Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method’s advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

This study is a plan on the way to strengthen the survival ability by increasing the use time of air respirator by applying emergency breathing method in the situation where firefighter has to wait for RIT (Rapid Intervention Teams) because it is impossible to escape by himself or emergency escape during isolation during field activities. The research procedure first drew problems by conducting a survey on fire fighters under the Seoul Fire and Disaster Headquarters, and conducted an experiment to compare normal breathing and emergency breathing with 20 members of the Seoul 119 Special Rescue Team, and suggested emergency breathing method and training process modeling that can be applied to each field situation based on the data obtained. The experiment was conducted over 9 weeks, and it was divided into three categories: field activity situation, movement (emergency escape assumption) situation, and place (assume waiting for RIT). In the field activity situation experiment, it was confirmed that the application of skip breathing method was appropriate and the use time of air respirator increased about 1.6 ~ 1.9 times. In the moving situation or the in-situ situation, wheel breathing method was appropriate and the use time of air respirator increased about 1.6 ~ 2.4 times. However, when conducting intense activities in the field activity situation, it is recommended to use it limitedly because it is difficult to apply the emergency breathing method. If emergency breathing is not clearly learned in the body, it is difficult to use in the field, so I think systematic and continuous training is necessary. This study suggests that the application of emergency breathing method is effective enough to strengthen the survival ability of firefighters in the field.

The purpose of this paper was to introduce positive psychology, to the fields of SLA and English education in Korea. Positive psychology investigates how people flourish and seeks the virtues and strengths of humans. It focuses on the factors enabling people and their communities to thrive, instead of focusing on psychological disorders and abnormalities, longstanding issues of general psychology. Its three main research topics include positive emotions, traits, and institutions, all of which have relevance to SLA and L2 education. This paper examined how these topics have been approached in SLA. Much attention has focused on positive emotions, particularly, enjoyment, which has gained momentum in recent years with publications. Empirical studies of the impacts of positive emotions on L2 learning were reviewed with discussion of enjoyment. The paper concludes by discussing directions for future research, applying positive psychology to Korean EFL contexts.

이 사건은 우리나라 해운산업에 큰 영향을 미친 H해운 파산으로 인하여 발생 한 여러 유형의 법적분쟁 중 한 가지이다. 그 중 정기용선계약에 있어 회생절차 의 개시에 따른 계약 해지에 관한 손해배상채권의 준거법 결정과 정기용선계약 에 있어 반선시 잔존유 반환채권의 문제 및 영국법상 상계의 적용 문제 등 다양 한 쟁점이 존재한다. 이와 관련한 주요 쟁점 중 정기용선계약의 반선시 계약서식에 따른 잔존유 반 환채권의 문제에 대해 살펴보고, 준거법이 외국법인 영국법으로 지정된 경우에 있어 상계의 문제에 대해 검토하였다. 우선 NYPE 1946과 1993 서식을 사용하는 경우와 NYPE 2015 서식의 사용에 는 많은 차이가 있으므로 앞의 서식을 사용할 때는 추가약관을 보완할 필요가 있다. 특히 이 사건의 핵심인 정기용선계약의 중도해지에 따른 잔존유 반환채권 의 경우 NYPE 1946 서식에서는 제외되지만, NYPE 2015 서식에서는 포함시키고 있음을 인식할 필요가 있다. 그 다음으로 영국법상 중도해지에 대한 상계의 문제는 보통법상 상계와 형평 법상 상계의 적용에 있다. 영국 법원과 한국 법원의 판단은 실체법적인 성격을 포함하고 있으므로 보통법상 상계가 적용된다는 것이다. 타당한 판단이지만 준 거법으로 영국법이 적용되는 경우 운송계약에 있어 항해용선계약과 정기용선계 약의 청구원인별 상계 허용에 대한 입장은 다른 경우도 있으므로 추가 검토가 필요해 보인다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 향후 실무적으로 참조가 되기를 기대한다.

This study investigated chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) residues in milk of intramuscularly dosed dairy cows and established the withdrawal time (WT) of CPM in milk. Sixteen healthy Holstein cows were injected with 10 (CPM-1) and 20 mL (CPM-2) of the drug containing 4 mg/mL of CPM, respectively. After administration of CPM, milk samples were collected from all cows at 12 hour intervals for 5 days. CPM residue concentrations in milk were determined using LC-MS/MS. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9956, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 98.5-115.0%, and coefficient of variations were less than 10.96%. After treatment, CPM in CPM-1 and CPM-2 was detected below the LOQ in all milk samples at 12 hours. According to the European Medicines Agency’s guideline on determination of withdrawal periods for milk, withdrawal periods of both CPM-1 and CPM-2 in milk were established to 12 hours. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detection of CPM in milk, and the estimated WT of CPM in bovine milk will contribute to ensuring the safety of milk.

