As brands’ use of social media to connect with customers becomes increasingly important, there is a need to continually monitor and examine activities in social networks. An important aspect of the social network communications is its unique ways of concentrating and dispersing information among participants (actors) – density and centrality of the network. By looking at both density and centrality, the relationships among actors and their ability to influence others are revealed, allowing deeper understanding into networked behaviors. In this manner, examining whole and ego network patterns, the unique roles of individual actors, can provide brands significant insight in understanding how influencers form and how users connect and spread information. Based on the social network analysis, which represents a combination of theory and analytical methods of networked relationships, this study analyzed Twitter networks of two multi-brand cosmetics and beauty retailers, Sephora (global brand) and Ulta Beauty (U.S. domestic brand). Using NodeXL, daily Twitter data for both brands were gathered to investigate network activities. By examining both ego-networks and the whole networks, the results showed that while ego-networks for brands were quite similar to one another, there was a big difference between the ego-networks and whole networks in regards to the number of actors, type of connectivity, as well as the prominence of brands. Sephora was often not an important part of its hashtag network, and thus was not able to maintain strong control over communications and messages in these networks whereas Ulta maintained its control over its networks. The findings from analyzing these network patterns, the unique roles of individual actors, and the brands within the networks provide significant insights in understanding how influencers form and develop the ability to connect and spread information.

The key objectives of the research is to examine the impacts of consumption community and underlying motivations for joining consumption communities in consuming masculine products among Korean female consumers. This study is the first to link a consumption community to social identity theory. To find an answer to our research questions, the study uses Korean Harley Davidson female riders who ride the American heavy motorcycle in a consumption community to answer the research questions. Harley Davidson is an icon of masculine products due to the size and the powerful engine of the motorcycle. A hermeneutic approach is adopted to understand Korean female consumers’ motivations in joining consumption communities and their perceptions about riding a Harley Davidson motorcycle. A hermeneutic method uses personal in-depth interviews to elicit the behaviors, values, and motivations that researchers are trying to understand (Kozinets, 2001; Thompson et al., 1994). The hermeneutic method is appropriate when researchers are attempting to understand motivations, values and beliefs deeply embedded in a person’s mind (Thompson et al., 1994).

Among the 8,700 in-service bridges in national highway, the steel bridges cover the 1600 sites and make up approximately the 20 percentage of the total amounts. Due to recent rapid increase both in traffic volume and in frequency of overloaded vehicles, the need for re-evaluating the fatigue life of the steel bridges is increasing. However, the existing fatigue life assessment method are too complicate and difficult to apply to field directly. To improve such deficiency of the existing fatigue life assessment procedures, this study reviews the fatigue life assessment methods in Eurocode and then proposes an easier and simpler fatigue life assessment procedure that could evaluate the remaining fatigue life of the steel bridges using traffic data collected from a high-speed weigh-in-motion system installed in the national highway network. The Proposed fatigue life evaluation method is as follows; 1. Calculation of fatigue resistance 𝛾𝑀f and fatigue strength Δ𝜎𝑐 used in design, 2. Calculation of partial safety factor 𝛾𝐹f for equivalent stress range, 3. Calculation of stress range Δ𝜎𝐸2 using influence line, 4. Calculation of damage equivalent factor λ, 5. Review of Fatigue state and evaluation of fatigue life. The Proposed method can omit the existing complicated and repetitive calculation. Therefore, proposed method can estimate the fatigue damage and the theoretical fatigue life simply by comparing with the existing method.

