The previous studies of p16^INK4a, pRb, p53, and Ki-67 expression suggested that these markers may be preferentially expressed in cervical neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression and the clinical significance of p16^INK4a, pRb, p53, and Ki-67 proteins in cervical lesions. We obtained 106 cases with various categories of cervical squamous mucosa, including squamous cell carcinoma (n=35), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II/III (n=26), CIN I (n=10), squamous metaplasia (n=15), and normal squamous mucosa (n=20). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for p16INK4a, pRb, p53, and Ki-67 proteins in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the uterine cervix. Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining was based on the frequencies of expression and the mean immunoreactivity scores (IS) in each diagnostic category. p16INK4a positive sotaining was observed in 26 of 35 cases (74.3%) of squamous cell carcinoma, in 16 of 26 cases (61.5%) of CIN II/III, in six of 10 cases (60%) of CIN I, in nine of 15 cases (60%) of squamous metaplasia, and negative in normal squamous mucosa. pRb expression was detected in all diagnostic categories; however, the proportion of pRb positive cells was relatively decreased in CIN II/III (38.5%) and squamous cell carcinomas (51.4%), compared to normal squamous epithelium (90%) and squamous metaplasia (73.3%). No significant differences in expression of p53 were observed in any diagnostic categories. Ki-67 expression was increased in squamous cell carcinoma (37.1%), CIN II/ III (42.3%), and CIN I (40%), but negative in squamous metaplasia and normal mucosa. In 35 cases of squamous cell carcinomas, multivariate analysis revealed no differences in p^INK4a, pRb, p53, and Ki-67 expression according to the age of the patient, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage. In conclusion, the combined use of p16^INK4a and Ki-67 immunoreactivity could improve the diagnostic specificity of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

In this study, a medicinal herbal plant, Cinnamomum cassia, was extracted by three different methods using water, methanol, or ethanol. For anti-helicobacter activity screening, inhibitory zone tests as an in vitro assay were performed respectively with the extracting compounds. As the result of inhibitory zone test, Cinnamomum cassia extract exhibited strong anti-helicobacter activity. In addition, we performed a comparison of the antibacterial activities according to the extracting methods of Cinnamomum cassia against Helicobacter pylori. The 70% ethanol-extracted compound exhibited stronger anti-helicobacter activity than the compounds extracted with water or methanol. These results indicate that it can be used for treatment against H. pylori infection and protected against H. pylori-induced pathology using 70% ethanol-extracted Cinnamomum cassia.

Methyl mercaptan (MT) is one of the 22 legal designated odorous compounds in Korea. It has been reported as the main malodorous compounds of odor problems found from foot-and-mouth disease in 2012. This study on the removal of MT using the pallet-type activated carbon fiber (ACF) was carried out to get an optimum inflow loading rate and an optimum residence time required for the effective ACF odor removal device. As a result of the study, if the loading rate of MT runs at or below 0.5 g-S/kg dry ACF/d, MT removal rate by ACF could reach about 95%. However, based on the effect of Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) which is the reaction product of MT partial oxidation, it was estimated that the deodorizer of ACF should keep the optimum loading rate of MT less than or equal to 0.2 g-S/kg dry ACF/d. When ACF deodorizers were processed with Space Velocity (SV) at 600 h-1, the effect of DMDS was found, even though MT was not detected at the outlet. Therefore, in order to meet the outlet gas of the odor concentration which is less than or equal to 100 D/T, it is recommended that the optimum values of SV and EBRT were less than 300 h-1 and more than 12 seconds, respectively.

This study investigated impact of odors from industrial areas using the FIDOL concept. The studied region was the Seobu industrial complex in Korea. The USEPA dispersion model, AERMOD, was used to calculate odor concentration. The results show that the size of the impact areas of lower regulation compliance frequency is smaller than that of the areas of higher regulation compliance frequency. The results also showed that increasing the concentration of odor unit (OU) decreased the size of the impact area and the maximum impact distance. Calculated odor impact area, using Massachusetts (USA) regulations, had the smallest impact area among selected locations such as Massachusetts (USA), New Zealand, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Denmark’s regulations had the largest impact area.

This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the concentration and dilution factor (ratio) using the Air Dilution Olfactory Method, which is suggested in the Standard Method of Odor Compounds, by measuring dilution factor for 5 types of aldehyde compounds and styrene. For the measurement, 13 panelists were selected by several criteria through panel test. Panelists chosen for their closely similar sensitivities provide more reproducible values. The estimation showed that the correlation of the concentration with dilution factor for the 12 compounds including the sulfur compounds, ammonia, and trimethylamine can be reasonably expressed by the equation log C=Af∙logD+F(Af: material constant, F: constant). The result of this study is suggested to be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentration on site boundary in operation, as well as a correlation between the concentration and dilution factor for the designated foul odor substances, and their characteristics.

