indoor hydrant system, it is a rolling method rather than a central withdrawal method. With the angle valve and hose connected, unfold the fire hose with the hose and nozzle connected, if a large number of people unwind the twisted hose, the time to prepare for waterproofing can be shortened.

This study developed a scenario to understand the reaction rate and operational time according to RTI value of rate of rise detector in each type in case of fire mattress. In the results of analyzing the reaction rate and operational time of detector in each scenario, in case when installing a single detector, the elevated temperature per minute was raised to 8℃/min ~ 9℃/min. In case when installing two detectors, it was raised to 9℃/min ~ 10℃/min. In case when installing three detectors, it was raised to 10℃/min. The horizontal distance between detector and mattress was 1.8m~2.5m. Whenever the number of detectors was increased, the horizontal distance was decreased. The operational time of detector was within maximum 540 seconds and minimum 420 seconds. As the research tasks in the future, there should be the researches on the effects of reaction rate of detector on the evacuation in case of fire through the result value of RSET by setting up the latency until the detector operates, and the researches on the safety by understanding if the operational time of detector is suitable for the evaluation standard of performancecentered design.

This study analyzed the effect of time of trot on hematology and blood chemistry values of the Jeju Pony crossbreed horses that are commonly used for riding (14.1±1.4 years old, Gelding). A total of 28 parameters including vital signs as well as stress hormones such as cortisol and lactic acid levels were examined as the time of the trot exercise progressed. Vital signs such as heart rate (38.0→81.0 times/min) and respiratory rate (11.7→35.7 times/min) increased significantly within 30 minutes of exercise. However, difference in the body temperature was not observed before and after exercise. The hematology including white blood cell count (8.03→9.52×103 cells/μL), red blood cell count (5.94×103→7.23–7.32×103 cells/μL), hemoglobin levels (11.82→14.65–14.78 g/dL), and hematocrit levels (25.04→30.27%) significantly increased 30 minutes after the start of the exercise (p<0.05). The blood chemistry value of albumin (3.25→3.47 g/dL) (p<0.05) only showed a significant increase after the exercise. However, the other blood chemistry levels such as, Na+, K+, Ca2+, total CO2, creatine kinase, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase, and total plasma protein did not change. Also, cortisol and lactic acid levels did not show significant difference. The middle-aged Jeju pony crossbreed horses were not stressed by the 30-minute exercise; therefore, it can be concluded that there is no problem regarding the safety of both the rider and the animal.

본 연구에서 multiplex PCR과 real-time PCR을 이용하여 창난젓의 원료를 감별할 수 있는 새로운 판별법을 개발하였다. 명태와 가이양의 종 특이 프라이머를 디자인하고, 명태와 가이양의 genomic DNA를 template로 single PCR과 multiplex PCR을 실시하였다. PCR을 실시한 결과, single PCR에서 명태(297 bp)와 가이양(132 bp)에 해당하는 PCR 밴드를 확인하였으며 교차 반응이 일어나지 않는 것을 확인하였다. Multiplex PCR에서 명태와 가이양 사이에 교차 반응없이 증폭이 일어나는 것을 확인하였다. Real-time PCR 결과, 명태 종 판별 프라이머에서 명태의 Ct 평균값은 20.765±0.691, 가이양 시료에서 Ct 평균값은 35.719±1.828이 었으며, 가이양 종 판별 프라이머에서 명태 시료의 Ct 평균 값은 35.996±1.423, 가이양 시료의 Ct 평균값은 20.096±0.793 으로 프라이머의 효율성, 특이성 및 교차 반응성에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 시중에서 판매되는 7개 제품을 multiplex PCR 및 real-time PCR로 확인 하였으며, 모든 시료에서 유효한 결과를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제작된 명태와 가이양에 대한 종 특이적 프라이머는 가공된 젓갈 시료의 원료의 판별 가능하며, 이러한 결과는 식품안전관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 지방 산화를 억제하고 품질이 우수한 부세 굴비의 가공법을 개발하기 위해 대두와 멸치의 복합 발효소재를 첨가한 염지제 처리 및 건조 시간에 따른 부세 굴비를 제조하여 품질 특성을 비교하였다. 발효소재 첨가에 따른 염지제와 부세 굴비의 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 발효소재의 함량에 따라 증가하였으나, 발효소재 1% 이상에서 부세 굴비의 라디칼 소거능은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 발효소재의 함량이 증가할수록 부세 굴비의 아미노태질소 함량은 증가하고 VBN, TBARS, 산가는 감소하는 결과를 나타내나, 발효소재 1% 이상에서 품질의 유의적인 차이가 크지 않으므로 염지제의 발효소재 함량은 1%로 선정하였다. 염지제의 염도에 따른 부세 굴비의 품질을 분석한 결과 염도가 증가할수록 아미노태질소 함량은 증가하고 히스타민, VBN, TBARS, 산가는 감소하는 결과는 나타내며, 염지제의 염도는 품질 개선 효과가 가장 우수한 7% 조건을 선정하였다. 염지 처리 후 건조 시간에 따른 부세 굴비의 품질을 분석한 결 과 건조 시간이 증가할수록 수분은 감소하고 염도, pH, 아미노태질소, 히스타민, VBN, TBARS, 산가는 증가하였다. 그러나 건조 48시간 이하는 수분이 많아 저장성이 낮으며, 건조 96시간에서 히스타민과 산패도의 증가율이 높아지므로 부세 굴비의 건조 시간은 72시간이 적합한 것으 로 판단되었다.