The recent increase in truck traffic volume and overloading frequency causes a growing need to re-evaluation of fatigue life of steel bridges. However, the traditional fatigue analysis method, that is cumulative damage method(CDM), has limitation to apply to a number of bridges because the required calculation steps are very cumbersome and complicated. This study investigates the feasibility and applicability of proposed simple fatigue evaluation method based on the equivalent damage method (EDM) in Eurocode to estimate the remaining fatigue life for a highway bridge. The Proposed fatigue life evaluation method is as follows; 1. Calculation of fatigue resistance 𝛾𝑀f and fatigue strength Δ𝜎𝑐 used in design, 2. Calculation of partial safety factor 𝛾𝐹f for equivalent stress range, 3. Calculation of stress range Δ𝜎𝐸2 using influence line, 4. Calculation of damage equivalent factor λ, 5. Review of Fatigue state and evaluation of fatigue life. The specifications of the target bridge are as follows; Location : Gyeongbu Expressway, Design Life : 100yr, Construction year : 2006, Total length : 341m, Type of superstructure : continuous steel box girder. The resulting remaining fatigue life estimated by both EDM and CDM have been compared. Remaining fatigue life of target bridge in 2016 was calculated 365yr(EDM using WIM data in 2014), 334yr(CDM using strain gauge data in 2012 and reflecting 2% annual traffic volume increase, Gil and Kang(2012)). As a result of comparison, The remaining fatigue life using proposed method(EDM) was evaluated about 10% higher than the CDM. This result, because traffic volume increase had not reflected when calculation of remaining fatigue life using EDM. Proposed method(EDM) can evaluate remaining fatigue life more easily and simply than CDM.

This study examined the characteristics of research activities in the road sector via an analysis of patents and papers. For the text mining analysis, this study used keywords that contained the term “highway” and extracted data; 25,306 patents and 11,940 papers were used for the analysis. Along with a paper analysis, there is a 3P (paper, patent and patent) analysis method used to examine papers and patents. The 3P analysis method analyzes patent trends (time series, country, applicant, institution, and so on), original technology patents, the latest technology trends in the field of interest, and research trends by examining and evaluating key patent rights and their technology and utilization values. More specifically, analyzing patents owned by companies and papers published based on data obtained from text mining, allows researchers to compare intellectual property competitiveness by institution and identify a competitor’s research trends. Based on the results, commercialized tech areas and global research activity trends can be identified to establish a technology strategy. In this regard, this study used keywords only related to “highway” and acquired the following analysis results: To begin with, some of the most noteworthy research and development areas in the road and transport sector recently included “traction hybrid battery,” “information navigation date,” and “navigation determination.” This suggests great implications. Thus far, the road and transport section has traditionally researched “Construction of Roads, Railways, or Bridges” in Section E (Fixed Constructions) of the International Patent Classification and supporting works such as the installation of supports for the road or the construction of platforms, snow fences or similar arrangements. This study, however, found that lately, a lot of research is being conducted on systems such as transport control systems, transport safety, transport control radars or similar systems, sonar or Light Detection and ranging system, and anti-collision systems. In addition, as smart toll collection increasingly becomes available, a lot of research in the field of physics is being undertaken on transmission methods for measures, control signals or similar signs, and ticket dispensers or devices to collect tolls and admission fees. In conclusion, based on the above findings, this study was able to identify that more research in the road and transport sector is being conducted on smart toll collection and tech convergence such as physics and systems than traditional civil engineering as today’s world is heading towards the 4th Industrial Revolution.

본 논문은 3차원 축대칭 몰수체에 대해 소스 코드가 공개된 OpenFOAM 4.0을 이용하여 첫 번째 격자의 높이와 레이놀즈 수에 따른 마찰저항 변화에 대해 연구하였다. 마찰저항 계산을 위해 경계조건, 수치조건을 정립하였다. 축대칭 물체의 3차원 효과로 인해 거칠 기가 매우 작은 12 μΜ에서도 부드러운 표면과 비교해 마찰저항이 다르게 계산되었다. 레이놀즈 수가 커질수록 경계층의 두께 증가가 감소되었으며 이로 인해 마찰저항의 증가량이 감소되었다. 첫 번째 격자의 크기인 y+에 대한 영향에 대해서도 검토하였다. 첫 번째 격자가 log layer에 위치하고 있지 않으면 마찰저항과 표면의 전단력이 과도하게 예측되는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 경계층이 두껍게 예측되어 난류 에너지가 과도하게 예측되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 표면의 거칠기가 커질수록 경계층이 두꺼워지고 표면의 난류에너지가 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 마찰저항을 정확하게 예측하기 위해서는 y+ 값, 거칠기 및 벽함수가 적절한 영역에 위치해야 함을 알 수 있었다.

