The German popular music in the 19th century is the music, which is accepted in several citizen groups, on opposite to nobility society. With the emergence of capitalism and change of political situation produced the populace their own music of those life culture and distributed it in music market. But the evidence of independence of the popular music from art music of the aristocratic group is verificated in those antipathy and menace to the music of civil groups and those intention to classification their own music culture to the one of the populace. Eventually the meaning of german popular music in the 19th century is the new musical and cultural approach of the citizen group, who passively accepted and is known of unrefined and simple music, which is expression of emotions of uneducated people. Furthermore, it is important that the german popular music in the 19th century holds the ‘functional sociality’ changing the society than the lack of the artistry which the art music had.

This study focuses on an analysis of the Song cycle Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen(op.62) by Ernst Křenek(1900-1991). When Křenek composed this Song cycle in 1929, the Orchersterlied had become a main genre in the 20th concert program and since Pierrot lunaire, Lied accompanied by a chamber ensemble elevated its position high in vocal music creation. Therefore, the conventional 19th century art song with piano accompaniment tradition had not continued into the 20th century. Křenek completed 31 art songs in his life. And this means a lot in the history of 20th century art song. Another fact that Křenek was of great importance in the history of 20th century art song is that he composed five Song cycles. Among these, four are based on his own poem, and the other one is Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen. Composing Song cycle on his own poem verify the fact that Křenek was a person of a literary turn of mind and he faithfully followed the Song cycle tradition of the 19th century in purpose of unfolding a story based on one theme. Křenek’s Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen consists of 20 pieces(19 songs and an Epilog added later) and is modeled on Wienterreise by F. Schubert. The Romantic inclination appeared in this Song cycle is the use of consistent rhythmic pattern in the song number eight ‘Unser Wein’, the pattern also favored by Schubert’s piano pieces. As Schubert described disenchantment of love in hisWienterreise, the fact that Křenek depicted his own hapless love for his homeland in this Song cycle is also considered to be a reflection of Romantic tendency. Křenek recapitulated the theme of the first song in the song number nineteen ‘Heimkehr’ and this is compared to the construction of Schumann’s Song cycle Frauenliebe und -leben. There are several factors in this Song cycle that continued the 19th century art song tradition, musical aspects of the cycle contain various contents of the 20th century. Twenty songs can be divided into two categories according to musical language: songs in Romantic musical languages are song number one ‘Motiv’, number seven ‘Regentatg’, number eight ‘Unser Wein’; songs in Expressionism musical languages are song number eleven ‘Alpenbewohner’, number twelve ‘Politik’. There are songs with text simply describing apparent impressions of journey such as song number two ‘Verkehr’, number three ‘Kloster in den Alpen’, and number six ‘Friedhof im Gebirgsdorf’. But those which put psychological, moral, social, and political contents into text are song number five ‘Traurige Stunde’, number nine ‘Rückblick’ and number twelve ‘Politik’. The close relationship between text and musical languages are conformed through the analyses.

While composers in the Classical period fundamentally focused on compositional techniques of repetition and alteration of motives, W. A. Mozart not only further refined these techniques to make large-scaled ‘singing’ melodies but also developed his own distinguished ones beyond the scope of traditional motivic work. Moreover, although the existing studies on Mozart’s thematic melodies have widely admitted the importance of Mozart’s distinguished melodies, they have more narrowly focused on a specific work or the first movement. Especially, no studies have investigated all the slow movements of his keyboard sonatas as a whole to systematically analyze distinguished characteristics of Mozart’s compositional techniques. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze them systematically classifying compositional techniques of Mozart’s thematic melodies into three groups of motive(s)-based, variation-based, and through-composed ones.

