Although some skeptical views arguing that the impact of organic farming is quite limited to sustainable biodiversity, the organic agriculture has been generally accepted to have positive effects on various properties of soils not only on biophysical and ecological properties but also on biodiversity of the field. Therefore, this field investigation has been conducted to examine the effect of organic farming, relative to conventional agriculture, through a comparative investigations of the two systems for conserving local biodiversity of invertebrate animals. For this research, organic and conventional farming locations matched with both of a paddy field and a upland fields in Goesan-gun province (Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea) were selected to compare the species richness of invertebrate biodiversity as follows: location OP (Organic Paddy field), location OU (Organic Upland field), location CP (Conventional Paddy field), and location CU (Conventional Upland field). Among 249 species collected, the numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the locations practicing conventional farming both in paddy fields (104 vs. 84 species) and upland fields (108 vs. 77 species). Changes in species richness can be shown in the selected locations depending on the agriculture system with organic (50 species) or conventional (44 species) farming systems in the paddy fields, similarly with organic (42 species) or conventional (35 species) farming in the upland fields, respectively. Our present research clearly shows that a wide range of taxa, including insects, spiders and other invertebrates, benefit from organic management through increases in abun-dance or species richness. It has been also identified that four orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Hynemoptera, and Araneae) that are largely intrinsic to organic paddy field, and another three orders (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae) that are particularly beneficial for organic crop field regime.

The importance of information system evaluation has increased according to ICT development and this evaluation is required for objective verification. The aim of this study is to develop evaluation indicators for web-based information system and verify the availability of these evaluation indicators through applying to agricultural water integrated information system. This study finds and provides eight evaluation items and 64 indicators for a web-based information system using 3×3 Mandal-Art matrix that is a tool for creating creative ideas. These evaluation items are design, contents, navigation, stability, community, convenience, usefulness, and accuracy. Total 64 evaluation indicators were presented by deriving eight evaluation items for each using 9×9 Mandal-Art matrix. When evaluating information system using evaluation indicators, it can be identified the vulnerable items in the information system. Also, the comprehensive results of the information system could be understood when appearing a single score after weighting. In addition, it can also help to prepare a questionnaire for evaluation systematically.

Although the educational facility are an important considerations on a social equity standpoint, educational environment in rural areas has been continuously deteriorated by numerous social problems such as decreasing birth rate and increasing of local school closing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of educational environment in rural areas on village level. First, we evaluate physical accessibility based on legally defined commuting distance. Second, the implication of village population of potential accessibility is analyzed. Lastly, the facility centrality index of each village is estimated for assessing the relations of educational accessibility. The main results of this study are as follows; (1) The accessibility of most villages in Pyeongchang-gun is vulnerable that 81.10% for elementary school, 73.17% for middle school, and 82.32% for high school, respectively; (2) The average commuting distance per student considering estimated number of students for each educational facilities indicated 2.75km for elementary school, 4.37km for middle school, and 5.79km for high school; (3) the facility centrality index is highly correlated to educational facilities but not to village population.

IPCC Guidelines have been updated after the first official announcement to get more precise estimation of GHG emissions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implications of the IPCC Guidelines improvements including equations of country-specific parameter values for estimating GHG emissions for rice cultivation on the agricultural sector. In addition, we analyze the effects of emission factors associated with organic amendment applications. The results of this study are as follows; (1) the total GHG emissions of rice cultivation based on 1996 IPCC GL are 28% lower than those estimated by 2006 IPCC GL with the same year data; (2) GHGs can be reduced up to 60% through the assumption of organic fertilizer applications; (3) Jeonnam and Chungnam are the worst regions for GHG emissions on rice cultivation and Chungbuk shows the highest reduction rate of GHG emissions, about 40%.

This study is to estimate the circuity factors which can be used to assess for public facilities accessibility and analyze traffic in the area. We set the range of the administrative districts by Si‧Gun‧Gu unit and Eup‧Myeon‧Dong unit (more subdivided unit than Si‧Gun‧Gu unit). The average circuity factor in Si‧Gun‧Gu unit is 1.364 (maximum 2.953 and minimum 1.711). The region indicated the highest value of circuity factor is wando-gun in jeollanam-do, which area consists of 4 island and is connected to the bridges. Having to use the bridges for using public facilities hinders its accessibility. In the case of Eup ‧ Myeon ‧ Dong unit, the average circuity factor is 1.353 (maximum 2.950 and minimum 1.154). The region indicated the highest value of circuity factor is buksan-myeon in chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. This region also has to use bridges for using public facilities because there is the largest lake, called Soyangho. This circuity factor is used to analyze the location of public facilities and assess vulnerability of accessibility. And also the factor can be applied to some policies, such as rural public service planning based on spatial big data.