본 연구는 베이비부머를 대상으로 미래시간조망과 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 희망의 조절효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 D시의 베이비 부머(1955~1963년생)에게 면접식 설문조사를 실시하여 총 380부를 분석에 활용하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 19.0과 PROCESS macro 3.3 통계프로그램을 사용하여 기술통계분석, 각 변인 간 상관관계분석, 희망의 조절효과를 알아보기 위한 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미래시간조망은 주관적 안녕감에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 미래시간조망과 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 희망의 조절효과가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 베이비부머의 미래시간조망을 확장함으로써 주관적 안녕감을 높일 수 있고, 미래시간 조망 확장수준이 낮더라도 희망을 다양한 경로로 활용한다면 주관적 안녕감을 높일 수 있음을 나타내는 것이다. 이러한 통합적 경로확인을 바탕으로 베이비부머의 주관적 안녕감을 높일 수 있는 다양한 방법을 모색하였다.

수역 내 충돌 위험 식별은 항해의 안전을 위해 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 거리 요인을 기반으로 한 군집화 방법인 계층 클러스 터링을 포함하는 새로운 충돌 위험 평가 방법을 도입했으며, 주변의 선박이 많은 경우 실시간 데이터, 그룹 방법론 및 예비 평가를 사용하여 선박을 분류하고 충돌위험평가를 기반으로 평가하였다(HCAAP 처리라 부른다). 조우하는 선박들의 군집은 계층 프로그램에 의해 모아지고, 예비 평가와 결합되어 상대적으로 안전한 선박을 걸러내었다. 그런 다음, 각 군집 내에서 조우하는 선박 사이의 최근접점(DCPA) 및 최근접점까지의 도착시간(TCPA)까지의 시간을 계산하여 충돌위험지수(CRI)와의 관계를 비교하였다. 조우하는 선박들간의 군집에서 CRI와 DCPA 및 TCPA 수학적 관계는 음의 지수 함수로 구성되었다. 이러한 CRI로부터 운영자는 명시된 해역에서 항해하는 모든 선박의 안전성을 보다 쉽게 평가할 수 있으며, 프레임워크는 해상운송의 안전과 보안을 개선하고 인명 및 재산 손실을 줄일 수 있다. 본 연구에 서 제안된 프레임워크의 효과를 설명하기 위해 국내의 목포 연안 해역에서 실험 사례 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구의 프레임워크가 각 군집 내에서 조우 선박 간의 충돌 위험 지수를 탐지하고 순위를 매기는 데 효과적이고 효율적이라는 것을 보여 주었으며, 추가연구를 위한 자동 위험 우선순위를 지정할 수 있게 해주었다.

