Epidermoid cyst of the oral and maxillofacial region is a soft tissue cyst lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and most commonly arises in the superficial area of the mouth floor. Uncommonly, the epidermoid cyst may arise deeply in the submandibular region and should be differentially diagnosed with cystic salivary gland tumors, developmental cysts and other cystic lesions. We report a rare case of an epidermoid cyst near the submandibular gland, clinically and radiographically mistaken as a salivary gland tumor.

An insect faunal survey was carried out to investigate insect community structure along the vegetation community to monitor insect species in forest ecosystem. We performed day and night collections from June to August along three vegetation communities of Is. Nam-hae in 2014: the first stand with Pinus thunbergii, the second P. thunbergii with Quercus serrata and the third P. thunbergii with various Quercus species. In total 2,259 individuals of 532 species, 99 families, 13 orders are identified. Cluster Analyses (CA) showed that all three vegetation communities were relatively similar between vegetation community types. According to indicator species analysis (ISA) result, nine significant indicator species were identified (p < 0.05); five species were found to be affected by the vegetation cluster and four species the month cluster.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a rare benign vascular lesion that rarely occurs in the oral cavity. Its clinical features are similar to neoplasms, which are easily identified in the oral cavity, and it can be misdiagnosed as an angiosarcoma. Therefore, it is important to recognize the characteristics of the lesion in order to both diagnose and treat it properly. We report a case of IPEH in a young Korean female patient, as well as discuss its differential diagnosis and treatment using a review of the related literature.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori), as an industrial insect, possesses a high economic value. Casual discrimination and accumulated genetic information of silkworm varieties are essential ground for the practical utilization and long-term conservation. In this study, nine available microsatellite loci were successfully genotyped from ~50 silkworm strains preserved in Korea. According to genotyping analysis, we obtained 3 ~ 16 alleles per locus, with an average of 7.4, the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.04 to 0.98, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.06 to 0.88, revealing that some loci are highly variable. Among 54 strains 13 strains were casually identified by the presence of 17 strain-specific apomorphic alleles. Furthermore, 30 among remaining strains contained strain-specific allele combinations that are also apomorphic to each strain, allowing us to discriminate each of these from other strains by genotyping of multiple loci. These results collectively suggest that the silkworm microsatellite DNA is actually and potentially important molecular marker for the discrimination of the silkworm strains that are preserved as hundreds in Korea, as more loci are genotyped.

본 연구는 온시디움에 있어서 particle bombardment 및 아그로박테리움 매개 형질전환 최적 조건을 구명하 고자 실시하였다. 실험재료는 ‘Sharry Baby’의 PLBs를 사용하였으며, 유전자는 pCAMBIA3301 vector에 삽입 되어 있는 bar와 intron-gus를 사용하였다. Particle bombardment 법에 있어서는 직경이 0.6 μm인 금 입자 에 유전자를 혼합하여 9 cm의 거리에서 1,100 psi 헬륨 가스 압으로 발사하는 것이 유전자 도입에 효과적이었 다. 아그로박테리움 매개법에 있어서는 미성숙 PLBs를 O.D 0.6 정도인 균주에 접종 후 5일간 광조건 없이 공동 배양하는 것이 유전자 도입에 효과적이었다.

Since climate change increases the risk of extreme rainfall events, concerns on flood management have also increased. In order to rapidly recover from flood damages and prevent secondary damages, fast collection and treatment of flood debris are necessary. Therefore, a quick and precise estimation of flood debris generation is a crucial procedure in disaster management. Despite the importance of debris estimation, methodologies have not been well established. Given the intrinsic heterogeneity of flood debris from local conditions, a regional-scale model can increase the accuracy of the estimation. The objectives of this study are 1) to identify significant damage variables to predict the flood debris generation, 2) to ascertain the difference in the coefficients, and 3) to evaluate the accuracy of the debris estimation model. The scope of this work is flood events in Ulsan city region during 2008-2016. According to the correlation test and multicollinearity test, the number of damaged buildings, area of damaged cropland, and length of damaged roads were derived as significant parameters. Key parameters seems to be strongly dependent on regional conditions and not only selected parameters but also coefficients in this study were different from those in previous studies. The debris estimation in this study has better accuracy than previous models in nationwide scale. It can be said that the development of a regional-scale flood debris estimation model will enhance the accuracy of the prediction.