This study is Antimicrobial activity for bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Production of lactacin B was pH dependent, with maximum activity detected in broth cultures maintained pH 6. As a result of the antimicrobial activity against p. acnes in the pH culture, the clear zone was the largest at pH 6 and persisted for a long time.

The current protocols of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation on imported nursery plants, which are seriously infested with quarantine mealy bugs and scales, could be reevaluated because there were no limited uses of loading ratio, packing types etc. Another emerging issues is that the workplace health issues on MeBr fumigation are related with poor ventilation etc as well as well-known phytotoxic damages on them. In previous report, we have evaluated the efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) on different types of mealybugs. Herein, the phytotoxic damages of EF and PH3 on Alocasia, Sansevieria, Cactaceae and Croton genera were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll contents, color changes etc. This study showed that EF and PH3 fumigation on imported plants could be applicable to replacement of MeBr with further confirmation trials.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is well-known as a hazardous chemical to exposed fumigators and related workers as well as a ozone depletion chemical. According to recent report in USA and Korea, when MeBr fumigated on orange and grape at low temperature (<10℃), absorbed MeBr on fruits was slowly released to workplace. To replace MeBr practices urgently, ethyl formate (EF) fumigation is considered safer to worker (TLV of EF = 100 ppm compared to MeBr's = 1 ppm) and free from residual problem. We reports confirmative liquid EF (FumateTM) with N2 trials, which is cost-effective and non-CO2 gas emitted, on imported grapes. The 4hr-fumigation of 70 gm-3of EF (CTP > 114 gh-3) in scale-up chamber (10m3) fumigation (20% l.r.), showed efficacies to many kinds of insect pests, non-phytotoxic damage, providing safer guideline at workplace.

환경부 지정 보호지역인 특정도서는 현재 249개소로 이들을 대상으로 지형․경관, 지질, 식생, 동･식물상 및 해안무척 추동물, 해조류 분류군 대상으로 1차 특정도서기본계획(‘05~’14) 이후 2차 특정기본계획(‘15~’24)에 따라 매년 10~15개 씩 정밀조사가 수행되고 있다. 특정도서의 곤충조사는 2006~2008년 3년간 39개 도서를 제외하고 전무하였다. 특정도서 의 지정사유 중 자연경관․지질의 우수성이 가장 높고 식생이 우수가 다음으로 높아 시간이 지남에 따라 식생과 관련된 해충 및 외래종의 기착지로도 이용될 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있어 2015년부터 곤충에 대한 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 2016년 인천광역시 옹진군 일대 소초지도, 신도, 어평도, 항도, 뭉퉁도, 서만도, 할미염 7개 특정도서에 대한 곤충상 및 군집분석 결과와 각 도서별 과거 2007년 보고된 곤충상을 비교한 결과를 보고하는 바이다.