During the shift from gasoline vehicles to electric ones, auto parts manufacturing companies have realized the importance of improvement in the manufacturing process that does not require any layout changes nor extra investments, while maintaining their current production rate. Due to these reasons, for the auto part manufacturing company, I-company, this study has developed the simulation model of the PUSH system to conduct a process analysis in terms of production rate, WIP level, and logistics work’s utilization rate. In addition, this study compares the PUSH system with other three manufacturing systems -KANBAN, DBR, and CONWIP- to compare the performance of these production systems, while satisfying the company’s target production rate. With respect to lead-time, the simulation results show that the improvement of 77.90% for the KANBAN system, 40.39% for the CONWIP system, and 69.81% for the DBR system compared to the PUSH system. In addition, with respect to WIP level, the experimental results demonstrate that the improvement of 77.91% for the KANBAN system, 40.41% for the CONWIP system, and 69.82% for the DBR system compared to the PUSH system. Since the KANBAN system has the largest impacts on the reduction of the lead-time and WIP level compared to other production systems, this study recommends the KANBAN system as the proper manufacturing system of the target company. This study also shows that the proper size of moving units is four and the priority allocation of bottleneck process methods improves the target company’s WIP and lead-time. Based on the results of this study, the adoption of the KANBAN system will significantly improve the production process of the target company in terms of lead-time and WIP level.

A lot of sensor and control signals is generated by an industrial controller and related internet-of-things in discrete manufacturing system. The acquired signals are such records indicating whether several process operations have been correctly conducted or not in the system, therefore they are usually composed of binary numbers. For example, once a certain sensor turns on, the corresponding value is changed from 0 to 1, and it means the process is finished the previous operation and ready to conduct next operation. If an actuator starts to move, the corresponding value is changed from 0 to 1 and it indicates the corresponding operation is been conducting. Because traditional fault detection approaches are generally conducted with analog sensor signals and the signals show stationary during normal operation states, it is not simple to identify whether the manufacturing process works properly via conventional fault detection methods. However, digital control signals collected from a programmable logic controller continuously vary during normal process operation in order to show inherent sequence information which indicates the conducting operation tasks. Therefore, in this research, it is proposed to a recurrent neural network-based fault detection approach for considering sequential patterns in normal states of the manufacturing process. Using the constructed long short-term memory based fault detection, it is possible to predict the next control signals and detect faulty states by compared the predicted and real control signals in real-time. We validated and verified the proposed fault detection methods using digital control signals which are collected from a laser marking process, and the method provide good detection performance only using binary values.

This paper aims to investigate the construction of ideal leadership in newspaper editorials from four American newspapers. In times of global crisis caused by COVID-19, editorials dealing with national leaders' performances show their opinions and attitudes toward President Trump by making evaluative comments. Previous studies regarding evaluative characteristics embedded in newspaper editorials have focused on the frequent use of modality. By analyzing editorials drawn from major American newspapers, the present study shows that not only words of modality but also statements without any modal expressions play a crucial role in representing and evaluating President Trump's leadership. The analysis also demonstrates that the combination of modal and non-modal statements serves to form writers' perspectives and create the ideology of how ideal and competent leaders should act when faced with a crisis.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 운동시간의 변화가 자아존중감의 변화로 이어지는 관계에서 그릿의 변화의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 한국아동·청소년패널 2018의 중1 코호트 2개년도 자료 중 결측치를 포함한 케이스를 제외한 2,438명(남=1,327명, 여=1,111명)의 자료가 분석에 활용되었다. 각 변인의 변화량 간의 관계를 검증하기 위해 1차년도 측정값과 2차년도 측정값의 회귀분석에서 생성된 표준화잔차점수를 변화량 변수로 활용하였다. 상관관계 분석 결과, 운동시간의 변화량과 자아존중감의 변화량, 그릿의 변화량은 모두 서로 유의한 정적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 위계적 회귀분석을 통한 매개효과 검증 결과, 운동 시간의 변화가 그릿의 변화를 통해 자아존중감의 변화에 직·간접적으로 영향을 미치는 부분매개효과가 유의한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 운동시간의 감소가 청소년의 그릿과 자아존중감의 감소에 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다.

As a kind of ideology, poetry creation is restrained and influenced by the political thought, philosophy, philosophy, culture and other aspects of the society where the poet lived without exception. These influences are complex and involve multiple aspects. They not only affect the poet's world outlook and life attitude, but also affect his cultural psychology and emotional purport. More importantly, they affect the poet's creation, and the social mindset and aesthetic trend in a specific era. Wang Wei is a man with rich knowledge, twists and turns, and ups and downs in his life. He received orthodox Confucian culture and education since his childhood, and learned Buddhism and paid respect for Buddha when he was young, winning him the title of Poem Buddha. In the second half of his life, his poems gradually began to embody the ideological core of Taoism. Wang Wei was a Confucian, paid respect for Buddha but he was not a monk. He followed the Taoism but he was not a Taoist. By looking at his poems and analyzing them from different themes and creation times, it can be see that when the ideal that he focused on as a “social person” collided with the reality, he dispelled such collision with the “nature” and “original aspiration” of Buddhism and Taoism. From a certain point of view, Wang Wei represented the mainstream cultural spirit of China. He focused on the objects gradually from the outside to the inside, and then completes the process of “introversion transformation” from “social person” to “natural person” and then to self “original aspiration”. This process was also the process of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and the formation of “introversion transformation” culture.

