Ground granulated blast furnace slag is known to be much less quality variation compared to the fly ash can be substituted. Have high salt damage resistance, and chemical resistance of concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag substitution. The case of NPP concrete using fly ash in concrete, and is defined as less than 20% fly ash utilization. In this paper, consider a resistance to freezing-thawing of currently used to concrete in NPP structures and substitutes for ground granulated blast furnace slag

Several tests and experimental work have been done for identifying the best growth conditions and accumulated amount of lipid moiety in B. braunii, a microalga(UTEX 572) in terms of media composition. The specific growth rate was found to be the highest at 0.15 g/L-day when the phosphorus concentration was doubled with the other ingredients at the normal level. Experiments for varied media compositions revealed that the accumulation of lipid was the highest at 48% (dry cell weight based) in the nitrogen deficient medium and its corresponding specific growth rate was comparative to that in the normal BG 11 medium. In the bubble column experiments, carbon dioxide containing air produced four times more cell mass than air only. Light and glucose addition also enhanced cell mass with maximum, 1.8 g/L and accordingly 42% of lipid composition, which turned out to be a better strategy for higher lipid-producing microalgal culture.

본 연구에서는 과거에서부터 기록된 우리나라 65개의 관측소들을 대상으로 강수량 데이터를 사용하여 강수빈도와 극한지표들을 산출해 냄으로써, 지표에 따라 지역별 분포를 살펴보고 시공간적인 증·감율에 대한 결과를 제시하였다. 그 결과를 시계열로 도시함으로 쉽게 파악할 수 있지만 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않는 경우에는 통계적 방법인 Mann-Kendall 경향성 분석을 실시하여 이에 대해 파악하였다. 더불어 FARD를 이용하여 100년과 200년의 빈도확률강수량을 산정하고 이를 비교하였다. 강우특성을 크게 Amount, Extreme, Frequency로 분류하고 각각의 지수를 강우량 지수(Rainfall Index for Amount), 강우극치 지수(Rainfall Index for Extremes), 강우빈도 지수(Rainfall Index for Frequency)로 정의하고 RIA, RIE, RIF를 산술평균하여 홍수에 대한 종합적인 강우 위험도를 나타내는 평균 강우지수(Average Rainfall Index, ARI)를 산정하였다. 그 결과 과거에 비해 최근 10년간 강우량의 정량적인 평가 특성은 양적으로 22.3%, 극치사상 발생 측면은 26.2%, 빈도 측면은 5.1% 증가하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 최근 우리나라 기후변화 경향을 구체적으로 제시하고 있으므로 기후변화 대비 적응 연구의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

최근 하천환경을 보전하고 하천개발이 필요한 경우라도 가급적 자연에 가까운 하천생태계를 보전하려는 노력이 점차 증가하고 있다. 하천에 보설치 등 단절이 발생할 경우, 어종 다양성을 확보하고 기존생태계를 보전하기 위한 노력으로 어도를 설치운영하고 있으며, 현재 하천에 설치되어 있는 어도에 대하여 그 기능에 대한 충분한 검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수리모형실험을 통해 백제보 우안에 설치된 자연형어도의 수리특성을 분석하였다. 수리특성분석결과, 어도의 흐름은 우점종인 피라미 서식조건 범위내의 수심과 유속을 갖는 것으로 나타나 적정 설계기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 자연형어도의 적정성을 평가하기 위하여 2차원 수치해석모형을 이용하여 평수량 흐름에 대한 가중가용면적을 산정하였다. 자연형 어도의 웅덩이 폭을 변화시켜가면서 가중가용면적을 비교 검토한 결과 피라미의 성어기에서는 현재 웅덩이 폭이 가장 적정한 것으로 나타났으며, 산란기에서는 현재의 어도에 비해 웅덩이 폭을 1m 증가할 때 가장 큰 가용면적을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

The aim of this paper is to correlate the release characteristics of marine and lake sediment with their vicinal oxic conditions. We performed lab-scale simulation experiments using field sediment and water in order to compare the release concentrations and the release rates one another. To provide a few different kinds of oxic environments we used natural air flow and some oxygen releasing compounds such as CaO2 and MgO2. In case of phosphates, in each oxic condition, removal of phosphorus via biological activity and that via salt precipitation with the metal ions lowered the release rates. The behavior of the nitrogen-origin salts seemed to greatly depend on the typical biological actions - growth of biomass, nitrification, and partial denitrification. Generally speaking, the control of releases of NH3-N, PO4-P, T-N and T-P was successful under the oxic conditions meanwhile COD, nitrates and nitrites were difficult to reduce the releases into the bulk water because of the considerable microbial oxidation. Based on typical diffusive mass transfer kinetics the changes of concentrations of the nutrients were computed for qualitative and quantitative comparisons.

