In order to identify key nations and bird species of conservation concern we described multinational collaborations as defined using network analysis linked by birds that are found in all nations in the network. We used network analysis to assess the patterns in bird occurrence for 10,422 bird inventories from 244 countries and territories. Nations that are important in multinational collaborations for bird conservation were assessed using the centrality measures, closeness and betweenness centrality. Countries important for the multinational collaboration of bird conservation were examined based on their centrality measures, which included closeness and betweenness centralities. Comparatively, the co-occurrence network was divided into four groups that reveal different biogeographical structures. A group with higher closeness centrality included countries in southern Africa and had the potential to affect species in many other countries. Birds in countries in Asia, Australia and the South Pacific that are important to the cohesiveness of the global network had a higher score of betweenness centrality. Countries that had higher numbers of bird species and more extensively distributed bird species had higher centrality scores; in these countries, birds may act as excellent indicators of trends in the co-occurrence bird network. For effective bird conservation in the world, much stronger coordination among countries is required. Bird co-occurrence patterns can provide a suitable and powerful framework for understanding the complexity of co-occurrence patterns and consequences for multinational collaborations on bird conservation.

목적: 대학생 소비자의 안경구매행태와 소비가치가 소비만족도에 영향을 미치는지 연구하기 위하여 인구 통계학적 특성에 따라 안경구매행태에 차이가 있는지 확인하고 소비가치가 대학생 소비자의 소비만족도에 영향을 미치는지 확인한다. 방법: 본 연구대상의 표본은 2017년 6월 1일부터 6월 15일까지 익산 소재 대학교의 대학생들을 대상으로 직접 설문방식으로 조사하였고, 총 320부의 설문지를 배포하여 응답이 누락되어 분석에서 제외한 17부를 제외하고 최종 302부를 분석 자료로 이용하였다. 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 카이스퀘어 검증, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 조사대상자의 안경구매행태를 살펴보면, 평균안경교체주기는 ‘1년 이상 2년 미만’이 32.1%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 안경교체이유는 ‘도수 변화’가 39.1%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 안경선택에 영향을 주는 사람 은 ‘나 자신’이 70.2%로 가장 높았다. 안경구매 시 가장 중요한 선택요인은 ‘디자인’이 가장 중요하다고 응답 한 경우가 52.6%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 안경구매행태의 차이를 분석한 결과, 여 성보다 남성이, 소득이 많은 사람이, 안경을 착용한지 얼마 되지 않은 대학생들이 더 안경교체를 쉽게 결정 하였다. 남성의 안경교체이유는 ‘안경파손’, ‘렌즈흠집’, ‘유행 뒤처짐’ 순이었으나 여성은 ‘도수 변화’가 51.9%로 압도적으로 높게 나타났다. 안경착용기간이 ‘10년이상’인 집단은 ‘도수 변화’ 비율이 48.8%로 다른 집단에 비해 높았다. 소득수준이 높은 집단이 소득수준이 낮은 집단보다 안경선택이유로 디자인을 최우선 하는 것으로 나타났고 소득수준이 낮은 집단이 높은 집단보다 안경선택이유로 가격을 최우선하는 것으로 나 타났다. 본 연구에서 조사대상자인 대학생들에게 안경구매는 미래보다는 현재에 가치를 둔 소비로 나타났으 며, 쾌락보다는 실용성에 가치를 둔 소비로 나타났다. 소비가치 중 쾌락적 소비가치 수준이 높을수록 통계적 으로 유의미하게 소비만족도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 대학생의 안경구매에 대한 소비만족도를 높이기 위해 쾌락적 소비가치를 높일 수 있는 다양한 컨 텐츠 개발과 서비스가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

방울토마토의 수경재배 중 붕소+칼슘+규소 및 칼슘+규소의 복합 엽면시비가 수확 후 품질과 MAP 저장 중 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 엽면시비한 방울 토마토(‘Unicorn’)는 반숙 과상태에서 수확하여 산소투과성 필름으로 포장한 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 25일, 15일, 10일간 저장하였다. 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리한 방울토마토가 3가지 저장온도 모두에서 호흡과 에틸렌 발생이 억제되어 MAP 저장중 가장 낮은 생체중 감소와 가장 높은 외관상 품질을 보였다. 수확 후 조사한 방울토마토의 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량은 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 높았으며, 3가지 온도 모두에서 MAP 저장 후에도 모두 높게 유지되었다. 그러나 과피색, 라이코펜 함량과 당도는 수확 후에는 엽면시비 처리로 차이가 없었으나, 3가지 온도 모두 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리는 방울토마토의 수확후 생리 작용을 억제하고 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량을 높여 저장성을 향상시키는 것으로 판단되었다

Transglutaminase2 (TGM2) is a multi-functional calcium dependent enzyme that affects angiogenesis, apoptosis, differentiation, attachment, and changes in the extracellular matrix. However, its function in periodontal tissue has not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGM2 expression and the modulation of inflammatory mediators in inflamed periodontal ligament (PDL) cells induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1β and the Tumor necrosis factor-α. The expression of TGM2 was increased in the inflamed periodontal tissue and PDL cells. Over-expressed TGM2 in the PDL cells increased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, CXCL8, and PTGS2. Conversely, inhibition of TGM2 activity using LDN27219, a TGM2 inhibitor, resulted in decreased expression of MMP1, MMP3, IL-6, and CXCL8. The mRNA expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and quantified by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were also confirmed by immunofluoroscence staining. These results suggest that TGM2 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory mediators which exacerbate tissue damage in inflamed periodontal tissue.