For the efficient teaching and learning of Vietnamese, the researcher paid attention to Project Based Learning and tried to apply it to the class. The researcher analyzed prior studies of PBL classes, including English and other foreign languages, and applied the theory of PBL to Vietnamese language education subjects, designed PBL classes, and utilized them in classes. In addition, the process in which the learners perform tasks (student presentation, peer-faculty evaluation, evaluation opinion reflection process), the results, and the questionnaire survey on learners were analyzed. As a result, it was found that PBL methods could also be applied in Vietnamese classes. The learners reorganized the learning contents into his or her own knowledge in the relationship between the learner’s own thoughts, experiences, knowledge, and understanding by referring to the instructor’s teaching plan and lecture. In addition, it was possible to achieve more useful and viable knowledge by listening to other people’s opinions and thoughts about their own knowledge, understanding, and interpretation, and through correction and supplementation processes. Also noteworthy is that through the PBL class, the level of knowledge of each student increased rapidly.

본 연구는 가온재배 조건에서 수확 후에 수관이 복잡해지는 문제가 발생하는 남부하이부쉬 블루베리 ‘신틸라’의 안정된 수체 생장과 과실 생산에 적합한 전정시기를 구명하고자 수행 되었다. ‘신틸라’ 품종을 180L 용기에서 재배하여 2018년(7년생)과 2019년(8년생)에 하계전정은 5월 20일(수확 후 35－ 39일경)과 6월 20일(수확 후 65－69일경)에 12월 전정구(관행)은 12월 20일(개화 전 5일)에 2년 연속 목질부 생장량의 30%를 제거하는 방법으로 동일하게 처리하였다. 5월 하계전정으로 이듬해 신초생장이 촉진되었는데, 12월 전정구보다 주당 신초수는 17－49%, 주당 총신초장은 18－32% 많았다. 본 연구에서 전정시기에 따른 과실 특성 차이는 없었다. 주당 수량은 처리 1년차 이듬해인 2019년에는 차이가 없었으나, 2년 연속 처리한 이듬해인 2020년에는 5월 전정구가 12월 전 정구보다 7% 높아 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과로 가온 재배 ‘신틸라’ 블루베리는 수확 후 5월에 하계전정을 하는 것이 신초 생장을 촉진하여 과실의 생산성을 높이는데 유리한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study was carried out to study the effect of supplementary nitrogen fertilization application time according to regrowth date on growth date on growth characteristics, feed value, and productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.; IRG) from 2019 to 2021 in Cheonan region. In order to determine the regrowth time, IRG was cut from experimental plots 3cm above soil level and the time when 1cm grew was judged as the regrowth time. The regrowth dates were February 15th and February 12th in 2020 and 2021 respectively. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were no fertilizer, immediately after the regrowth period, after 10 days of the regrowth period, and after 25 days of the regrowth period. Dry matter yield of IRG was significantly influenced by the supplementary N-fertilization application time. Dry matter yield was reduced for the delayed application time. The dry matter yield of immediately after the regrowth period was approximately 34.8 % higher than that no fertilizer application. In delaying the supplementary N-fertilization application time resulted in increased crude protein content. However, no significant statistical difference was neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber(p>0.05). After wintering, productivity of IRG reduced for the delayed application time. Therefore, it is essential to application N-fertilizer immediately after the regrowth period for high productivity of IRG.