Noise barriers along the road do not only block the traffic noise but also prevent traversing the car exhausts. These barriers may affect air pollution dispersion, leading to increase vertical mixing due to the upwind deflection of air flow caused by the noise barriers. In this study we investigated the air pollution dispersion around multi-noise barriers using commercial software FLUENT. Investigated cases were 8 cases which had from zero to three noise barriers and two emission sources. Simulated results show noise barriers increase the vertical air pollution impact distance larger 1.7~2.1 times than that of no barrier case. It was also found that noise barriers decrease the horizontal air pollution impact distance lower 0.6~0.8 times than that of no barrier case.

The present study investigated the concentration of gaseous odor emitted from paint manufacturing facilities and the cases of improvement for odor emission reduction. It was found that the companies located in odor management district observed the odor emission standard more than the companies located in other local industrial complex. We ascribed the reason to the continuous crackdown by local government and voluntary efforts of each companies. Finally, we described the improvement cases of process for odor emission reduction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate concentration and emission factor of 22 odorous compounds, which are regulated by the domestic act, emitted from poultry buildings by on-site investigation. The odorous compounds which were detected in at least one poultry building were ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethyl amine, styrene, toluene, xylene and methyl ethyl ketone whereas other 12 odorous compounds were not detected in poultry buildings. Generally there was no consistent concentration distribution of odorous compounds between poultry building applied with forced ventilation and poultry building applied with natural ventilation. It was found, however, that there was considerable concentration difference among odorous compounds. In monthly distribution of odorous compounds, their concentrations in September and October when ventilation rate in pig building decreased relatively were generally higher than those in July and August when ventilation rate in pig building is relatively high. On the contrary, emission factors of odorous compounds, in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, in poultry building were relatively higher in July and August than September and October. The limit of this study is that unexpected conditions such as clearance of poultry building, poultry shipment and disorder of air pump were not controlled intentionally on the on-site investigation days.

Environmental problems such as global warming become social issues today. It is reported that increasing energy consumption has affected on these environmental issues. Buildings deploys 40 percent of the raw materials in the world while at the same time they emit over 35 percent of the total CO2, so that it utilize over 50 percent of the whole energy in the world. At this point, energy saving though effective building control may eventually bring social, environmental and economical effects. Thus, this study will explore the difference between measured temperature and monitored temperature for operating air control system in the building, to which BEMS is applied. Also, it will suggest a method to accurately predict the load of air-conditioning, and will examine the different amounts of the load according to the temperature as well as the reduced amount of the load through changes of operation standard temperature.

In this paper, a mass damper was proposed and the plan on its practical application for wind-induced vibration control of a super-tall building was introduced. The damper was developed to generate forces which were calculated by both linear and nonlinear control algorithms. A controller in which the control algorithms were embedded was developed and it was verified through experiments that the damper with the controller could show dynamic behavior as a designer had intended. A preliminary design of a super-tall building with the damper was conducted. As a nonlinear algorithm, decentralized control algorithm which only requires to measure damper-installed floor response in order to calculate the control force was proposed. Simulation results indicated that the proposed damper could provide better or at least equivalent control performance than the usual active/hybrid type damper controlled just by existing linear control algorithms.

Remodeling is an architectural activity that transforms the existing state of specific building which has been aged and cliched into new state overcoming those aged and cliched state. Remodeling can be a means to increase building’s physical life-cycle and also a countermeasure to cope with the changes in use that are from social demand, use and technical development. The performance evaluation on the remodeling tenement shall be done by understanding the performance and state of the building before and after remodeling and then it shall represent the improvement in performance objectively by comparing the differences before and after remodeling. In this aspect, we performed basic research to conduct performance evaluation on the remodeling tenement by comparing and analyzing the performance evaluation and performance certificate systems of Korea and Japan in order to suggest objective evaluation system on the change of tenement building before and after remodeling. Now a performance evaluation system as opposed to new apartment is prepared at a point in time when demand increase of remodeling is expected, and the presentation of performance evaluation as opposed to a whole, now remodeling process is the deficient fact. The process that the propriety of remodeling be inspected before remodeling enforcement here, and prove as opposed to an investment after remodeling as a client, ordering is necessary by all means. A state of an existing house is grasped through performance evaluation of an existing apartment, design performance evaluation of remodeling apartment, under construction evaluation, completion evaluation by this study. And plan of a procedure to provide satisfaction to a resident because a remodeling design to be good for the situation and a demand of a resident and execution were measured, and confirmation evaluated, result performance was shown.