이논문은 음악의 요소들과 음악외적인 의미들을 이해하기위해 쟈크 데리다의 문자에관한 철학적인 이론을 적용한다. 데리다는 음성언어와 문자언어의 전통적인 이분법적인 대립에 대해 재해석을 한다. 그는 그 이분법적인 대립의 상하구조, 즉 서구의 형이상학 철학 체계 전반에 대해 반대로 생각해보고, 더 나아가서는 현실에서 잘못 인식되고 있는 점들의 변혁을 꽤한다. 이러한 인식론적 변혁을 꾀하는 것을 해체주의라 한다. 이 연구에서는 세 가지의 다른 대립에 대해 살펴본다 - 이항대립, 유표성, 그리고 음양이론. 이는 해체주의의 단계별 과정, 즉 텍스트를 이항대립으로 생각해보고, 이를 전위 시키고, 결국 사고의 변혁을 가져오게 하는 그 과정을 잘 묘사한다. 서양의 사고는 이항대립의 형태에서 심한 상하구조를 가지고있다. 즉, 어떤하나의요소는그반대의것을완전히지배하는구조이다. 이항대립에서는 근본적인 것이라고 여겨지는 요소가 주목을 받는다. 반면에, 유표성 이론에서는 어떠한 특별한 속성의 존재가 주목 받는다. 그래서 유표성 이론은 이항대립의 전위적인 특성을 보인다. 더 나아가 이항 대립의 전위는 음양이론으로 더 넓게 생각되어질 수 있다. 자연의 이치에서 음이 여성적이며, 어두운성격이라면양은남성적이며 밝음을 상징한다. 서로보충적인이러한힘은가까이서 보면 반대인 듯 하나, 크게 보면 유기체적으로 하나를 이룬다. 이는 결국 서로 다른 요소들이 조화를 이루게 됨을 나타낸다. 그러므로 음양의 동양적 사고는 이항대립적인 서양의 형이상학적 사고를 해체시킨다. 이러한 세가지 다른 대립들을 기초하여 Charles Ives’s General William Booth Enters into Heaven의 형식, 주선울, 리듬, 클라이막스 면에서 분석하고 어떤 요소들이 전위되고, 인식론적인 변혁을 가져왔는 지를 연구한다.

This study analyzed M. Kagel(1931‐2008)’s Anagrama(1957‐58) and G. Ligeti(1923‐2006)’s Aventures(1962) to present the diversity in the creation of vocal music during the latter half of the 20th Century. The point for the analysis of music was set through the analysis of vocal music by Kagel and Ligeti when the concept of ‘sound composition’, ‘language composition’, ‘vocal composition’ and others apply, and through the pieces of the composers who lived in the same era when it comes to the changes during the latter half of the 20th Century. Among Kagel’s numerous vocal music pieces, there were not many pieces that placed the ‘emphasis of the Phonetic aspect’ at the front without text. At best, they are Phonophonie, Hallelujah für Stimmen and Die Mutation. Ligeti’s compositional tendency in vocal music is slightly different from that of Kagel’s. Ligeti’s Aventures and Nouvelles Aventures, pieces based on the synthesis of the voice originated in actual diverse languages are the vocal music pieces of the 1960s that realize experimental thinking towards ‘stage piece’ from very early on. After this piece, Ligeti did not continue on this tendency. Along with Clocks and Clouds that uses the consonants and voiced vowels, 13 each, that follow the international phonetics’ phonetic notation and the mix of these instead of the text conform with Syntactics, and other pieces that used text such as Requiem, Lux aeterna, Drei Phantasien nach Friedrich Hölderlin, Nonsense Madrigals confirm this. Analysis of Kagel’s Anagrama shows that the composer did not set music to text. Instead, it was shown clearly that it was handled musically regardless of the contents of the text. Besides the conclusion that non‐semantics was realized or that another meaning was formed compared to the Latin phrase that serves as the basis of this piece, it includes the contents that could lead to yet another conclusion. Not only was basic Latin text used as Phonetic material, but it is possible to verify the conclusion that it embraces the meaning of linking to drama through analysis. Analysis of the Aventures composed of the Phonetic text that Ligeti himself explained in person according to E. Dieth and H. F. Wendt’s pronunciation presents diverse methods that can be defined as ‘vocal composition’ and verified the matters concerning ‘toning of the voice’(tone melody). Moreover, ‘musical gestures’ (crying, laughing, whispering, yelling, sigh and others) presented directly on the music note can be re‐appreciated with the opera‐like parody or caricature expression.

이 글은 슈베르트 《악흥의 순간》(Moment Musical) Op. 94/6의 통섭적 고찰을 목적으로 필자와 기존 논문-콘(1981)과비치(1998)-의 논점을 인용, 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 분석자의 견해 와분석 방법, 적용 이론에 따라 가치를 두는 동기와 음악적 사건, 이에 따라 추론되는 결론이 다를 수 있음을 인지할 수 있었다. 해석학적 접근을 시도한 콘이 토픽으로 규정한 약속음은-진의와 상관없이-작품 속에서 간과 하기 쉬운 세부 요소를 인식하면서 작품을 다른 시각에서 듣고 이해할 수 있는 새로운 가능성을 제시한다. 콘은 약속음 이행을 좌절 시킨, F♭-E♭에 해석학적 의미를 부여했으며 비치는 이를 주요 2도 하행 동기의 변형으로 처리하였다. 반면에 필자의 경우 F♭-E♭는 A-B부분을 결속시키는 동기적 유사성의 예로 해석하였다. 이와같이 동일한 음악적 구성요소라도 분석자에 따라 부여된 의미는 다르며 광범위하게 표현되고 해석된다. 그 표현적 의미를 객관화, 구체화 시키는 것이 음악해석학이 직면한 당면과제이지만 역설적으로 이것이 분석의 다양성과 효용성을 제안하는 음악 표현의 강점이기도 하다.

