The developmental time of larvae of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor was studied at six temperatures ranging from 17 to 30℃ with 60~70% RH, and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Mortality of 1st~13th larva was very low at 17 and 20℃ but did not die over 22℃. Developmental time of larva decreased with increasing temperature. The total developmental time was longest at 17℃ (244.3 days) and shortest at 30℃ (110.8 days), suggesting that the higher temperature, the faster development period. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total larval stages were 6.0℃ and 2564.1 day-degrees. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature fitted a linear model and nonlinear model by Logan-6 (r2=0.95). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the 3-parameter Weibull function (r2=0.89).

The 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) is non-selective phosphodiesterase and is able to prevent resumption of meiosis by maintaining elevated cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentrations in the oocyte. The present study was conducted to analyze: (1) nuclear maturation (examined by the Hoechst staining), (2) whether cytoplasmic maturation (examined by the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration) of porcine oocytes is improved during meiotic arrest after prematuration (22 h) with IBMX. Before in vitro maturation (IVM), oocytes were treated with 1 mM IBMX for 22 h. After 22 h of pre-maturation, the higher rate of IBMX treated group oocytes were arrested at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage (42.3%) than control IVM oocytes (10.1%). It appears that the effect of IBMX on the resumption of meiosis has shown clearly. In the end of IVM, the reversibility of the IBMX effect on the nuclear maturation has been corroborated in this study by the high proportions of MII stage oocytes (72.5%) reached after 44 h of IVM following the 22 h of inhibition. However, intracellular GSH concentrations were lower in the oocytes treated with IBMX than the control oocytes (6.78 and 12.94 pmol/oocyte, respectively). These results demonstrate that cytoplasmic maturation in porcine oocytes pre-treated with IBMX for 22 h did not equal that of control oocytes in the current IVM system. These results indicate that pre-maturation with IBMX for 22 h may not be beneficial in porcine IVM system.

The production of functional activated carbon materials starting from inexpensive natural precursors using environmentally friendly and economically effective processes has attracted much attention in the areas of material science and technology. In particular, the use of plant biomass to produce functional carbonaceous materials has attracted a great deal of attention in various aspects. In this study the preparation of activated carbon has been attempted from rice husks via a chemical activation-assisted microwave system. The rice husks were milled via attrition milling with aluminum balls, and then carbonized under purified N2. The operational parameters including the activation agents, chemical impregnation weight ratio of the calcined rice husk to KOH (1:1, 1:2 and 1:4), microwave power heating within irradiation time (3-5 min), and the second activation process on the adsorption capability were investigated. Experimental results were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. It was found that the BET surface area of activated carbons irrespective of the activation agent resulted in surface area. The activated carbons prepared by microwave heating with an activation process have higher surface area and larger average pore size than those prepared by activation without microwave heating when the ratio with KOH solution was the same. The activation time using microwave heating and the chemical impregnation ratio with KOH solution were varied to determine the optimal method for obtaining high surface area activated carbon (1505 m2/g).

벼 흰잎마름병균의 정확한 진단을 위하여 PCR용 진단 kit를 개발하였다. 본 PCR kit를 개발하기 위하여 벼 흰잎마름 병균 유전체 정보 중 phage-related integrase and transposase gene의 염기서열을 이용하여 프라이머를 각각 제작하였다. 프라이머 염기서열은 XOP-F (5-CGG TCT GCT CAA TGA GGA AGA-3)와 XOP-R2 (5-TGC AAT TGG TGT TCTCCA GG-3), XOT-F (5-GTC ATA GGT GAG GCT TCCC-3)와 XOT-R2 (5-AGT GCG ATC TTT CAG CAG G-3)로 벼 흰잎마름병균의 DNA를 401bp와 492bp를 증폭하게 제작하였다. PCR 증폭은 벼 흰잎마름병균만 증폭하였으며 다른 세균인 Escherichia coli, Agrobacterim, Pectobacterium caratovora subsp. cartovorum, P. atrosepticum, Pseudomonasputida, P. syringae, P. savastanoi pv. phaeolicola, P. savastanoipv. savastanoi and P. marginalis pv. Marginalis 등은증폭되지 않아 특이성이 인정 되었다. 본 프라이머로 병이 의심되는 벼잎과 논물에서 병원균을 3시간 이내에 검출할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos, respectively and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss (6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%); sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is defined as a gradual, interstitial fibrous disease of the lung parenchyma. PF causes collapse of the lung lobe, which can lead to lung lobe torsion of the other side. A 14-year-old male Pekinese dog was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University. The chief complaint was acute dyspnea. The dog had a history of chronic cough, which lasted for 18 months, and the cough had recently deteriorated. Tachypnea was observed on physical examination. As a result of thoracic radiographs, ultrasonography, and computed tomography, lung lobe torsion and collapse were diagnosed. A postmortem examination revealed lung lobe torsion of the left cranial lobe and carnification of the right cranial lobe. Histologically, severe and diffuse interstitial fibrosis with distortion of alveolar architecture and severe congestion and/or hemorrhage were observed in the right cranial lobe and left cranial lobe, respectively. Although the cause of pulmonary fibrosis was undetermined, this case showed a typical lung lobe torsion caused by pulmonary fibrosis.