This paper has fabricated insulation gang-form adhering general gang-form to the polyisocyanurate board and analyzed type of members, temperature record by locations and strength development after placing the concrete, in order to ensure efficient concrete quality under cold weather. According to our test, we can see that general gang-form member with curing under the same conditions as the actual field has a trend of constantly decreasing concrete temperature regardless to surface or central area due to rapid outdoor air temperature reduction, while in the case of insulation gang-from I and II, temperature increased up to around 25℃ after 12 hours under rapid outdoor air temperature change and temperature distribution did not appear large separation according to hydration reaction measurement locations. In addition, results of measurement for temperature records on weak insulation area by types of gang-forms showed that the temperature record distribution on the form tie surface and horizontal bar surface of angle bar has generally similar trend as the temperature records on the surface of the insulation gang-form, while corner area of the insulation gang-form did not have large insulation effect. It is determined that it requires additional curing measure for the weak corner area of the insulation gang-form in the future.

In this study, prediction of later-age compressive strength of ultra-high strength concrete, based on the accelerated strength of concrete cured in hot water was investigated. Comparing other acceleration method, hot water curing method is relatively easy and intuitive to use in the real construction site. The amount of time for evaluation of the concrete strength using the hot water curing method in KS and JIS is too long to predict the strength of the ultra-high strength concrete that are used in the tall building structure. For that reason, curing temperature of 40, 50, 60℃ 3 levels were examined to shorten the amount of time for the evaluation of the strength. When curing in warm water, different strength characteristics are verified from the experiment. In case of F3 substituting 30% fly ash in combination, because of the curing temperature sensitivity of fly ash, differences of strength expression velocity was verified according to the curing temperature at the same age. In case of B4 substituting 40% ground granulated blast furnace slag, there were no big strength expression velocity differences of the specimen cured in 3 different level of curing temperature(40, 50, 60℃). The results show reliable accuracy by regression relation between 28day strength cured by standard curing method and accelerated strength of concrete cured in warm water.(y=1x-0.0002 R2=0.9866) As a result, the feasibility of 3day-prediction was confirmed using warm water curing method with accelerated strength of concrete cured for three days in warm water.

Strength bar has merits in workability improvement, construction time shortening and connection details to be easy. But, lap splice length tends to be longer. In this study, high strength threaded bar will be reviewed whether it is appropriate in domestic standards by KCI concrete structural criteria and propose the mechanical splice.

Most conventional instruments measuring disability rely on total score by simply adding individual item responses, which is dependent on the items chosen to represent the underlying construct (test-dependent) and a test statistic, such as coefficient alpha for the estimate of reliability, varying from sample to sample (sample-dependent). By contrast, item response theory (IRT) method focuses on the psychometric properties of the test items instead of the instrument as a whole. By estimating probability that a respondent will select a particular rating for an item, item difficulty and person ability (or disability) can be placed on same linear continuum. These estimates are invariant regardless of the item used (test-free measurement) and the ability of sample applied (sample-free measurement). These advantages of IRT allow the creation of invariantly calibrated large item banks that precisely discriminate the disability levels of individuals. Computer adaptive testing (CAT) method often requiring a testing algorithm promise a means for administering items in a way that is both efficient and precise. This method permits selectively administering items that are closely matched to the ability level of individuals (measurement precision) and measuring the ability without the loss of precision provided by the full item bank (measurement efficiency). These measurement properties can reasonably be achieved using IRT and CAT method. This article aims to investigate comprehensive overview of the existing disability instrument for back pain and to inform physical therapists of an alternative innovative way overcoming the shortcomings of conventional disability instruments. An understanding of IRT and CAT method will equip physical therapist with skills in interpreting the measurement properties of disability instruments developed using the methods.

It is important to assess foot posture when investigating the relationship between lower extremity dysfunctions and foot types. Although several measurements of static foot posture have been used, there is no consensus regarding clinical measurements for foot posture. The aim of this study is to explore the differences among navicular drift (NDt), foot posture index (FPI), arch index (AI), dorsal arch height ratio (DAHR), normal navicular height truncated (NNHt) and to discover the most effective measurement. After foot types were classified by navicular drop test (NDp), clinical measurements of NDt, FPI, AI, DAHR, and NNHt were performed on 64 subjects' feet. ANOVA analysis was used for the variance of the difference between the NDp and the five kinds of clinical measurements, and the level of significance was set at =.05. The results showed that all five clinical measurements demonstrated significant differences with navicular drop. In post-hoc, FPI and NNHt showed significant differences in all foot types. The five clinical measurements are suitable the classification of foot types through the NDp. Therefore, it could be possible to assess correct and objective foot posture by using FPI and NNHt.