It can be said that in the 18th century changes were seen in the history of music. During this period of time, there was a social enlightenment where the public musical culture began to rise within the established aristocratic society, which has been regarded as the accepted cultural means both socially and politically. Consequently, the old and new social culture met their confrontation in the area of musical genre, structure, and culture. This led to a number of different changes, where heightened interest and development in the instrumental music in addition to opera began to evolve. This study focuses on the characteristics of the town band compared to those of the court orchestra. I have also looked at the socio-musical background and the development of the system of performance as well as the musical background of the performers. The first part of this paper explains the musicians’ guild system and the musical training of Quantz. The second part of this paper explains the court music, specifically on the Dresden and Berlin court orchestra where Quantz mostly held his performance. In summary, the leading group in the area of ensemble music in the early 18th century consisted of town musicians and court performers. Until the establishment of general performance, the local or town band was part of an important musical culture for the civic society, where most of the musicians were Kunstpfeifer(‘town piper’). This evolving trend has an important implication since it was the focal point when brass musicians began to play an important role. Both the court opera and the court orchestra have contributed to the development of the court music in this time period, which later took a decisive role in the development and standardization of the modern orchestra. Therefore, the two systems, the town musical performances and the court music both can be considered as the forerunners in the modern culture of the public musical culture and the modern culture of the orchestra.

In music history, the 18th century is an epoch, in which concepts of distribution and statement of style are a delicate matter. To display this difficult situation, the first part of this study analyzes three selected music history books that are well known and commonly used in this country. The analysis shows that disagreement among the context of historical interpretations between analyzed books cannot be overlooked. On the other hand, it was also observed: it is mainly about the history of the (German) instrumental music, while the opera, in particular, the Italian opera seria, which has been also determined as one of the main genres of the century, is neglected. In the next part of the work was the cause of the differences in the historical interpretation investigated based on Carl Dahlhaus’s music-historical theory. It was noted that the basis of the 18th-century music history was laid out around the turn of the 20th-century by the so-called "German Bildungsbürgertum" derived from music historians, while the national sentiment played a significant role. With previous findings, it is tried in the last part of the work, a self-written music history of the 18th-century presented in the outline. In summary, the music history of the 18th-century should be treated more in the narrow context of political, cultural and social issues, as happened so far. This perhaps could be the diversity of historical interpretations, which is generally observed on the area of research discussed here.

Music creation is important in enhancing elementary school children's motivation and interest for music learning. The purpose of this study is to analyze trends of master's theses about elementary music creation teaching and learning written between 2000 and 2011. A total of 147 master's theses on elementary music creation teaching and learning were analyzed. The theses were analyzed in respect to following six topics; (1) the years and institutes of publication, (2) subjects, (3) topics, (4) contents, (5) research methods, (6) teaching-learning strategies. The results are as follows. Firstly, the number of theses on music creation teaching and learning has decreased recently. Gyeongin National University of Education and Daegu National University of Education were the institutes which produced the biggest numbers of the theses on elementary music creation teaching and learning. Secondly, 40.41% of the theses targeted the grade group of the fifth and sixth grades. Only 9.59% targeted the first and second grades. Since 2009 the thesis on the first and second grades was not published at all. Thirdly, 46.95% of the theses dealt with the composition and improvisation activities simultaneously. Fourthly, 62.58% of the theses excluded Korean traditional music creation in their content. 12.94% dealt with the Korean traditional music creation only. Fifthly, 40.13% of the theses were about program design and excluded implementation. 37.43% were about program design and class implementation. Finally, the most preferred strategy was the use of teaching-learning materials (26.53%). The other strategies were the application of teaching-learning theories, the use of sequences, the use of musical pieces and so on.