This paper addresses simplified method for nonlinear soil–structure interactions (SSI) analysis of base-isolated nuclear power plant (NPP) structure under incident seismic waves. The accuracy and applicability of the method are evaluated by comparing with nonlinear time history responses obtained by the boundary reaction method (BRM).

This paper addresses simplified method for nonlinear soil–structure interactions (SSI) analysis of base-isolated nuclear power plant (NPP) structure under incident seismic waves. The accuracy and applicability of the method are evaluated by comparing with nonlinear time history responses obtained by the boundary reaction method (BRM).

The global trade partners have been diversified and mixed in agricultural market, which is expended the international agri-food market through the Regional Trade Agreement and World Trade Organization, etc. The aim of this study is to derive influential factors for exports increases of agricultural products targeting to Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). We set the equation for agricultural products exports referred to panel gravity model considering panel fixed effect for controlling endogeneity within variables. The results of this study are the follows; (1) Social economic distance considering international oil price negatively affects in the mushroom model; (2) Korean GDP affects (-) in a mushroom model and (+) in a vegetable model, however, ASEAN’s per capita GDP indicates opposite influence in the same model; (3) Relative exchange rate shows negative impact in a vegetable model; (4) The entry status into WTO and the status in force of FTA have converse effects in mushroom and vegetable model, respectively.

Meanwhile, reference evapotranspiration(ET0) is important information for agricultural management including irrigation planning and drought assessment, the database of reference evapotranspiration for future periods was rarely constructed especially at districts unit over the country. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) provides several meteorological data such as precipitation, average temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation for long-term future period at daily time-scale. This study aimed to build a database for reference evapotranspiration using the climate forecasts at high resolution (the outputs of HadGEM3-RA provided by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA)). To estimate reference evapotranspiration, we implemented four different models such as FAO Modified Penman, FAO Penman-Monteith, FAO Blaney-Criddle, and Thornthwaite. The suggested database system has an open architecture so that user could add other models into the database. The database contains 5,050 regions’ data for each four models and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios. The developed database system provides selecting features by which the database users could extract specific region and period data.

Public transportation is public service that is contributed to the convenience of the public. However, opportunity for public services in rural areas is weaker than the chance in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate accessibility of various public facilities using public transportation. To evaluate the accessibility, we calculate the various time from community center to the nearest bus stop, walking time, riding time in bus, and waiting time for transfer. The results of this study ares as follows; (1) Villages occupy 19.8% in rural areas that walking time from community center to the nearest bus stop takes over 10 minutes in integrated Chungju-si; (2) The average speed is 21.9 km/hr estimated to departure and arrival time of bus route; (3) The accessibility time from community center using the average bus speed takes 15.43 minutes to public facilities, 35.15 minutes to emergency center, 8.70 minutes to medical center, 9.70 minutes to elementary school, 16.26 minutes to middle school, and 22.61 minutes high school; (4) The transfer time of public transportation takes 13.46, 21.96, 10.48, 7.78, 11.11, 16.10 minutes to public facilities, emergency center, medical center, elementary school, middle school, and high school, respectively; (4) Traffic accessibility using bus vehicles in the East and South Chungju-si is lower than areas in the West and North Chungju-si. Some villages surrounding public offices (eup-myeon office) which have a high density of population, indicate a high traffic accessibility.