The purpose of this experiment is to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos respectively, and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than with 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss( 6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%; sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day).

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a multifunctional cytokine that is elevated in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent evidence has suggested that β2 adrenergic receptor(β2AR) activation in osteoblasts suppresses osteogenic activity. In the present study, we explored whether TNFα modulates βAR expression in osteoblastic cells and whether this regulation is associated with the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by TNFα. In the experiments, we used C2C12 cells, MC3T3- E1 cells and primary cultured mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Among the three subtypes of βAR, β2 and β3AR were found in our analysis to be upregulated by TNFα. Moreover, isoproterenol-induced cAMP production was observed to be significantly enhanced in TNFα-primed C2C12 cells, indicating that TNFα enhances β2AR signaling in osteoblasts. TNFα was further found in C2C12 cells to suppress bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteogenic marker genes including Runx2, ALP and osteocalcin. Propranolol, a β2AR antagonist, attenuated this TNFα suppression of osteogenic differentiation. TNFα increased the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential osteoclastogenic factor, in C2C12 cells which was again blocked by propranolol. In summary, our data show that TNFα increases β2AR expression in osteoblasts and that a blockade of β2AR attenuates the suppression of osteogenic differentiation and stimulation of RANKL expression by TNFα. These findings imply that a crosstalk between TNFα and β2AR signaling pathways might occur in osteoblasts to modulate their function.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) with abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on pulmonary function. Twenty-two subjects with restrictive breathing participated in this study. All the subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (7 subjects in RMT group, 7 subjects in RMT with ADIM group, 8 subjects in control group). The first group performed the RMT by using incentive respiratory spirometer (IRS). The second group performed the RMT by using IRS and the ADIM by using a Stabilizer. The exercises were conducted over four days. The pulmonary function was evaluated using the spirometer to measure the force exploratory volume in 1 second () and forced vital capacity (FVC). Measurements were conducted on the first day and the last day. A paired-t test was used for pre-post changes and the change rates in FVC and among each group were investigated by a one-way ANOVA. The findings of the the study were as follows: 1) There were significant differences of FVC and between pre and post in the two training groups (p<.05) 2) There was no significant difference of the change ratio the FVC and between the RMT group and RMT with ADIM group. Therefore, it is concluded that respiratory muscle and ADIM training, combined with two methods of treatment would suggest positive evidence for improving pulmonary function.

Root knot nematodes were extracted from five different plants (indian spinach, papaya, sweet gourd, okra and jute) collected from kurigram, gazipur, jessore and patuakhali districts of Bangladesh. Firstly, Meloidogyne spp. were identified morphologically mainly based on perineal pattern of adult female. Secondly, female were collected from plant roots and used directly in PCR for amplification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region between COII and lrRNA genes followed by hinfI digestion and sequencing. The root knot nematodes in indian spinach, jute and sweet gourd were identified as M. incognita whereas in okra and papaya were M. javanica.

This is about the successful use of eCG and hCG for producing a Siberian tiger pup born from 10-year-old, primiparous, albino Siberian tiger. From February 2010 to July 2010, natural breeding had been tried three times with no conception. During this period of five months, estrus behaviors appeared to be typically normal and a lot of matings were observed. After consecutive failures, 1000 IU eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin) were intramuscularly injected on the day showing estrus behavior, followed with an injection of 750 IU hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) 80 hours later. The tiger stopped recurrence of estrus, and a cub, weighed 780 gram, was born alive 104 days after hCG injection. This study is the first report showing the unique, successful use of exogenous hormones as one of artificial breeding programs in the long history of captive breeding of carnivorous zoo animals in Korea.

The forest of Korea had been severely degraded since early 1900s until 1950s. Korean Government has successfully accomplished the reforestation works since 1960s. However, some plantations showed poor survival and growth caused by ignoring site characteristics in selecting plantation species and lack of tending works such as thinning. The natural regeneration of indigenous species, such as Quercus species and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., were examined in the plantations of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Larix kaempferi Fortune ex Gordon. Quercus species regenerated mainly by sprouting while P. densiflora regenerated naturally from a few mother trees that remained in the plantations. P. koraiensis showed poor survival (IVI ≤ 25%) and suppressed growth (height ≤ 3 m and DBH ≤ 3 cm at 20 year-old) by Quercus species or P. densiflora in the plantation areas, however had high survival (IVI ≥70%) and growth (8 m height and 14.1 cm DBH at 20 year-old) in areas where silvicultural practices were conducted. L. kaempferi showed good survival (IVI ≥40%) and growth (17.2 m height and 16.3 cm DBH at 30 year-old) mostly in valley areas, while it was nearly dead (IVI ≤ 10%) in ridge or ridge-slope areas and was replaced by indigenous species such as Quercus species (IVI ≥ 25～55%) or P. densiflora (IVI ≥ 18～50%).