The Affektenlehre is an important key to understanding Baroque music. The affection that Baroque music pursued was not a subjective feeling of an individual. It was rather a universal object that can be expressed in a stylized form. The purpose of this paper is essentially and comprehensively to approach the Affektenlehre, which is the essence of Baroque music. First, various aspects of the Baroque era identifying human affection rationally and systematically are explored. Then, the article reveals that the final purpose of Baroque music (theory) was stimulation and expression of affection so that the experience of affection controlled by music can give positive impacts on the virtue of a listener. Last, the article discussed the musical practice, in which Baroque composers who are commonly compared with craftsmen realized the Affektenlehre using tools such as tonality, rhythm, key, chord, and figure in accordance with principles of order, discipline and logic.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the horizontal structure of Prelude, Op. 74, No. 4 by Skryabin objectively and logically by utilizing transformational networks to analyze the voice leading of this music. David Lewin explained transformational relations in musical space through a visual graph called a network and introduced a frame of analysis which simplified complicated aspects of music. There were other methods that analyse horizontal voice leading in atonal music by means of Lewin's transformational theory. Of these methods, Henry Klumpenhouwer's ‘transformational networks’ and Shougn J. O'Donnell's ‘dual transformation’ have been adopted as a primary analytical method for this article. The network of Prelude, Op. 74, No. 4 by Skryabin is composed of eleven types of set classes, made up of transposition transformation. The network has verified the similarity between pitch classes by utilizing isography, which shows its pitch-class contents. In this article, I hope to show that atonal music composition has a delicate structure.

This study examined the effect of active and passive listening condition on young children's musical understanding of familiar and unfamiliar melody through researcher-invented notation. All subjects in this study were Korean children from 3 to 5 years of ages in a private prekindergarten in Seoul Korea. A pre-and posttest experimental design guided this study, which was conducted for five consecutive weeks, including three treatment sessions between pre-and posttest sessions in summer of 2009. The following research questions for the study were posed: 1) Is there a significant difference in young children's apparent understanding of tempo when comparing active and passive listening condition? and 2) Is there a significant difference in young children's apparent understanding of tempo according to familiarity of the melody? Listening conditions (independent variable) in this study were the presence or absence of body movement while children listened to short musical examples. The children's apparent musical understanding of tempo (independent variable) was captured through children's guided drawings that indicated where they understood tempo changes to occur in the music. The drawings were evaluated by three independent judges who scored four drawings for each child: for familiar and unfamiliar melodies in both the pre-and posttest. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the scores. The results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups, between familiar and unfamiliar melody, and no difference with the interaction of group and melody familiarity. Therefore, the null hypotheses for this study were accepted.

This paper shows how do pitch and rhythmic structures interacts in the Webern atonal music to produce a coherent and unified work. This is an interesting and difficult problem to approach. Because of there is no Webern's characteristic routine at the surface level of his music. However it will be shown that beneath the complex surface exists a considerable degree of regularity. This paper shows the proportional graph. Its purpose is to present rhythmic structure in the clearest possible way, detached from ordinary notation with its bias toward traditional interpretation. From the proportional graph and A-R partition, we see the correspondences and relations of various types demonstrated in the atonal composition of Webern. Using the composite segmentation, the pitch class set structure of the atonal work is related to the fundamental rhythmic structures of the work. The composite segmentation represents the harmonic components of the music at the absolute surface level and the segmentation which may take into account than the single voice, which does not encompass the total texture from top th bottom for any segment, and which may involve overlappings. The pitch-class set inclusion relations match the pattern of proportional relations set out in the basic rhythmic structure pattern. The proportion is quite explicitly reflected by the partition. The relations among pitch-class sets in terms of intersections, unions, complements have structural analogues in the relations among rhythmic formations in terms of combinations and partitions of duration. Proportional graph and A-R partition are the tool of atonal music and rhythm structure analysis. we can see the relation between pitch and rhythm at the surface level. However we can look forward to see the further study of pitch and rhythm relation at the middle ground or background level.

Colon Nancarrow has been no doubt one of the most revolutionary composers in studying rhythmic innovation of 20th century music. He experimented rhythmic complexity extremely under the influence of Ives and Cowell and affected other significant contemporary composers such as Carter, Ligeti and later composers. The interest in rhythm is reflected well in about fifty pieces called, Studies for player piano. This paper studied the first composition for player piano, Study No. 3. It aims at the development of Ostinato and the formation process of rhythmic complexity. Study No. 3 is proceeded into two parts. First, Ostinato is the basis for structural, pitch, and rhythmic foundation. Second, perceptual polytempo was generated from various polymeter. As a result, Nancarrow's esthetic goal, temporal dissonance was created.

