Ni-C composite films were prepared by co-deposition using a combined technique of plasma CVD and ion beam sputtering deposition. Depending on the deposition conditions, Ni-C thin films manifested three kinds of microstructure: (1) nanocrystallites of non-equilibrium carbide of nickel, (2) amorphous Ni-C film, and (3) granular Ni-C film. The electrical resistivity was also found to vary from about 102 μΩcm for the carbide films to about 104 μΩcm for the amorphous Ni-C films. The Ni-C films deposited at ambient temperatures showed very low TCR values compared with that of metallic nickel film, and all the films showed ohmic characterization, even those in the amorphous state with very high resistivity. The TCR value decreased slightly with increasing of the flow rate of CH4. For the films deposited at 200 oC, TCR decreased with increasing CH4 flow rate; especially, it changed sign from positive to negative at a CH4 flow rate of 0.35 sccm. By increasing the CH4 flow rate, the amorphous component in the film increased; thus, the portion of Ni3C grains separated from each other became larger, and the contribution to electrical conductivity due to thermally activated tunneling became dominant. This also accounts for the sign change of TCR when the filme was deposited at higher flow rate of CH4. The microstructures of the Ni-C films deposited in these ways range from amorphous Ni-C alloy to granular structures with Ni3C nanocrystallites. These films are characterized by high resistivity and low TCR values; the electrical properties can be adjusted over a wide range by controlling the microstructures and compositions of the films.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze and clarify the concept of happiness. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted using several databases. The databases were searched using the following key words: happiness, subjective well-being, and concept analysis. Literatures related to happiness were reviewed using the framework ofWalker and Avant's conceptual analysis process. Results: Happiness can be defined by the following attributes: 1) physical comfort, 2) socio-economic stability 3) comparative advantage 4) positive emotion from satisfying one's desire, 5) taking a positive view of reality, 6) satisfaction from interacting with others, 7) attainment of life goal through immersion. The antecedents of happiness are as follows: 1) characteristics, 2) basic needs, 3) cognitive system, 4) goal of life, 5) human relationship, 6) socio-economic status. The consequences of happiness are as follows: 1) positive coping mechanism of stress 2) mental health promotion. Conclusion: The theoretical definition for happiness is physical comfort and emotional pleasure related to satisfaction of personal needs in their social and cultural environment. It is satisfaction or adaptation according to personal characteristics and cognitive evaluation over the external situation. Furthermore achievement of life goal means the ultimate self-realization that brings meaningful outcome in human relationship.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was understanding of real experiences of the subjects taking anti-psychotics medication. Methods: The subjects of this study were 14 mentally ill patients hospitalized in C National Hospital. The interview data were analyzed with ethnography researchmethod. Results: 26 themes were drawn, and they were categorized into 5 categories. The 1st category was the stage not to acknowledge themselves as mentally ill patients, as mentally ill patients were forced to be hospitalized in the mental hospital by their family, when their mental illness developed. The second category was the stage to endure difficulties while taking medication. The third category was the stage to experience recurrence of disease. The fourth category is the stage to experience improvement of mental illness with medication. The fifth category is the stage to reflect thembecause of the improvement of mental illness, and to express confidence and will about medication after being discharged from the hospital. Conclusion:Nurses actually have to provide total care bymaking thementally ill patients feel comfortable not to have resistance about medication, when they are hospitalized, closely observing medication actions and side effects, and sharing difficulties felt by the patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a substantial theory that explains the experiences of divorced women and the decisionmaking process before divorce. Methods: Data collection and analysis were conducted according to the grounded theory methodology. Data collection was performed through in-depth interviews and observations, which was recorded and transcribed verbatim by consent of the participants. The period of data collection was from December 2003 to October 2004, and the participants were 8 divorced women who had not remarried. Results: The core concept of this study was 'searching for one's real self' not 'an imposed self'. The decision-making process consisted of two phases and six stages. The factors that had an influence on the decision- making process of divorce were causal factors (risk factor of marriage), contextual factors (problems during marriage life), and intervening factors ('factors against divorce' and 'factors for divorce'). Conclusion: The findings of this study were expected to be useful in establishing effective nursing strategy and intervention suited for each stages of the decision making process on divorce.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a theory describing the experiences of psychosocial adjustment (process) among the recipients of pancreas transplantation in Korea. Methods: Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews with nine recipients of pancreas transplantation during 2010-2011. The data were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory method to identify psychosocial adjustment process. Results: As a result of constant comparative analysis, "Pursuing ordinary life to free fromrestraints of diabetes" emerged as the core category. Five stages emerged: 1) Temporal liberation and satisfaction; 2) Disappointing with regrets and anger; 3) Facing up to the reality to be thankful; 4) Executing self-initiated management; and 5) Peaceful acceptance of reality as it is. "Excessive expectation" and "social support" are other categories that influenced the process. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that health professionals need to provide tailored and balanced information to recipients of pancreas transplantation both before and after the transplantation to relieve psychosocial distress after the transplantation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find and describe the social adjustment process of nursing students in the clinical practice. Methods: The participants were 19 nursing students who hadmore than 24 weeks clinical practice and agreed with the participation in this research. Data were collected from focused group interviews. The participants were divided into three groups. Data and transcribed notes were analyzed using the grounded theory methodology and it was developed by Strauss & Corbin (1998). Results: Core concept was extracted as “Adapting to the strange environment". And 6 interaction strategies of the social adjustment process of nursing students in the clinical practice were derived. 6 interaction strategies were as follows: 'Inquiring', 'Changing', 'Enduring', 'Accepting', 'Acquiring', and 'Attracting'. Conclusion: The results of this study will be used to develop the programs to support the adjustment of nursing students to the clinical practice. Especially this support program must embody the core concept that is "Adapting to the strange environment". That has been developed by nursing students who adjusted themselves to the strange environment by their own methods.