The sampling bag is used as a storage container for odor gas samples. It is known that the substances recovery rate of odor bags decreases during storage time, and the degree of recovery varies depending on the characteristics of the gas sample and the material of the bag. This study investigated the recovery rate of VFA (ACA, PPA, BTA, VLA) in PEA bags during storage time. In addition, a model was developed to estimate the recovery rate of each substance as a function of time. Standard gas (ACA, PPA, BTA, VLA mixed) recovery rate was used for the model development. The concentration of the compound in the bag was measured by SIFT-MS at intervals of 1 to 2 hours. The recovery rate according to the storage time was calculated as the ratio to the initial concentration. The recovery rate of each substance according to the storage period (12h, 24h, 36h, 48h) was ACA (66.2%, 62.8%, 55.6%, 52.0%), PPA (77.6%, 72.1%, 63.0%, 58.1%, 86.6%), BTA (86.6%, 81.3%, 71.6%, 66.9%), VLA (94.8%, 89.0%, 76.6%, 71.7%). The recovery rate continued to decrease over the course of 48 hours of storage time. ACA, PPA, and BTA showed the greatest decrease within the initial 12 hours, which is form of exponential decrease. Therefore, we considered a 1~3 degree polynomial regression model and a 1~2 degree exponential decay model. Each developed model was evaluated by r², RMSE, MAPE, AIC, and then a model for each substance was selected. Selected models were tested with recovery rate data from swine farm odor samples. Only the ACA model exhibited a good performance (r² = 0.76).

San-ja is one of the main members consisting of the roof of traditional wooden buildings in Korea. In this study, the regional characteristics of the materials used in San-ja and changes of the materials over time were examined. To this end, 123 documents on the repair of wooden architectural heritage recorded since the 1950s were reviewed. It was found that there was a difference in the San-ja material by region because of the diversity in the conditions of material supply. For instance, bamboo was the most frequently used material in Jeollanam-do province because it was readily available. However, with the development of transportation and vehicle, the regional characteristics have disappeared. As a result, the material has been unified with bamboo now. This is because bamboo is specified as a representative material in the specification or the convenience of construction is prioritized. In addition, the social and economic conditions at the time of repair had an influence on the selection of the San-ja materials.

This study aimed to determine the trend in dry matter yield (DMY) of a new sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSH) in the central inland regions of Korea. The metadata (n=388) were collected from various reports of the experiments examining the adaptability of this new variety conducted by the Rural Development Administration (1988–2013). To determine the trend, the parameters of autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) were estimated from correlogram of Autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial ACF (PACF) using time series modeling. The results showed that the trend increased slightly year by year. Furthermore, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) was found to be the optimal model to describe the historical trend. This means that the trend in the DMY of the SSH was associated with changes over the past two years but not with changes from three years ago. Although climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine were also considered as environmental factors for the annual trends, no clear association was observed between DMY and climates. Therefore, more precise processing and detailed definition of climate considering specific growth stages are required to validate this association. In particular, research on the impact of heavy rainfall and typhoons, which are expected to cause damage in the short term, on DMY trends is ongoing, and the model confirmed in this study is expected to play an important role in studying this aspect. Furthermore, we plan to add the environmental factors such as soil and cultivation management as well as climate to our future studies.

대부분의 연구자들은 반응시간기반 숨긴정보검사(RT CIT)의 탐지 효율성을 평가하기 위하여 실험연구를 수행한다. 실험연구에서 거짓말하는 상황을 만들기 위하여 주로 두 가지 실험 패러다임이 사용된다. 한 가지는 모의 범죄 패러다임이며, 다른 한 가지는 개인적 항목 패러다임이다. 본 연구의 목적은 실험 패러다임에 관계없이 RT CIT의 탐지 효율성이 동일하게 추정되는지 검증하는 것이다. 연구 1에서는 선행 연구들에 대한 메타분석을 통하여 두 가지 실험 패러다임 간에 RT CIT의 효과크기가 다른지 검증하였다. 39개 연구에 대한 메타분석 결과, 모의 범죄 패러다임 의 효과크기(Hedges의 g=1.330)가 개인적 항목 패러다임의 효과크기(g=1.145) 보다 약간 컸지만, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 아니었다. 연구 2에서는 모의 범죄 패러다임 조건과 개인적 항목 패러다임 조건을 포함하는 실험연구를 수행하여, 실험 패러다임에 따라 RT CIT의 탐지 효율성이 다른지 검증하였다. 변량분석 결과, 관련자극과 무관련자극 간의 반응시간 차이가 실험 패러다임에 따라 통계적으로 유의하게 다르지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 실험연구에서 모의 범죄 패러다임의 효과크기(Cohen의 d)는 1.638이었으며, 개인적 항목 패러다임의 효과크기는 1.535였다. RT CIT의 탐지 효율성이 실험 패러다임에 영향을 받지 않는 이유에 대하여 논의하였다.