The purpose of this research was to examine consumers from distinct cultural groups and examine similarities and differences in their green purchase behaviors. The sample consisted of consumers from U.S.A. and South Korea and the theory of planned behavior was used as a theoretical framework to test the influence of diverse constructs on consumers’ purchase intentions toward organic cotton apparel. A total of 334 participants (164 for U.S.A. sample and 170 for South Korea sample) were recruited to examine purchase behaviors toward organic cotton apparel. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationship between the TPB constructs and compare the results between the two country groups. AMOS 24 and SPSS 24 were used to analyze the data. For both countries, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and descriptive norms were strong predictors of purchase intentions and injunctive norms strongly influenced attitude formation. However, the two groups showed different results regarding attitude-purchase intention, descriptive norms-attitude, and injunctive norms-purchase intentions relationship. For example, while attitude was the strongest predictor of purchase intention in the U.S.A. group, it had an insignificant effect in South Korea group. For South Korea group PBC had the strongest effect on consumers purchase intention. Multi-group SEM results showed that the difference in the chi-square statistics between the two models was significant. Significant differences were found in two structural paths: attitude → purchase intention and PBC → purchase intention. TPB provided a useful framework for explaining green purchase behaviors in both countries as PBC and descriptive norms strongly predicted consumers’ intention to purchase. However, South Koreans were more affected by the social pressure: their purchase intention were strongly influenced by both injunctive norms and descriptive norms which was in contrast to the findings from American consumers. Injunctive norms were an insignificant predictor of purchase intentions in the U.S.A. group. Injunctive norms reflect individual’s perception of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved by others while descriptive norms involve individual’s perception of whether the behavior is typically performed by others. Therefore, when Korean consumers perceive that others believe it is a good idea to purchase organic cotton apparel and when they actually see others purchasing the product, they will feel more inclined to purchase the product themselves. This result is consistent with previous research that suggest conformity is a crucial factor for people belonging to a collectivistic culture (e.g., Hofstede, 1980; Kitayama et al., 1995).

Nonthermal atmospheric plasma has been studied for its many biomedical effects, such as tooth bleaching, wound healing, and coagulation. In this study, the effects of dentinal tubules occlusion were investigated using fluoride-carboxymethyl cellulose (F-CMC) gel, nano-sized hydroxyapatite (n-HA), and nonthermal atmospheric plasma. Human dentin specimens were divided to 5 groups (group C, HA, HAF, HAP, and HAFP). Group HA was treated with n-HA, group HAF was treated with n-HA after a F-CMC gel application, group HAP was treated with n-HA after a plasma treatment and group HAFP was treated with n-HA after a plasma and F-CMC gel treatment. The occlusion of dentinal tubules was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which shows Ca/P ratio. In the EDS results, a higher Ca/P ratio was shown in the groups including n-HA than in the control group. The specimens of group HAP and HAFP had a higher Ca/P ratio in retentivity. In the SEM results, there was not a significant difference in the amount of times applied. Therefore, this study suggests F-CMC gel and n-HA treatment using nonthermal atmospheric plasma will be a new treatment method for decreasing hypersensitivity.

This research covers up social activism of Jeju Buddhism during the period of Jeju 4.3 Incident. Jeju Buddhism launched the activist movements for pending issues of Jeju society after political liberation of Korea. Buddhists in Jeju were trying to restore their own tradition of Korean Buddhism and establish political autonomy of Jeju residents. However, Jeju Buddhism suffered from the severe oppression accompanied by their activist movements. Even now, the aftermath of 4.3 Incident still remains ineradicable to Jeju Buddhism. A lot of Buddhist monks were victimized with other Jeju residents without any judicial proceedings during anti-guerilla pacification operation. In addition, their properties including temples and Buddha statues were also devastated or plundered by the repression forces. For reconciliation of Jeju 4.3 Incident, we should pay attention to dedication of Buddhist activists and their sufferings under political violence during the 4.3 period.

Space law is normally referred to international space law. As national space activities develop, however, national space laws have been legislated in many countries for the development of space resources. These are used to present conflicting cases between national and international space law (corpus juris spatialis internationalis) on the interpretation of space resource exploitation. This study is devoted to bridging the gap between these two legal systems. In this paper, the author will critically review the fundamental principles of space resource exploitation under international law and suggest a direction for setting up national space laws for future space resources. This paper is composed of seven parts, including a short Introduction and Conclusion. Part two will discuss acts pertaining to asteroid resources. Part three will deal with res extra commercium. Part four will analyze the non-appropriation principle. Part five will look into the common heritage of mankind. Part six will investigate res nullius humanitatus.