Purpose: Health professionals need to bemore sensitive to the languages used in clinical settings to better understand their patients and to generate better health outcomes. The purpose of this article was to introduce discourse analysis as a way of understanding languages related with health and illness. Methods: This was a review of studies done bymultiple scholars dealt with discourse analysis. Results: This study provides theoretical backgrounds and basic assumptions of discourse analysis. Several key concepts were demonstrated compared with phenomenology and grounded theory methods. Those were data collection, analysis, and purpose of the study. In addition, evaluation criteria of discourse analysis was provided with strategies to improve quality of the study. Lastly, exemplary texts on discourse analysis in healthcare area were presented to promote understanding. Conclusion: Discourse analysis can help healthcare professionals develop effective communication strategies by gaining insight and sensitivity on languages related with health and illness that are habitually used in healthcare settings.

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Ti-6%Al-4%V alloy was investigated. Heat treatment of cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted by solution treatment at 950 oC for 30 min; this was followed by water quenching and then aging at 550 oC for 1 to 1440 min. The highest hardness of the heat-treated specimens was obtained by solution treatment and subsequent aging for 5 min due to precipitates of fine α that formed from retained β phase. The tensile strength of this alloy increased without dramatic decrease of the ductility due to microstructural refinement resulting from the decomposition of α' martensite into fine α and β phases, and also due to the fine α phase formed from the retained β phase by aging treatment for 5 min. In addition, this strengthening might be caused by the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which is a strain-induced martensite transformation from the retained β phase during deformation, and which occurs even after aging treatment at 550 oC for 5 min.

In the present study, the tensile properties and dynamic strain aging of an Fe-24.5Mn-4Cr-0.45C alloy were investigated in terms of strain rate. During tensile testing at room temperature, all the stress-strain curves exhibited serrated plastic flows related to dynamic strain aging, regardless of the strain rate. Serration appeared right after yield stress at lower strain rates, while it was hardly observed at high strain rates. On the other hand, strain-rate sensitivity, indicating a general relationship between flow stress and strain rate at constant strain and temperature, changed from positive to negative as the strain increased. The negative strain-rate sensitivity can be explained by the Portevin Le Chatelier effect, which is associated with dynamic strain aging and is dependent on the strain rate because it is very likely that the dynamic strain aging phenomenon in high-manganese steels is involved in the interaction between moving dislocations and point-defect complexes.

When a single inorganic precursor is used for the synthesis of a sol-gel coating, there is a problem of cracking on the surface of coating layer. In order to solve this problem of surface cracking, we synthesized inorganic-organic coatings that have hybrid properties of inorganic and organic materials. Sols of various ratios (1:0.07, 0.2, 0.41, 0.82, 1.64, 3.26, 6.54, 13.2) of an inorganic precursor of Tetrabutylorthotitanate (Ti(OBu)4, TBOT) and an organic precursor of γ-Methacryloxy propyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTS) were prepared and coated on stainless steels (SUS316L) by dip coating method. The binding structure and the physical properties of the synthesized coatings were analyzed by FT-IR, FE-SEM, FIB (Focused Ion Beam), and a nano-indenter. Dynamic polarization testing and EIS (electrical impedance spectroscopy) were carried out to evaluate the micro-defects and the corrosion properties of the coatings. The prepared coatings show hybrid properties of inorganic oxides and organic materials. Crack free coatings were prepared when the MAPTS ratio was above a critical value. As the MAPTS ratio increased, the thickness and the corrosion resistance increased, and the hardness decreased.