Sediment cell is renewable energy which produces electric energy using immanent ingredients or reducing power of marine sediment as natural resources. Also the cell has an advantage that environmental pollution can be reduced through conversion of organic and inorganic contaminants into inert matter with generation of the energy. In this paper, we compared characteristics of electricity generation of the two different sediment cells, and investigated the regeneration effect of the sediment cells with manipulation of the sediment such as mixing and re-positioning. The results showed that 14.1 W/m2 of power was obtained with the aluminum electrode, and the mixing of the sediment could increase the power by 4 W/m2 compared to the control. Also, mixing the sediment has kept electricity for 4 weeks at a relatively constant level, which implied ‘fuel regeneration effect'. Meanwhile, the sediment cell was proved to be effective in reduction of COD, which was up to 28.6%.

This study was carried out to compare the toxicity of nano and micrometer particles with Cu and Zn on soil microbial community and metal uptake of buck wheat. In microcosm system, soil was incubated for 14 days after soil aliquots were artificially contaminated with 1,000 mg/kg Cu, Zn nano and micro particles, respectively. After then, buck wheat was planted in incubating soils and non incubating soils. After 14 days, we compared bioaccumulation of metal, and microbial carbon substrate utilization patterns between incubating soils and non-incubating soils. The enrichment factor (EF) values of incubating samples were greater than non-incubating soils. Dehydrogenase activity had been inhibited by Cu and Zn nanoparticles in non-incubating soil, as well as it had been inhibited by Zn micro particles in incubating soils. Results of biolog test, it was not significant different between nano particles and micro particles. It cannot be generalized that nanoparticles of metal are always more toxic to soil microbial activity and diversity than micrometer-sized particles and the toxicity needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

가상세계에서 다중 에이전트들의 집단행동을 사실적으로 시뮬레이션하는 것은 중요하다. 대부분의 기존 연구가 개방된 공간에서의 집단행동에 초점 맞춘 반면, 본 논문은 제한된 공간에서 조종력을 이용한 집단행동에 대하여 연구한다. 에이전트들은 제한된 공간에서 하나의 공동 목적지를 가지며, 다른 에이전트와 충돌을 피하면서 목적지로 이동하여야 한다. 이러한 환경에서 세 가지 가능한 에이전트 모델을 제시 하였으며, 각 모델에 필요한 여섯 가지 조종력도 제안하였다. 제안된 모델의 올바름을 보이기 위하여 모델들을 시뮬레이션 하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 벽들과 출입구에 따라 각 에이전트가 목적지에 도착하는 시간은 달랐지만, 단순히 조종력만을 사용하는 제안된 모델들이 제한된 공간에서 잘 동작하는 것을 보였다.

This study was carried out in order to observe how the bay sediment would be changed with microbial treatments and a chemical oxidant like CaO2. The sediment during the treatments was analyzed in terms of pH, ORP, volatile organics content, COD, AVS, T-N, and T-P. With CaO2 treatment, pH was kept over 9.66 and ORP ranged from +4.70～+46.0, which meant an aerobic state meanwhile with the microbial treatment those were worse. In addition the chemical treatment showed better environmental index values than the microbial one: volatile organics content and COD values in the former were 12.9% and 37.9% while those in the latter were 4.5% and 18.7%, respectively. AVS and T-P were 71.1% and 100% versus 56.5% and 85.8%, respectively. However, the microbial treatment was better for T-N(66% higher). On the other hand, both treatment at a time enhanced all the environmental indices but COD meantime pH and ORP values were lower than with the chemical treatment only. Thus additional input of an oxygen generator like CaO2 could improve the environmental state of a bay sediment where the biological treatment is going on.

Sediment works as a resource for electric cells. This paper was designed in order to verify how sediment cells work with anodic material such as metal and carbon fiber. As known quite well, sediment under sea, rivers or streams provides a furbished environment for generating electrons via some electron transfer mechanism within specific microbial population or corrosive oxidation on the metal surfaces in the presence of oxygen or water molecules. We experimented with one type of sediment cell using different anodic material so as to attain prolonged, maximum electric power. Iron, Zinc, aluminum, copper, zinc/copper, and graphite felt were tested for anodes. Also, combined type of anodes-metal embedded in the graphite fiber matrix-was experimented for better performances. The results show that the combined type of anodes exhibited sustainable electricity production for ca. 600 h with max. 0.57 W/㎡ Al/Graphite. Meanwhile, graphite-only electrodes produced max. 0.11 W/㎡ along with quite stationary electric output, and for a zinc electrode, in which the electricity generated was not stable with time, therefore resulting in relatively sharp drop in that after 100 h or so, the maximum power density was 0.64 W/㎡. It was observed that the corrosive reaction rates in the metal electrodes might be varied, so that strength and stability in the electric performances(voltage and current density) could be affected by them. In addition to that, COD(chemical oxygen demand) of the sediment of the cell system was reduced by 17.5∼36.7% in 600 h, which implied that the organic matter in the sediment would be partially converted into non-COD substances, that is, would suggest a way for decontamination of the aged, anaerobic sediment as well. The pH reduction for all electrodes could be a sign of organic acid production due to complicated chemical changes in the sediment.