Species of root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. were identified through the PCR amplification and sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region between COII and lrRNA genes. Root knot nematodes were extracted from 5 plant samples [kiwi (Japan), rhododendron (Japan), cornus (Japan), ficus (China) and jasmine (Vietnam)] that were collected from Plant Quarantine Station in Korea. At first, species was identified using morphological characters, such as the length and shape of stylet, the tail length and the perineal patterns. Secondary, single individuals of either female and juvenile collected from plant tissues were used for PCR and further sequencing analysis. The results showed that cornus, jasmine and ficus plants were infected by M. incognita, and kiwi and rhododendron plants were infected by M. interolobii.

석탄회는 독특한 화학조성과 광물학적 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 해안가에 위치한 영동화력발전소의 매립 호수에서 배출되는 석탄회와 주변 해수와의 반응에서 토착 미생물이 중금속 용출에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 매립 호수의 pH는 6.3-8.5로 나타났다. 본 연구를 위해 매립 호수의 세 지점을 선정하여 각 지점에서 석탄회(0.4 L)와 해수(1.6 L)가 혼합된 세 개의 시료를 채취하였다. 채취한 시료는 각각 120˚C, 2.5기압 환경하에서 멸균 처리하고, 미생물의 활동을 촉진하기 위해 글루코스를 첨가하여 배양하였으며, 나머지 하나는 자연 상태로 60일 동안 보관하면서 박테리아의 활동에 따른 지화학적 변화과정을 살펴보았다. 다른 시료와 비교하여 글루코스를 첨가한 시료에서 15일 후에 알카리도가 크게 증가하였으며, Mg, Ca, K와 같은 양이온은 글루코스를 넣은 시료에서 초기에 증가하다가 15일 이후 감소하였다. SO42-는 글루코스를 첨가한 시료에서 크게 감소하였다. 이러한 지화학적 결과는 매립 호수에 서식하는 박테리아의 활동성과 관련이 있다. 이러한 결과는 석탄회 내에 서식하는 박테리아의 특성을 이해하기 위한 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in physique characteristics between the excellent domestic player groups in each sport player's, to prevent epidemiologic damage of musculoskeletal system and to provide fundamental data to improve performances for players. This study has performed for total 60 student players from Y University in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, consists of 20 Kendo players, 20 Judo players and 20 Taekwondo players. We measured the length and circumference of arm, leg, body using Martin anthropometer to collect the data for 3 groups. There was significant difference in lower left arm length between player groups(p<.01), and Kendo players' right side femoral were longer than other 2 groups for leg length measurement(p<.01). Judo players' circumference for right/left stretched arm/bent upper arm were thicker than other 2 groups(p<.01). Taekwondo players' chest circumference were smaller than other 2 groups(p<.01), and Taekwondo players' right/left femoral circumference were thinner than other 2 groups(p<.05). From this study, it was found that there are physique characteristics differences between the Kendo, Judo and Taekwondo player groups. This indicates that repeated exercise for each sport player causes physique change, and it may cause epidemiologic damage of musculoskeletal system. It is recommended to perform balancing exercise prior to main exercise.

탄자니아(United Republic of Tanzania)의 연방인 잔지바르의 옥수수 종자보급 개선을 목적으로 자유방임품종4종 (Tuxpeno-1,Staha, Situka, TMV-1)을 탄자니아 본토로부터 2006년도에 도입하여 키짐바니 농업연구소에서 적응시험을 수행하였다. Tuxpeno-1이 3.9 t ha-1로써 네 품종 중 수량이 가장 높았으며, Staha는 3.8 t ha-1, Situka는 3.0 t ha-1, 그리고 TMV-1은 2.0 t ha-1의 수량을 보였다. 이는 각 품종들의 잠재수량성(potential yield)과 비교하여 77%, 72%,67%, 그리고 47% 정도의 수량이다. 수량 차이가 많이 나는 이유로는 양분의 부족이 가장 큰 원인으로 판단된다. 잔지바르의 환경에서 생육이 부진한 TMV-1과 병해충 저항성이 약했던 Situka품종은 보급 품종에서 제외되었다. 키짐바니 농업연구소에서는 본시험 이후 Tuxpeno-1와 Staha 품종의 종자를 생산하여 농가에 보급하고 있다.