Glass-ceramics were developed many years ago and have been applied in many fields such as electronics, chemistry, optics, etc. Much is already known about glass-ceramic technology, but many challenges in glass-ceramic research are still unresolved. Recently, large amounts of slag have steadily increased in the steel industry as by-products. To promote recycling of industrial waste, including steel industry slags, many studies have been performed on the fabrication of basalt-based highstrength glass-ceramics. In this study, we have fabricated such ceramics using various slags to replace high performance castbasalt, which is currently imported. Glass-ceramic material was prepared in similar chemical compositions with commercial cast-basalt through a pyro process using slags and power plant by-product (Fe-Ni slag, converter slag, dephosphorization slag, Fly ash). The properties of the glass-ceramic material were characterized using DTA, XRD, and FE-SEM; measurements of compressive strength, Vicker’s hardness, and abrasion were carefully performed. It is found that the prepared glass-ceramic material showed better performance than that of commercial cast-basalt.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The morphologies, crystal structures, chemical bonding states, and electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles are investigated. The FTO nanoparticles show uniform morphology and size distribution in the range of 6-10 nm. The FTO nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high discharge specific capacity and good cycling stability (620mA h g−1 capacity retention up to 50 cycles), as well as excellent high-rate performance (250 mA h g−1 at 700mAg−1) compared to that of commercial SnO2. The improved electrochemical performance can be explained by two main effects. First, the excellent cycling stability with high discharge capacity is attributed to the nano-sized FTO particles, which are related to the increased electrochemical active area between the electrode and electrolyte. Second, the superb high-rate performance and the excellent cycling stability are ascribed to the increased electrical conductivity, which results from the introduction of fluorine doping in SnO2. This noble electrode structure can provide powerful potential anode materials for high-performance lithiumion batteries.

Octahedral Co3O4/carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites are fabricated using electrospinning and hydrothermal methods. Their morphological characteristics, chemical bonding states, and electrochemical properties are used to demonstrate the improved photovoltaic properties of the samples. Octahedral Co3O4 grown on CNFs is based on metallic Co nanoparticles acting as seeds in the CNFs, which seeds are directly related to the high performance of DSSCs. The octahedral Co3O4/CNFs composites exhibit high photocurrent density (12.73 mA/m2), superb fill factor (62.1 %), and excellent power conversion efficiency (5.61 %) compared to those characteristics of commercial Co3O4, conventional CNFs, and metallic Co-seed/CNFs. These results can be described as stemmnig from the synergistic effect of the porous and graphitized matrix formed by catalytic graphitization using the metal cobalt catalyst on CNFs, which leads to an increase in the catalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide ions. Therefore, octahedral Co3O4/CNFs composites can be used as a counter electrode for Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells.

Nickel powders were prepared under solvothermal condition by precipitation from metal nitrates with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The powders were obtained at in a temperature range of 190-250 oC for 6h. The morphology and size of nickel powders were studied as a function of reaction temperature. The synthesis of nickel crystalline particles is possible under a solvothermal conditions in ethylene glycol solution. Characterization of the synthesized nickel powders were studied by XRD, SEM(FE-SEM) and TG/DSC. X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized powders indicated the formation of nickel structure after reaction. The average crystalline sizes of the synthesized nickel powders were in the range of 200-1000 nm; and the distribution of the powders was broad. The shape of the synthesized nickel particles was almost spherical. The morphology of synthesized nickel powders changed with reaction condition. It was possible to synthesize nickel powders directly in ethylene glycol without reducing agent.

Hydrogen is considered a potential future energy source. Among other applications of hydrogen, hydrogen-rich water is emerging as a new health care product in industrial areas. Water electrolysis is typically used to generate a hydrogen rich water system. We annealed 10AA carbon paper in air to use it as an electrode of a hydrogen rich water generator. Driven by annealing, structural changes of the carbon paper were identified by secondary electron microscope analysis. Depending on the various annealing temperatures, changes of the hydrophilic characteristics were demonstrated. The crystal structures of pristine and heat-treated carbon paper were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Improvement of the efficiency of the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction was measured via linear voltammetry. The optimized annealing temperature of 10AA carbon paper showed the possibility of using this material as an effective hydrogen rich water generator.

Appropriate thermo-mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloys are achieved by heat treatment, which induces precipitation and solid solution hardening; thus, information on the temperature ranges of precipitation and dissolution of the precipitates is essential for the determination of the heat treatment condition. In this study, thermal analyses of nickelbased superalloys were performed by differential scanning calorimetry method under conditions of various heating rates of 5, 10, 20, or 40K/min in a temperature range of 298~1573K. Precipitation and dissolution temperatures were determined by measuring peak temperatures, constructing trend lines, and extrapolating those lines to the zero heating rate to find the exact temperature under isothermal condition. Determined temperatures for the precipitation reactions were 813, 952, and 1062K. Determined onset, peak, and offset temperatures of the first dissolution reaction were 1302, 1388, and 1406K, respectively, and those values of the second dissolution reaction were 1405, 1414, and 1462K. Determined solvus temperature was 1462K. The study showed that it was possible to use a simple method to obtain accurate phase transition temperatures under isothermal condition.