This paper explores a college EFL course designed to practice reading for pleasure during the pandemic. Sixty EFL college learners in a required English course read Mark Haddon’s (2004) [The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time] within the structure of a regular reading and writing focused academic English course. Reading for pleasure is often considered unfit for inclusion in regular curriculum. Nevertheless, for digital natives, the act of pleasurable reading especially in L2, should be actively implemented into classroom activities. This study follows a case study which practices reading for pleasure by utilizing weekly quizzes, discussion questions and response paper. Students’ feedback was collected and analyzed in order to share students’ experiences in completing the tasks. The feedback shows how weekly quizzes and class discussions have encouraged them to continue reading the text, influenced their attitude on reading English books and how they were able to empathize with the characters. This paper invokes the need to include reading young adult literature into general English courses for college learners to make them lifelong readers of L2.

Laser welding is used in various industries due to fast welding speed, and prediction with FEM is needed to design. The multi-layered heat source model that can cover various models has been recently proposed to analyze laser welding, but it takes a lot of time because more than 2,000 cases are compared to derive the results. In order to reduce the time, the simplified model should be suggested. In order to derive a simplified model, laser welding heat transfer analysis was performed using the welding direction length and the convection coefficient of the welding direction surface as parameters. As a result, the model whose difference is less than 0.1% compared to reference model is deducted. The analysis time was reduced by about 90% from 48 hours to 5 hours. Also difference of convection coefficient on the welding direction surface does not affect the temperature distribution much.

As laser welding has low thermal distortion and fast welding speed, the needs in the field is increasing in varous industries. Prediction of distortion and design with that prediction are very important for using welding process in the field. However many types of heat source models for laser welding are suggested, field engineers feels difffucult for using a proper model for a specific case. Thus I, author, suggested a representative model which can cover most of existing models with multi-layered heat source model. This method is very powerful, but there are much time consumption with analysis and comparision among more than 1,000 candidates. To solve these shortcomings, this study focused on to find the simplified model. In order to construct the simplified model, the length of the orthogonal direction to the welding direction was reduced from 300mm to 35mm, which makes time reduction of 75% with sustaining the quality of the original model. That can cover the disadvantage of multi-layered heat source model for laser welding, enhance the prediction of welding distortion after laser welding

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to investigate the spatiotemporal factors influencing the waiting time of special transportation systems for disabled people in Seoul, Korea. METHODS : A parametric survival analysis was employed to identify the primary factors influencing longer waiting times, primarily because censoring data were included in the analysis. For the analysis, one-year historical data collected from the Seoul Call-taxi for the disabled in 2019 were used. Using normal probability plots and Anderson-Darling statistics, a log-normal model was estimated to fit the data. RESULTS : In terms of time, there was a time zone in which the service level in terms of waiting time, such as late-night and dawn, decreased depending on the time of day called by call taxi users with disabilities in Seoul. Moreover, the waiting time on weekends was shorter than on weekdays. Spatially, when a user requests a service, there are many nearby vehicles when the traffic conditions nearby are good, and the waiting time tends to decrease near the depot. CONCLUSIONS : The existing system needs to reflect the increase in vulnerable times and the improvement of the dispatch method, considering the difference in the primary purpose of travel on weekdays and weekends. Additionally, to resolve the phenomenon in which vehicles are concentrated in a specific area, waiting time can be improved using operational strategies that can uniformly distribute vehicles in space, such as spatial subdivision of depots, real-time monitoring, and relocation.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to present a practical application method for measuring the setting time of concrete in the field, considering different concrete blending and curing environments. METHODS : In the experimental environment of the concrete setting experiment, a mold was made in the laboratory, and the curing temperature was performed at laboratory room temperature (20-25 ℃), heater (30 ℃), and dryer (40 ℃). In the field, the experimental method was performed in summer and autumn, setting experiments on penetration resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and semi-calorimeter. RESULTS : The result of the concrete setting time experiment was that the early setting time was achieved in the combination of filash and slag when the concrete was mixed, and the setting time in the curing environment was the same as the early setting time in the field. The setting time measurement method shows the correlation of the high crystal coefficient at UPV with 0.99 based on PR and the good ratio of 92 % to 107 % on average. In addition, the semi-calorimeter shows a good crystal coefficient of 0.96 to 0.99 and a good setting time of 88 % to 101 % on average. CONCLUSIONS : The analysis of the setting time of the concrete shows that the curing temperature is more affected than the mixture, and it is considered that the UPV test, which evaluates the reliability of the degree of purification, is easy to sampie among the three methods.