Composite pavements are constructed by placing a high functional asphalt surface layer on a high performance concrete rigid base layer and provide a more durable, high functional surface to road users. Service life of composite pavements is dependent on the bonding performance of the lower rigid base and the flexible surface layer. Accordingly, it is necessary to place an impermeability layer between the functional surface layer and the rigid base to enhance bonding performance and to prevent moisture penetration into the rigid base and deterioration of pavement. In order to use optimal composite pavement sections, two types were applied to impermeability layer: highly impermeable water-tight SMA and mastic asphalt currently in use. APT (Accelerated Pavement Testing) and experimental construction were carried out to evaluate bond strengths between the rigid base and the impermeability layer depending on the type of impermeability layers. Composite pavement sections for the APT had a 22 cm concrete rigid base layer and a 5cm functional surface, as well as either 5cm of SMA impermeability layer and 5cm of mastic layer. After applying around 8,574,000 ESALs, pull-off test was conducted, which showed that the mastic section outperformed the SMA section. In the experimental construction, three types of rigid base layers, JCP (Jointed Concrete Pavement), CRCP (Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement), and RCCP (Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement), were used for composite pavement sections, and as in the APT, two types of impermeability layers, SMA and mastic, were used per rigid base layer of new and deteriorated concrete pavement. Therefore, seven composite pavement sections in total were constructed. We measured the bond strength over one year or so following the construction of these composite pavement sections and found that regardless of the type of rigid base layer and whether it was new or not, those sections with a mastic impermeability layer had high bond strengths.

In Korea, a vehicle overtaking is prohibited by the law in tunnel and bridge sections where a road section has lanes with solid line. However, this regulation has some problems in terms of traffic operation and safety. So, it is necessary to find a way to improve the lane operation in tunnel and bridge sections. The objective of this research is to propose a systematical logic and specific standards to draw up an improvement of lane operation in tunnel and bridge sections on expressways. For that purpose, the status of lane operation in tunnel and bridge sections on both of the domestic and the abroad expressways and the improvement effect of the lane management were analyzed and, followed by it, the ways to improve lane management were suggested. In the comparison of the number of traffic accidents between road sections and tunnel sections, it was resulted that the number of traffic accidents per unit length (1km) of tunnel sections was lower than that of road sections. In addition, in the comparison of the fatality of traffic accidents, the fatality of tunnel sections on expressways was lower than that of other road tunnel sections. Through the analysis, it was resulted that there was a low correlation between the permission of the lane change in tunnel sections and the increase of traffic accidents. Moreover, in the comparing the traffic accidents between expressway tunnels and other road tunnels as well as between road sections and tunnel sections on expressways, there was no significant difference in safety between the solid line sections and the dotted sections. As a result of the analysis on the pilot operation section, it was expected that there would be no serious problems even if the permission of the lane change in tunnel and bridge sections was implemented, because the difference between in the existing solid-line sections and the pilot dotted line sections in terms of the lane change rate, the traffic characteristic, and the traffic accidents is not significant. Therefore, it needs to improve the current solid-line lane operation forbidding the lane change in tunnel and bridge sections. It is necessary to allow the lane change in tunnel and bridge sections with an appropriate level of facility conditions. In the long run, as in the cases of foreign countries, it is require to establish a principle to permit the lane change in tunnel and bridge sections. However, if necessary, it is need to consider the prohibition of the lane change in some tunnel sections by the engineering judgment. Allowing the lane change of the car in tunnel sections is not only merely a change of the lane operating method but also it is expected to be an important opportunity to increase the adherence of the driver to the laws and regulations and to change the drive culture by introducing a consistent traffic regulation.

In this thesis, it was considered that in durability characteristics of concrete pavements evaluation of strength characteristics as well as abrasion resistance is important as the domestic concrete pavements couldn't fulfill the public needs and cases of damage are increasing. In order to solve such problems, it is intended to compare the abrasion resistance in accordance with the mixing rate of admixtures (silica fume and polymer powder) which are incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement and find the optimum mixing rate for abrasion resistance by focusing on the high performance of concrete pavements through two-lift concrete pavements which use cellular sprayed concrete construction method. Both test results, which were performed based on ASTM C 779 B (dressing wheel abrasion test method) and ASTM C 944 (rotary cutter method) standards in accordance with silica fume and polymer powder mixing rate that was incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement, proofed that the abrasion resistance increased as the mixing rate of silica fume and polymer powder increased. However, it was also confirmed that if the mixing rate of admixtures is excessively increased it will not have an effect and it will rather decrease the abrasion resistance.

본 논문은 시학, 즉 시쓰기에 대한 인지학적 가능성에 대한 초기단계의 명상적 글쓰기를 탐구한다. 구체적인 방법으로서, 본인은 전체론적 방법으로 예이츠의 시학과 그의 자동기술에 대한 명상적 글로 시작하는데, 그의 집단 시학에 대해 선적 명상기법을 적용해보려고 한다.

Mass breeding of Protaetia brevitarsis seluensis results in the entomopathogenic fungal infection, usually Metarhizium anisoplaie. A mixture of microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) delayed fungal infection by M. anisopliae, which infected fewer P. b. seluensis when the microorganism mixture was added to sawdust as feed for P. b. seluensis for 30d, their mortality rate was approximately 35% less than that of the control group, which was fed sawdust without the EM. In addition, the growth of M. anisopliae on agar media spread with each bacterium as inhibited by up to 80%.