A disaster can be defined in many ways based on perspectives, in addition, its types are able to classify differently by various standards. Considering the different perspectives, the disaster can be occurred by natural phenomenon that is like typhoon, earthquake, flood, and drought, and by the accident that is like collapse of facilities, traffic accidents, and environmental pollution, etc. Into the modern society, moreover, the disaster includes the damages by diffusion of epidemic and infectious disease in domestic animals. The disaster was defined by natural and man-made hazards in the past. As societies grew with changes of paradigm, social factors have been included in the concept of the disaster according to new types unexpected by new disease and scientific technology. Change the concept of social disasters, Ministry of Public Safety and Security (MPSS) has provided the regional safety index, which measures the safety level of a local government. However, this regional safety index has some limitation to use because this index provides the information for city unit which is a unit of administrative districts of urban. Since these administrative districts units are on a different level with urban and rural areas, the regional safety index provided by MPSS is not be able to direct apply to the rural areas. The purpose of this study is to determine the regional safety index targeting rural areas. To estimate the safety index, we was used for 3 indicators of the MPSS, a fire, a crime, and an infectious disease which are evaluable the regional safety index using an accessibility analysis. For determining the regional safety index using accessibility from community centers to public facilities, the safety index of fire, crime, and infectious disease used access time to fire station, police office, and medical facility, respectively. An integrated Cheongju, targeting areas in this study, is mixed region with urban and rural areas. The results of regional safety index about urban and rural areas, the safety index in rural area is relatively higher than in the urban. Neverthless the investment would be needed to improve the safety in the rural areas.

Land price can be affected by convenience or psychological repulsion like PIMFY (Please In My Front Yard) or NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) for various facilities. Services related to public establishment, welfare, medical attention, and amenities in rural areas are comparatively poorer than those in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to estimate the implications of the accessibility to community facilities in rural areas for land prices using a hedonic price model. The accessibility to facilities is estimated by real road distances and the land prices are applied for four types of land usages: field, rice paddy, building lots, and village halls. Community facilities are classified from public and community services view: education, safety, culture, transport, environment, health care, and finance. The results show that the accessibility to health care and transport can positively affect land prices and the accessibility to environment (waste facilities and junkyard) and unpleasant services (funeral hall and charnel house) can negatively affect land prices. Especially, the accessibility to hospital is the most positive influential factor for all types of land usages.

The analysis of research trends is used to identify key subject areas, research trends over time, and new discussions in a study field. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of research articles published in the area of rural planning using bibliometric methods. Research articles published in the Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 「Rural Plannin g」 from 1995 to 2014 were analyzed to determine the annual publications, the number of periodical contributions, the authorship patterns, and popular research subjects and keywords. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The number of research papers and authors has increased over the 20 years periods (1995-2014); (2) The most published authors are associated with the study of rural planning. Seoul National University, Rural Development Administration, and Chonnam National University have highly contributed to the paper publications; (3) The most frequent word in titles is “Rural“ for the whole period from 1995 to 2014. The most frequent words are “Village“ and “Planning“ from 1995-2006, and “Landscape“ and “Village“ in 2007-2010, and “Village“ and “Area“ from 2011-2014; and (4) The most used keywords are “Rural amenity“, “Rural village“, and “Rural landscape“ for all of the different time frames.

This study is conducted to get current state of data collection and utilization of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and to efficiently collect and utilize of the trees damaged by the pine wilt disease and abandoned fumigation-treated trees at forecasts. The method to control pine wilt disease damaged area is mostly fumigation treatment system, and there is no collection and utilization of damaged trees because of absence of efficient collection system, lack of collection cost, and absence of policy, etc. A survey is conducted that asked about the satisfaction degree for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and use divided into 6 topics. It was positively recognized that the need and problem of the trees damaged by pine wilt disease, and results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization while it was mostly negatively recognized that the policy satisfaction for prevention and collection, satisfaction of collection and use, collection and forestry mechanization, and satisfaction of foundation equipment for forestry mechanization, etc. As a result of path analysis, it is necessary to promote a high-tech forestry mechanization to improve satisfaction level of results and satisfaction of forestry mechanization for the trees damaged by pine wilt disease collection and utilization, it is also need to make an effort in various ways for improve satisfaction level of satisfaction of collection and utilization.