배초향은 항동맥경화나 항박테리아의 특성을 가지는 한약재에 널리 사용되는 영년생 약용식물이다. 연구의 목적은 수경재배에서 배양액의 종류와 PPFD값에 따른 배초향의 생장 및 항산화 물질의 변화를 조사하는 것이다. 배초향은 주야간 16:8 시간의 일장조건에서 150과 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD 조건과 일본원시(HES), 서울시립대(UOS), 유럽채소연구소(EVR), 오오츠카 배양액(OTS)을 이용하여 6주간 재배하였다. OTS 배양액조 건에서 자란 배초향의 지상부 및 지하부 건물중은 다른 배양액 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다. 배초향의 틸리아닌 함량은 OTS 처리에서 가장 높았으며 다음으로 EVR, HES, UOS 순서로 낮아졌다. 총 아카세틴의 함량은 EVR처리에서 가장 높았으나 OTS처리와는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD 조건에서 자란 배초향은 PPFD 150처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 생체중과 건물중이 증가하였으며 기능성 물질은 틸리아닌과 아카세틴의 함량도 높았다. 본 연구는 수경재배 방식을 이용하여 식물공장에서 배초향을 재배할 경우 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD 조건과 OTS 배양액 조건에서 경제적인 광원조건으로 최적 바이오매스 생산량과 틸라아닌과 아카세틴의 함량을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 제안한다.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is one of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and found mainly in the chloroplasts. Many studies have been reported that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian oocytes were reduced by supplementation of ALA in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium. Based on these reports, we expected that ALA acts as an antioxidant during IVM of porcine oocytes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of ALA supplementation during IVM in porcine oocytes. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated in IVM medium containing 200 μM H2O2 or H2O2 with 50 μM ALA for 44 h. Nuclear maturation stage of oocytes was evaluated using aceto-orcein method. For measurement of oxidative stress state, intracellular ROS and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured using carboxy-DCFDA and cell tracker red, respectively. In results, oocytes in metaphase-II (MII) stage development was significantly reduced in H2O2 group compared to non-treated control group (61.84±1.42% and 80.00%, respectively; p<0.05) and it was slightly recovered by treatment of ALA (69.76±1.67%; p<0.05). The intracellular GSH levels was decreased in H2O2 groups compared with control groups, but it was enhanced by ALA treatment (p<0.05). On the contrary, H2O2 treatment increased intracellular ROS level in oocytes and H2O2-induced ROS was decreased by treatment of ALA (p<0.05). Our findings suggested that ALA treatment under oxidative stress condition improve oocyte maturation via elevated GSH and reduced ROS levels in oocytes. Therefore, these results suggest that ALA have an antioxidative ability and it could be used as antioxidant in in vitro production system of porcine embryo.

β-glucosidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds to generate terminal non-reducing residues in β-D-glucosides and oligosaccharides. These enzymes are used to degrade the plant cell walls of plant biomass. The 170 lactic acid bacteria isolated from beachu kimchi were examined for their β-glucosidase activity(E.C. 3.2.1.21.). Among the tested lactic acid bacteria, 48 strains utilized cellobiose as a carbon source. The highest β-glucosidase activity was 0.0537±0.0021(U/mg protein) in MSE129. MSE129 was identified to be Weissella koreenisis using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

Ohmic heating is one of advanced thermal processing techniques which utilize conversion of electrical energy into heat. In our study, a feasibility of ohmic heating was tested to cook instant rice cake to improve energy efficacy as an alternative heating methods of conventional electrical kettle. Ohmic heating was conducted using customized ohmic cell (7.5×4.5×9.5 cm) equipped with titanium electrodes. Instant rice cakes in soup were ohmically heated up to 100°C at different electric fields (9, 12, 15 & 18 V/cm) and temperature holding times (60, 80, 100 & 120 s). Thermocouple was placed into both soup and rice cake to evaluate the temperature profile and energy efficacy. Temperature, voltage and current across the sample were measured and recorded at every 3 s using data acquisition system (DAQ). Mathematical model was developed to calculate the internal energy generation rate (QR, W). Internal energy generation rate (QR, W) was integrated versus temperature come-up time (s) to compute the total internal energy dose (ET, J) using MATLBA software. For energy efficacy (Eff), it was calculated ratio of total internal energy dose (ET, J) to heat quantity (Qh, J). During ohmic heating, temperature come-up time was significantly reduced as a function of elevated electric field (P<0.05). For example, 9V/cm of electric field showed 6.2±0.4 min of temperature come-up time up to 100°C. Higher electric field at 18 V/cm reduced temperature come-up time to 1.9±0.1 min. The electric field of 15 V/cm showed the best energy efficacy as 0.78 which meant 78% of electrical energy was converted into thermal energy for heating. In the texture profile analysis, the most preferable harness was found as 6.191 N at 15 V/cm and 100 s holding time. Our study showed the potential of ohmic heating to cook instant rice cakes for home meal replacement (HMR) and outdoor foods.