The introduction of autonomous underwater gliders (AUGs) specifically addresses the reduction of operational costs that were previously prohibited with conventional autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) using a "scaling-down" design philosophy by utilizing the characteristics of autonomous drifters to far extend operation duration and coverage. Long-duration, wide-area missions raise the cost and complexity of in-water testing for novel approaches to autonomous mission planning. As a result, a simulator that supports the rapid design, development, and testing of autonomy solutions across a wide range using software-in-the-loop simulation at faster-than-real-time speeds becomes critical. This paper describes a faster-than-real-time AUG simulator that can support high-resolution bathymetry for a wide variety of ocean environments, including ocean currents, various sensors, and vehicle dynamics. On top of the de facto standard ROS-Gazebo framework and open-sourced underwater vehicle simulation packages, features specific to AUGs for ocean mapping are developed. For vehicle dynamics, the next-generation hybrid autonomous underwater gliders (Hybrid-AUGs) operate with both the buoyancy engine and the thrusters to improve navigation for bathymetry mappings, e.g., line trajectory, are is implemented since because it can also describe conventional AUGs without the thrusters. The simulation results are validated with experiments while operating at 120 times faster than the real-time.

왕가위의 <동사서독>은 김용의 무협소설 󰡔사조영웅전射鵰英雄傳󰡕을 토대로 각색한 작품이다. 왕가위 감 독은 영화에서 새로운 캐릭터를 창조하고 이야기 플롯을 변화시키며 무협소설을 재해석했다. 왕가위 영화 에서 협객들은 다원적인 남성성을 표현한다. 코넬이 모델로 제시한 지배적 남성성, 공모적 남성성, 종속적 남성성, 주변적 남성성의 모습을 <동사서독>의 협객들에서 찾을 수 있다. 다원적 남성성을 보여주는 협객 은 영웅이 아닌 사랑의 배신과 집착에 고통받는 평범한 인물로 나타난다. 김용의 소설에 표현된 ‘협의’ 사상은 왕가위의 영화에서는 불교 사상과 결합한다. <동사서독>은 무협 세계 속 남녀를 통해 사랑에 대한 집착과 고통을 보여주며 불교에서 설명하는 ‘내려놓기’의 개념을 알려준다. 또한 시간의 표현을 통해 왕가 위는 불교의 윤회 개념을 전달한다. 영화는 계절의 반복과 시간의 순환을 인물의 등장 순서, 그리고 인물의 운명과 연결한다. 책력(冊曆)과 음양 괘상을 통해 인물의 운명을 설명하면서 시간과 공간에 갇힌 인간의 삶을 표현한다. <동사서독>은 무협 이야기를 통해 기억과 망각이라는 주제를 다룬다. 이러한 주제는 홍콩 반환을 앞둔 홍콩인의 불안한 정서를 반영한다. 왕가위는 무협영화를 통해 철학과 종교를 이야기한다. 이러한 점에서 왕가위의 <동사서독>은 홍콩의 무협영화 장르를 해체하고 재구축했으며, 인문 무협영화의 시작을 보여주었다.

최근 농지 및 수자원의 염류화로 인해 염생식물에 대한 작물화와 생육 조건 구명을 위한 연구 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 재배 조건 변화에 따른 작물의 생육 및 기능성 성분 변화 분석을 위해서는 양액 및 작물 생육부 시료를 채취하여 이를 전처리 및 분석해야 하여 시간적, 인적 자원의 소모가 높다. 본 연구에서는 염생식물의 최적 생육 조건 구명을 효율적으로 수행하기 위해 비파괴적으로 재배 현장에서 실시간으로 작물 생육부와 수경재배 근권부의 염분 농도를 모니터링할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발 시스템을 통해 NaCl 0 mM, 50 mM, 150 mM, 300 mM의 4가지 농도 조건에서 갯방풍을 대상으로 재배실험을 수행한 결과, 재배 중 염분 농도 수치의 변화 및 염분 농도가 높을수록 생체중이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 실제 생육 분석 결과에 따르면 개발 시스템을 통한 모니터링 결과에 상응하는 생체중 결과를 확인하여 염생식물의 생육 모니터링 적용이 가능할 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 단위 생체중 당 기능성물질 함량의 경우, NaCl 농도가 증가할수록 증가하는 것으로 나타나 갯방풍의 상업적 재배 조건의 구명을 위해서는 생체중 외에 기능성 성분의 모니터링을 위한 시스템 보완이 필요하다고 판단되었다.