Breast cancer is of enormous concern worldwide and linked with age, sex, hormonal factors, and family history. The treatment of early breast cancer includes treating the disease locally with surgery, radiation therapy, or both and treating microscopic systemic disease with either one or a combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, or biologic therapy. Doxorubicin is a well-known anthracycline antibiotic and antineoplastic drug usually administered to breast cancer patients. However, there have been some reports suggesting that doxorubicin causes side effects such as cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, breast cancer patients on doxorubicin treatment are commonly prescribed steroid suppression therapy. In addition, it has been previously reported that lack of estrogen elevates cardiotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated whether the steroid suppression therapy might influence the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. We hypothesized that the presence of a steroid hormone, particularly estrogen, is closely related to doxorubicin action. To investigate the effect of estrogen, mice were divided into four groups: control group, doxorubicin-treated group, ovariectomized group, and ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. We observed upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene and downregulation of apoptotic genes in the groups treated with doxorubicin, particularly in the ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. This suggests that administration of doxorubicin under a non-steroid condition can excessively damage the heart. In summary, combination treatment of hormonal and doxorubicin therapy for breast or many different types of cancer patients must be prescribed with requisite precautions.

An objective classification of commercial thickened foods was studied for Korean elderly people with swallowing difficulty as based on rheological properties. A total of 16 commercial products (grain porridges, vegetable porridges, meat porridges, fish and shellfishes porridges, nut porridges) were measured using a stress-controlled rheometer with stainless steel plate-plate geometry and building material cell. Joint consideration has been made of viscous behavior (flow and thixotropy) and viscoelastic behavior (oscillatory testing). Rheological measurements were fitted to different rheological and empirical mathematical models, and a total of 11 parameters were generated. Based on these parameters and the use of fuzzy clustering and the c-means method, an objective classification of all the products was obtained. 16 commercial products were divided to 3 clusters. Each class has been defined from the parameters of the centroids generated by the classification method used - thus allowing us to know the common rheological characteristics of any of the products belonging to a given class. The results of this classification encourage further to develop of the new products for Korean elderly people.

Germinated brown rice flour has received much attention due to its health-functional ingredients such as dietary fibers. However, the food industry has faced challenges of using germinated brown rice flour in processed foods because it causes undesirable quality attributes such as high cooking loss and sticky texture. In this study, three different types of food additives (starches, hydrocolloids, emulsifiers) were incorporated into the formulation of extruded rice cakes and their combined effects on the cooking loss and textural properties of the germinated brown rice cakes were investigated. The addition of emulsifiers had a tendency to increase cooking loss and soften the noodle texture. Most of the starches except gelatinized and high-amylose rice flours showed similar effects to the emulsifiers. Xanthan gum, gelatin, and HPMC were positively effective in reducing the cooking loss of the rice cakes and increasing their hardness. When the ingredients were combined, the mixture of saemimyeon rice flour, HPMC, and xanthan/agar reduced the cooking loss by 66.7%. Most of all, this study provided an ingredient map that was plotted on the axis of hardness and cooking loss, depending on single and combined treatments of various ingredients.

Little consideration has been given to the insect epizootiology in pest management. High production cost of fungalinsecticides might be a technical barrier. Application of the fungal insecticides to unfavorable conditions might result inlower performance in pest management. Herein this work, we suggest ecological biocontrol considering long-term colonizationin nature rather than quick pest control. Fungal biopesticides should be frequently combined with chemical pesticides infields, particualrly spatial combination strategy rather than temporal combination. Additionally other important technicalaspects need to be strongly considered, such as economic downstream process, effective control and environmentally safe,so finally proposing e-biopesticide. Lastly R&D system needs to be clearly and efficiently organized for high performance.Week-based summary and reporting system, weekly report and project file are main system in our laboratory which hasour lab work more effectively and efficiently, consequently resulting in tech-transfer to an industry and re-investment.

The entomopathogneic fungal colonization has become an interesting issue in ecological pest management. Plant-orientedfungi induce plant growth promotion and act as natural control agents against insect pest. Herein this work, we evaluatedthe ability of fungal colonization on bark, branches and leaves of pine tree (Pinus densiflora) to select optimal candidatesfor controlling Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus), which is the pine wilt disease vector in Korea. As a result,some Beauveria and Metarhizium isolates could colonize on the substrates of P. densiflora and showed pathogenicity againstM. alternatus. This result suggests that the selected entomopathogenic fungi are possibly candidates for long-term managementof M. alternatus in pine tree forest.

Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus HOPE (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are considered as important pine forestinsect pests in several countries which transmits the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophylus. In this study, wetried to control Japanese pine sawyer using entomopathogenic fungi to prevent the spread of pine wilt disease in Korea.Several entomopathogenic fungi were exposed to the adults of Japanese pine sawyer and mycosis was observed in themembranous cuticles after 6 days. In particular, two isolates showed high virulence against the adults. The selected 2isolates were sprayed to the adults at 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 conidia/ml. In the concentration of 1×107 conidia/ml, thesurvival rates of insects were 40% and 47%, respectively. Based on these results, the possibility of controlling the Japanesepine sawyer was confirmed.

The dynastid beetle Allomyrina dichotoma has been used as a herbal medicine. Recently, we performed de novo RNAsequencing of Allomyrina dichotoma and identified several antimicrobial peptide candidates based on in silico analysis.Among them, cationic antimicrobial peptide, Allomyrinasin, was selected and we assessed the anti-inflammatory activitiesof Allomyrinasin against mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. The results showed that Allomyrinasin decreased the nitricoxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and Westernblot analysis revealed that Allomyrinasin reduced cytokine expression levels in the Raw264.7 cells. Taken together, thesedata indicated that Allomyrinasin had anti-inflammatory activity in the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells.

We have analyzed the transcriptome of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans using RNA sequencing and identified severalantimicrobial peptide candidates. Among the peptides, named scolopendrasins, were selected based on the physicochemicalproperties of antimicrobial peptides via an in silico analysis. As a result, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities ofscolopendrasins against Gram positive and negative bacteria including Candida albicans by radial diffusion assay and colonycount assay. We also investigated the cytotoxicity of scolopendrasins through hemolysis assay. We found that the actionof scolopendrasins involved binding to the surface of microorganisms via a specific interaction with lipopolysaccharides,lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycans, which are components of the bacterial membrane. These results will provide a basisfor developing therapeutic agents such as peptide antibiotics.

Although the grasshopper Oxya chinensis sinuosa has long been used as a food in Korea, there is little data on itsfunctional effects. Thus we prepared and analyzed total RNA from the whole body of adult Escherichia coli non-immunizedand immunized Oxya chinensis sinuosa strains. Using an Illumina Hiseq sequencer, we generated a total of 66,555 pooledtranscriptome and singletons with and without Escherichia coli immunization, respectively. Then, we performed in silicoanalysis of the Oxya chinensis sinuosa transcriptome, using bioinformatics tools for screening putative antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) and 38 AMPs were finally selected and tested their antimicrobial activity of Gram positive, Gram negative bacteriaand antifungal activity with radial diffusion assay. As a result, 5 out of 38 AMPs showed the highest antimicrobial activityand antifungal activity against microbes and it also evidenced with no hemolytic activity.

Chemical pesticides have been used for persimmon pest control, however the overuse caused insect resistance andenvironmental toxicity. Herein this work, we investigated the biological potential of eco-friendly organic pesticides (biologicals)and entomopathogenic fungi in controlling persimmon pests, Stathmopoda masinisaa and Riptortus pedetris. A botanicalmixture of Chinese scholar tree, goosefoot and subtripinnata extract, Bacillus thuringesis NT0423 and one isolate of Beauveriabassiana showed high insecticidal activity against the pests in laboratory conditions. The selected botanical extract andmicroorganism were combined with a chemical pesticide (buprofezin+dinotefuran WP) and were assessed their controlefficacy in persimmon fields. Compared to the three times of chemical spray, the combination of more than one timeof chemical spray and the selected biologicals controlled the persimmon pests with an acceptable levels. Consequentlyone time of biological spray can be integrated to the spray program where only chemicals are strongly considered.

The hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopeniasyndrome virus (SFTSV) causing in humans, however little consideration was given to the biological control of the pest.We evaluated three bioassay methods, such as spray, dipping and dropping. As a result, the dipping method was themost efficient way to measure the fungal virulence. Finally, we constructed a Haemaphysalis longicornis pathogenic fungallibrary to further facilitate the resources to be used as potential biological control agents. A conidial suspension of 1×107conidia/ml was exposed to the ticks by dipping. We confirmed that some isolates were highly virulent to the ticks. Thisresults indicated that some fungi could be used to effectively control the Haemaphysalis longicornis.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been widely studied for their potential as the effective biological control agents. Theyproduce variety of secondary metabolites with insecticidal activities, and it is reasonable to assume that entomopathogenicfungi might produce secondary metabolites modulating juvenile hormone for their survival against defense mechanismsof host insect. In this study, Acetone extracts of 189 entomopathogenic fungi cultured on unpolished rice medium werescreened for their juvenile hormone antagonist (JHAN) activities using the yeast-two hybrid system. Among them, 14extracts showed high level of JHAN activities and their insecticidal activities against Aedes albopictus were investigated.