재선충속(Bursaphelenchus) 선충의 식물 기주체내 증식 능력 및 병원성을 비교하기 위하여 선충 3종 (이하 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Bx, B. mucronatus: Bm, B. thailandae: Bt)과 해송(Pinus thunbergii), 잣나무(Pinus koraiensis) 2종을 실험에 사용하였다. 5가지 선충 처리 조합 (①Bx+Bt, ②Bx+Bm, ③Bx+Bt+Bm, ④Bt+Bm, ⑤Bm)으로 한 본당 10,000마리씩 접종 한 후 7주 동안 외부 병징 및 선충 밀도를 조사하였다. 그 결과, Bx가 포함된 대부분 처리구에서는 5주 차에 전체 고사가 진행 되었고, Bx가 포함되지 않은 처리구는 병징이 나타나지 않았다. 예외적으로, Bx+Bm, Bx+Bt+Bm 해송 처리구에서는 7주 후에도 전체고사가 나타나지 않았다. 이 경우 선충 밀도 조사 결과, Bm이 약 42%를 차지하였으며, 이는 소나무재선충병의 병징 발현을 약화를 유도하는 역할을 하는 것으로 추정된다. 모든 처리구에서 Bx의 밀도가 가장 높았으며, Bt는 전혀 검출되지 않았다.

소나무재선충과 근연종인 Bursaphelenchus 속 2종간의 매개충 채내 침입력과 경쟁력을 비교 실험하였다. 공시충은 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (이하 Bx), B. mucronatus (이하 Bm), B.thailandae (이하 Bt) 선충 3종과 솔수염하늘소 (Monochamus alternatus)와 북방수염하늘소 (M. saltuarius) 2종을 사용하였다. 매개충 번데기에 선충 3종을 10,000 마리씩 단독 또는 혼합접종을 하고, 우화 후 체내 선충 개체수를 조사한 결과, 솔수염하늘소에서는 Bx, Bm, Bt가 각각 2,283마리, 1,575마리, 3,083마리로써 Bt의 침입력이 가장 높게 나타났다. Bx+Bt 처리 시에는 Bx 24%, Bt 76%, Bx+Bm 처리 시, Bx 68%, Bm 32% 비율로 조사되어 Bt>Bx>Bm 순으로 침입력이 강한 것이 확인되었다. 북방수염하늘소 에서 Bx, Bm의 침입력을 비교한 결과 Bx는 2,120마리, Bm 1,730마리로 솔수염하늘소에서와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 이로써 선충 종간 침입력은 다양하며 이는 매개충 종과는 무관함을 알 수 있다.

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura(Fabricius) is serious pest that hurts tomato crops, actives long time of the year. Without pesticide applications, sex pheromone delta traps through experiment first and second half setting during cultural seasons in glasshouse and greenhouse. We investigated captured number of S. litura both in and out side of the two type of tomato cultivated greenhouse. As a result of investigation, captured number of S. litura showed the wave and three high peak typed graph throughout 10 months experiment. First time expression of S. litura was late April in outside installed traps and after that occurrence rate increased gradually until late August. In september, the rate decreased remarkably to middle November in both in and out side treated traps. The result also expressed that captured average number of S. litura in inside of the greenhouse were 8~10 units, and were 15~20units in outside treated traps. Simultaneous installation of internal and external sex pheromone traps succeeded in eliminating a considerable number of S. litura male moths, and the number of larvae was expected to be considerably reduced. Consequently in the experiment, captured male number of S. litura were about 220 units in outside, on the other about 80 of S. litura captured in inside installed traps.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, possesses a cholinesterase expressed exclusively in the salivary gland (ClSChE). In this paper, we investigated the molecular structure, tissue distribution patterns, and biochemical properties of ClSChE and showed that ClSChE exists as a soluble monomeric form or a soluble dimeric form connected by a disulfide bridge. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ClSChE was expressed in the epithelial cells of both the salivary gland and the duct. In addition, the secretion of monomeric ClSChE through the proboscis during feeding was detected by western blotting using a ClSChE-specific antibody. To predict the role of ClSChE injected into the tissue of an animal host, we analyzed the extent of sequestration and hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh)/choline (Ch) by ClSChE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis revealed that ClSChE possesses extremely low Km (high affinity to ACh) and Vmax values. These findings suggest that ClSChE functions as a sequestering enzyme specific to ACh (not to Ch) by having a very strong affinity to ACh but an extremely long turnover time.

감귤그린병(Citrus Huanglongbing Disease)은 전 세계적으로 감귤산업에 가장 큰 피해를 주는 병해로 국내 미분포종인 귤나무이(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)가 매개충으로 알려져 있다. 바이러스에 감염된 나무는 5~12년내에 대부분 고사하며 열매는 크지 못하고 색이 들지 않는 증상을 보여 상품성을 저해시킨다. 현재 접목, 묘목, 매개충등의 유입으로 전 세계적으로 확산되고 있는 실정이다. 귤나무이의 국내 분포가능성이 꾸준히 제시되면서 유입 대비를 위한 예찰방법 및 동정법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 제주도에는 총 33종이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있으며(권, 1983; Cho & burckhardt, 2017) 2016년부터 지금까지의 조사로 11종의 나무이와 10종의 기주식물을 확인되었다. 귤나무가 속해있는 운향과를 기주로 하는 나무이는 발견되지 않았다.