The purpose of this study is to understand Liszt's music using the intertextuality theory of Kristeva. The intertextuality theory is based on post-structuralism that there might not be a purely new work on any composer's. It is a mere fabricated thing which is reflected by unconsciousness of composer's experiences. Liszt is one of the most influenced composers by literature, philosophy, and art. Especially he composed not a few piano works on poets. 《Mazeppa》is the one he composed using poem of Victor Hugo. It comprised intertextual elements of carnaval languages and 'menippea' which Kisteva suggested for analyzing literature. The other conception of 'chora sémiotique' was also involved in his work. As the result of this study, the conversion of diachrony into synchrony in turn and the distinction between carnaval languages and menipea were found to be able to apply to music not only literature. This result would suggest a new significant method, as an alternative of traditional method, in music understandings.

This paper is an ethnomusicological study of composer Kim Chung-Gil, interpreting various analyses and critics regarding his music and philosophy. Examining them, we can find that composers tended to focus on tonal materials and structures adopted in his composition, and that music theorists primarily talked about his perspectives on music. English ethnomusicologist Andrew Killick tried to connect Kim's music to the Korean nationalism prevalent in the 1980s, analysing how Kim incorporated traditional Korean musical elements and environment to develop his own contemporary Korean music. Meanwhile, the composer himself always actively verbalized his opinions about his music and contemporary Korean music. Giving a voice to these various interpretations, this ethnomusicological study is geared to a polyphonic writing on the multi-layered concepts of a person who dedicated his life to develop a true Korean contemporary music. This research will hopefully be linked to a cultural discourse in regards to contemporary Korean music in general.

The purpose of this study is to examine the scope and pattern of influence rhetoric had on Baroque musical rhetoric and to find out what process musical rhetoric took to establish itself as an independent musical theory in that era. The findings are as follows. Baroque musical theorists regarded the essence, purpose, and structure of rhetoric in the same light with that of music and discussed musical rhetoric accepting the broad and detailed concepts of rhetoric as well as its contents. While this reception process accompanied variations of the concepts, definitions, viewpoints, and theories of rhetoric the relationship between rhetoric and musical rhetoric became increasingly tight and systematic. Also, it cannot be overlooked that musical rhetoric, within the framework of Baroque trend, shared the same internal and external aim of rhetoric and continues to develop while reflecting even the detailed semantic changes of rhetoric. Importantly, musical rhetoric, based on the characteristic of musical art being more expansive than language in terms of linguistic and grammatical possibilities, significantly diversified the way rhetorical appearances and technical methods were realized in music. In addition, justification of the homogeneity between rhetoric and musical art itself which cannot be separated into vocal music and instrumental music contributed to both vocal and instrumental music take on equal status.

Accepting the musician as a genius means the concern for outstanding ability of human beings reflects the viewpoint of the emphasis on the artist's individuality, subjectivity, and especially the creativity. In this context, the aesthetics of genius provided the opportunity of establishing the autonomy of arts and the chance of reestablishing the social position of musicians. That is, on the one hand the formation of the concept of genius has a close relation with individual and artistic subjects and on the other hand, is closely related to the development of the Western music. However, does the word "genius" contain just positive meanings? In this thesis, I began with this question and researched the aesthetic meanings of "genius" in the aspect of the artist's subjective identity(subjektive Identität). And I've examined the process and characteristics of the 'identity' in the concept of artist a 'genius' and the relationship between 'genius' and the establishment of the artist's identity in the field of music. In this thesis, I've objectively examined whether the musician could have attained authentic identity as a subject of art as the musician got the recognition of being a genius or not. Then I have thought the internal meanings of representation or the rhetoric of 'artist as a genius'. And I looked on the problems of 'aesthetics of genius' which is so-called 'genius-ideology'. Throughout this process I've critically examined the hidden meanings of 'musical genius' and moreover groped the 'images of genius' which is contemporarily meaningful in the view of these times.

The Fandango is a dance that comes from Spain and its origins can be traced to a rural peasant dance. In the 18th century, the dance spread across the whole areas of Europe. The use of the Fandango by both Mozart and Gluck led to specific formations of tonal and melodic features of the Fandango. Schumann`s Fandango serves as an example of modifying or changing a fixed model of the dance, and also of redefining compositional characteristics, which mean the title of the dance suggesting its true origin. Entries made in Schumann`s diary suggest that the composer took the characteristics of Spanish folklore dance from a vivid Fandango scene in Malkolm, a book written by Heinrich Stefens.