This study was performed to compare the muscle activity of lumbar stabilizers between stoop and semi-squat lifting techniques at different lifting loads. Twenty healthy subjects (9 males, 11 females) were recruited for this study. Muscle activity of external obliques (EO), internal obliques (IO) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle was measured by surface electromyography during stoop and semi-squat lifting at different lifting loads (10%, 20%, and 30% of the subject's body weight). A one-way repeated measure ANOVA was applied. The results showed that EMG activity of EO was significantly increased with a load of 30% of body weight compared to 10% and 20% of body weight in both lifting techniques (p<.05). Muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10% and 30% compared to 10% of subject's body weight in stoop lifting and the muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10%, 30% compared to 20%, and 30% compared to 10% of the subject's body weight in semi-squat lifting (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in activity of IO according to lifting loads in both lifting techniques. There were no significant differences in muscle activity of EO, IO, and LM between stoop and semi-squat technique (p>.05). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the EO can contribute to increase the lumbar stability during stoop and semi-squat lifting at 30% of body weight rather than at lower loads, and the LM seems to act as counteractor to imposed loads during stoop and semi-squat lifting with increasing loads.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of repeated passive movement (RPM) of different velocities on the improvement of knee joint position sense (JPS) in post-stroke patients with hemiplegia, thereby investigate the possibility of clinical application in the initial stage of rehabilitation for patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. Thirteen hemiplegic patients participated in this study. For the subjects' knee JPS tests, a passive angle reproduction test and an active angle reproduction test were performed prior to and after the intervention, which involved 30 repetitions of passive full-range-of-motion flexion and extension exercise of the knee joints at randomized degrees of , , and . Paired t-test analysis was done in order to compare changes in the pre- and post-intervention knee JPS. One-way repeated analysis of variance was used in order to compare changes in JPS after intervention at three different movement velocities. The level of significance was set at .05. The result was that the subjects' post-intervention knee JPS significantly improved after the RPM exercise at a and a relative to the RPM exercise (p<.05). JPS changes with RPM intervention at the rapid velocity of were most increased, suggesting the most effective enhancement in knee JPS is with intervention at the velocity (p<.05). Therefore, RPM intervention at a half or higher velocity improved stroke patients' knee JPS. During the initial stage of rehabilitation for patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, the efficient application of the RPM exercise at a half or higher velocity will be possible.

The primary aim of this study was to compare responsiveness of self-report by worker and therapist-scored functional capacity instrument. Self-report and therapist-scored interval-level person measures and item difficulties were compared at admission and discharge. Therapist and worker ratings were collected on 230 clients from 27 rehabilitation sites using the newly developed Occupational Rehabilitation Data Base (ORDB) functional capacity instrument. ORDB comprises several subscales measuring relevant variables of "a return-to-work model" in work-related rehabilitation clinics. The functional capacity scale deals with 10 DOT job factors. The rating scale categories were 1-severely impaired, 2-moderately impaired, 3-mildly impaired, and 4-not impaired. Only data from clients with low back pain (n=98) with complete data (both admission and discharge scores) were used for the present study. Therapists and workers completed the functional capacity instrument at admission and discharge. Rasch analysis [1-parameter item response theory model (IRT)] was applied to calibrate item difficulty and person ability measure of therapist and workers ratings. Effect sizes for therapist and self-report ratings were slightly different, .69 and .30, respectively. Therapist and worker ratings were more consistent at discharge (r=.54) than at admission (r=.32). Workers have a tendency to be more severe in their ratings (show higher item difficulties) than therapists at admission and discharge. Therapists and workers report similar magnitudes of improvement following treatment program. These findings challenge the belief that injured workers may unreliable source for monitoring therapeutic outcomes. Self-report measures have the advantage of conserving therapist time for treatment (versus evaluation). While the therapist and self-report ratings are comparable at discharge, there is less consistency at admission. Comparable therapist-worker ratings may be achieved by controlling for rating severity using IRT methodologies.

The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of backward gait training on the treadmill in patients with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Twelve patients with spastic diplegic CP participated in the study. An 8-week course of backward gait training was administered to the subjects for 3 days per week. Pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments of temporal-spatial gait parameters, the symmetry of the bilateral lower extremity weight bearing, and gross motor function were analyzed using motion analysis system, force plate, and Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM). There were significant improvements (p<.05) in the measures of both step length and right stance phase time. Joint kinematics showed increase in right hip abduction in initial contact and terminal swing, right hip external rotation and knee flexion in mid-swing, left ankle dorsiflexion in initial contact and terminal swing (p<.05). The symmetry of the bilateral lower extremity weight bearing and GMFM also significantly increased (p<.05). These findings indicate that backward gait training using a treadmill is beneficial for patients with spastic diplegic CP.