본 연구는 국내산 단삼을 활용하여 amylase계, cellulase 계, pectinase계 및 protease계 효소제를 이용한 저온 추출법 에 따른 단삼 추출물의 이화학적 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 단삼 추출물의 수율, pH, 당도 및 색도 변화는 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 60℃, 4시간 처리구에서 58.3%, pH 6.04, 5.97°Brix와 65.06(L) 및 35.13(b)로 가장 높게 나타났으며, a값은 protease계 효소를 이용하여 60℃에서 처리구에서 14.88로 붉은색을 나타내었다. 효소제를 이용한 단삼 추출 물의 항산화능은 추출농도 55 ppm에서 DPPH 및 ABTs 소거능 84.25 및 74.11%로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 6 0℃, 4시간 처리구에서 가장 높은 소거능을 나타내었다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 60℃효소 처리구간들에서 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 단삼 추출물의 salvianolic acid B 함량은 60℃에서 4시간, amylase계 효소구에서 3,002 mg%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, cryptotanshinone 함량은 60℃ 4시간 amylase 및 protease계 효소 처리구에서 3.8 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, tanshinon Ⅰ함량은 60℃ 4시간 protease계 효소구에서 14.2 mg%으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 amylase계 효소를 이용하여 단삼 의 저온 효소 추출시 단삼 추출물의 지표성분의 안정적 추출이 가능한 바, 기능성 소재로서 대량생산을 통한 산업 적 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 효소제를 이용한 저온 효소추출법은 천연물의 다양한 원료에 접목시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Authors investigated the fatigue bond performance on the grouted joint connection of wind tower. High strength cementeous grout has 140MPa of a compressive strength was incerted in the gap of small scaled steel tube simulated the wind tower joint. The stress level was 65 and 74% of static strength that is 35MPa, respectevely. From the test, each specimens endured the repeated loads up to 2,000,000 cycles.

포도 송이다듬기는 많은 노동력이 필요하므로 노동력을 감 소시킬 수 있는 새로운 송이다듬기 기술을 개발하기 위하여 연 구를 수행하였다. 포도의 송이다듬기 기술은 지경솎기가 알솎 기에 비하여 작업효율성이 6.7배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 과실 품질은 지경솎기 및 알솎기가 무처리구보다 과방과 과립수가 적지만 가용성 고형물은 높고, 산도는 낮게 나타났으며 압상률 도 적은 것으로 나타났다. 송이다듬기에 의한 포도의 송이 품질 균일도를 조사하기 위해 송이의 기부, 중간 및 선단 부분의 가용 성 고형물 함량과 산도를 측정한 결과 350~450 g의 과방중을 가진 포도송이가 송이 내 위치에 따른 품질의 차이가 나타나지 않아 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

다평옥은 다수성 종실용 옥수수 품종 개발을 위하여 2010 년에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 자식계통 KS158과 KS155를 교잡하여 육성한 다수성 단교잡종이다. 다평옥의 종피색은 황색이며 입질은 마치종이다. 2006～2007년까지 2 년 동안 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 2008～2010년까지 3년 동안 수원 등 3지역에서 지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 우수 성이 인정되어 2010 농작물 직무육성 신품종으로 결정되었고 다평옥으로 명명하였다. 다평옥의 출사일수는 장다옥과 같다. 간장은 장다옥과 비슷하며 착수고율은 장다옥과 같다. 도복은 장다옥 정도로 강한 것으로 나타났다. 이삭길이는 장다옥보다 다소 작으며 100립중은 장다옥보다 가볍다. 깨씨무늬병과 그 을음무늬병에는 강한 편이다. 검은줄오갈병, 이삭썩음병 및 조명나방 저항성은 중 정도를 보인다. 다평옥의 종실수량은 8.6 톤/ha로 장다옥보다 8% 많았다. 4 : 1(모본 : 부본) 재식 비율로 동시 파종하여 채종 시험한 결과 모본 출사기와 부본 화분비산기간이 일치하였으며 채종수량은 2.8 톤/ha이었다. 다평옥은 전국적으로 재배가 가능하다(품종출원등록번호: 제 4969호).

As environmental concerns including climate change drive the strong regulations for car exhaust emissions, electric vehicles attract the public eye. The purpose of this study is to identify rural areas vulnerable for charging infrastructures based on the spatial distributions of the current gas stations and provide the target dissemination rates for promoting electric cars. In addition, we develop various scenarios for finding optimal way to expand the charging infrastructures through the administrative districts data including 11,677 gas stations, the number of whole national gas stations. Gas stations for charging infrastructures are randomly selected using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Evaluation criteria for vulnerability assessment include five considering the characteristic of rural areas. The optimal penetration rate is determined to 21% in rural areas considering dissemination efficiency. To reduce the vulnerability, the charging systems should be strategically installed in rural areas considering geographical characteristics and regional EV demands.