In this study, the degree of particle melting in Y2O3 plasma spraying and its effects on coating characteristics have been investigated in terms of microstructural features, microhardness and scratch resistance. Plasma sprayed Y2O3 coatings were formed using two different powder feeding systems: a system in which the powder is fed inside the plasma gun and a system in which the powder is fed externally. The internal powder spraying method generated a well-defined lamellae structure that was characterized by a thin porous layer at the splat boundary and microcracks within individual splats. Such micro-defects were generated by the large thermal contraction of splats from fully-molten droplets. The external powder spraying method formed a relatively dense coating with a particulate deposition mode, and the deposition of a higher fraction of partially-melted droplets led to a much reduced number of inter-splat pores and intra-splat microcracks. The microhardness and scratch resistance of the Y2O3 coatings were improved by external powder spraying; this result was mainly attributed to the reduced number of micro-defects.

Background: Parametric statistical procedures are typically conducted under the condition in which a sample distribution is statistically identical with its population. In reality, investigators use inferential statistics to estimate parameters based on the sample drawn because population distributions are unknown. The uncertainty of limited data from the sample such as lack of sample size may be a challenge in most rehabilitation studies. Objects: The purpose of this study is to review the bootstrapping method to overcome shortcomings of limited sample size in rehabilitation studies. Methods: Articles were reviewed. Results: Bootstrapping method is a statistical procedure that permits the iterative re-sampling with replacement from a sample when the population distribution is unknown. This statistical procedure is to enhance the representativeness of the population being studied and to determine estimates of the parameters when sample size are too limited to generalize the study outcome to target population. The bootstrapping method would overcome limitations such as type II error resulting from small sample sizes. An application on a typical data of a study represented how to deal with challenges of estimating a parameter from small sample size and enhance the uncertainty with optimal confidence intervals and levels. Conclusion: Bootstrapping method may be an effective statistical procedure reducing the standard error of population parameters under the condition requiring both acceptable confidence intervals and confidence level (i.e., p=.05).

Background: Strengthening the supraspinatus is an important aspect of a rehabilitation program for subacromial impingement and tendinopathy. Many authors recommended empty-can (EC), full-can (FC), and prone full-can (PFC) exercises to strengthen the supraspinatus. However, no ultrasonography study has yet investigated supraspinatus muscle architecture (muscle thickness; MT, pennation angle; PA, fiber bundle length; FBL) in relation to supraspinatus strengthening exercises. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the architecture (MT, PA, and FBL) of the supraspinatus muscle during three different types of exercises (EC, FC, and PFC) using diagnostic ultrasound. Methods: Participants performed three different exercises: (A) EC; the arm was maintained at 60° abduction with full internal rotation in the sitting position, (B) FC; the arm was maintained at 60° abduction with full external rotation in the sitting position, and (C) PFC; the arm was maintained at 60° abduction with full external rotation in the prone position. Ultrasonography was used to measure the MT, PA and FBL of the supraspinatus. One-way repeated analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post-hoc test was used to compare between the three exercises and the initial position of each exercise. Results: Compared with each initial position, the FC exercise showed the greatest mean difference in muscle architecture properties and the PFC exercise showed the least mean difference. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the FC exercise position may have an advantage in increasing the amount of contractile tissue or producing muscle power and the PFC exercise position may be useful in a rehabilitation program because it offers the advantage of maintaining the muscle architecture properties.

Background: Several studies have discussed diverse exercise methods considered to be useful for the selective contraction of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle for the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Some studies have reported that exercise methods, including hip adduction, in closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in terms of the muscle activation of the VMO and the timing of the muscle’s initial contraction. We focused on isometric contraction during a closed kinetic chain exercise with hip adduction. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activation in the VMO and the vastus lateralis (VL) and the onset time difference between their initial contractions via closed kinetic chain isometric quadriceps femoris exercises including hip adduction. Methods: In total, 36 healthy subjects adopted two hip positions during isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris in a closed kinetic chain exercise (hip neutral and hip adduction position). Statistical analyses were conducted using a paired t-test (α=.05). Results: Isometric contraction of the quadriceps femoris in a closed kinetic chain exercise caused a greater increase in VMO muscle activity in the hip adduction position [52.68±22.21 percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC)]than the hip neutral position (43.43±19.85 %MVIC). The onset time difference (VL-VMO) decreased more in the hip adduction position (-82.14±34.2 ㎳) than the hip neutral position (73.94±2.94 ㎳). Conclusion: We recommend this exercise as a clinically useful therapeutic method for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome due to weakening of the VMO muscle and lateral inclination of the patella.