암모니아성 질소는 생활하수, 축산폐수, 산업폐수 등의 점오염원과 화학적 비료 남용에 의한 유출 등의 비점오염원으로부터 수계로 방류되어 부영양화 등의 수질 오염을 유발할 수 있다. 생활하수 등에서 암모니아성 질소를 제거하기 위해 생물학적 처리공정이 주로 적용되고 있으나 운영상의 어려움, 비점오염원 저감의 어려움으로 인하여 대체방안이 요구된다. 바이오차를 흡착제로 활용하는 방안은 적용이 간단하며 효율적으로 수중 암모니아를 제거하는 방안으로 주목받고 있다. 선행 연구에서는 대부분 암모니아성 질소 흡착을 NH4+ 양이온 흡착으로 설명하고 있으나 수중의 암모니아성 질소는 pH에 따라 NH4+와 NH3(aq)로 분배될 수 있어 적용 조건에 따라 두 화학종이 모두 흡착에 참여할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 화학종 분배를 함께 고려하는 것의 필요성을 검증하고자 하였다. 바이오차는 발생량이 많은 농업부산물인 볏짚을 300, 400, 500, 600℃ 네 가지 최고온도로 열분해하여 얻었다. 암모니아성 질소 용액은 NH4Cl을 이용하여 준비하였다. 이후 20℃에서 바이오차 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 10 ~ 500 mg/L 용액에 대하여 등온흡착실험을 진행하였다. 흡착반응속도실험은 20℃에서 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 50 mg/L에서 진행하였다. 바이오차 투여 이후 pH는 NH4+의 pKa인 9.25 부근까지 증가하여 NH3(aq)가 액상에 존재할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 등온흡착곡선은 BET 모형에 의해 설명되었기에 응축에 의한 다층 흡착이 진행되는 것을 확인하였다. NH4+만이 흡착에 참여할 경우 쿨롱 반발력에 의해 응축이 일어날 수 없다. NH3(aq)가 흡착에 참여한다면 극성 분자의 쌍극자모멘트 또는 약한 수소결합으로 부터 응축에 의한 다층 흡착을 설명할 수 있다. 반응속도 실험결과 300℃에서 제조한 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 유사 1차 반응속도 모형으로부터 설명할 수 있어 NH4+ 흡착이 주요한 것으로 생각된다. 300℃보다 높은 온도에서 제조한 바이오차의 경우 Elovich’s Equation이 암모니아성 질소의 흡착반응속도를 더 잘 설명하여 흡착 메커니즘을 NH4+ 흡착으로 설명할 수 없었다. Elovich’s Equation은 분자 상 물질의 화학적 흡착을 설명하는 모형이므로 NH3(aq)이 흡착에 참여하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 NH4+ 이온의 흡착뿐만 아니라 NH3(aq)의 흡착도 함께 고려해야 함을 확인하였다.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Platycoside compounds on PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In order to developing a concentrate product that improved the functionality and preference of PGR, it was fermented using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10 and 56-12). Methods and Results : The concentrate products were created by PGR-concentrate (PGRC, 60 ºBrix) mixed with fermented PGR-extract (FPGRE, 2 ºBrix) at the level of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%. Sweetness and preference were supplemented by other added materials including honey, oligosaccharide, concentrate of jujube (60 ºBrix) and pear (60 ºBrix), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (2 ºBrix). The products were put into investigation for their preference of taste, antimicrobial activity in accordance with amount of FPGRE. When it comes to preference of taste, the most favor is adding 100% of FPGRE on PGRC. The product added 150% FPGRE exhibited a strong microbial anti-proliferation in all four kinds (Corynrbacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pnneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria inducing bronchus diseases and was higher antimicrobial activity than concentrate without FPGRE. In terms of the sensory evaluation (taste, texture and visco-elasticity), concentrate mixed with FPGRE (10), jujube concentrate (2), pear concentrate (10), cactus Chounnyouncho extract (10), oligosaccharide (2), honey (1) and xanthan gum (0.02) showed the highest scores. Conclusion : Thus, A PGR concentrate was made by adding FPGRE (100%) and it was increased organoleptic quality, antimicrobial activity. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization on Platycodon grandiflorum root.

Background : For the GAP standard cultivation, weed occurrence pattern was investigated by planting density and mulching method of Bupleurum falcatum L. Methods and Results : Vinyl and rice straw were used for mulching. The planting density were 10, 20, and 30 cm, and the spacing between plants were 5 ㎝. The amount of weed emergence were examined twice at the end of July and at the end of September. The degree of importance was based on the Braun-Branquet’s dominance value distinction criterion. As a result, the kind of total weeds emerged during the cultivation of Bupleurum falcatum L. were identified as 20 species in 10 families. Amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw covering after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were lowest in vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of weed emergence was highest with 10 species of 8 families in rice straw mulching treatment. On the other hand, the treatment with the least emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching, and weeds of 7 species of 6 families appeared. In the second survey in September, weeds of 15 species in 9 families were identified in the test field. The amount of weed’s occurrence were the highest in rice straw mulching after 10 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and it were the least in the case of vinyl mulching after 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing. The frequency of emergence of weeds was highest in rice straw mulching after 20 × 5 ㎝ sowing, and the kind of weeds were 11 species of 8 families. The treatment of the lowest emergence frequency of weeds was 30 × 5 ㎝ sowing after vinyl mulching. Three kinds of weeds occurred. Conclusion : From the above results, it is expected that we can suppress the weed occurrence at the planting density of 30 × 5 ㎝ after vinyl mulching at the sowing of Bupleurum falcatum L.

Contaminated soils and water by heavy metals have posed a serious threat to environment and human health, which can be solved by both physicochemical and biological methods. Phytoremediation has recently become a topic of scientific research and gained much attention as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative. Many kinds of hyperaccumulator plants have been applied to deal with heavy metal contaminants such as As, Cd, Pb, Zn and various radionuclides. In recent study, a seedling vigor index (SVI) model, which uses specific hyperaccumulator plants (i.e., sunflower) as test subjects, is proposed to predict the phytotoxicity of heavy metals. However, whether this mathematical model can be commonly used has not been cleared yet. In this study, rapeseeds were treated with Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn to validate the SVI model which was proposed by some scholars previously. The phytotoxicity of heavy metal was evaluated using seed germination test and seedling length measurement. The test shows that germination percentage and seedling length decreased when heavy metal concentration increased. According to the results of regression analysis, heavy metal concentration is linear to germination percentage, root and shoot length, corresponding with SVI model. It can be concluded that the SVI estimation model obtained from sunflowers can also be applied to rapeseeds to describe the relative effects of heavy metal concentration on plants growth and development.. However, further experiments using more hyperaccumulator plants to validate the applicability of the SVI model are necessary.

Background : This study for the stable production and supply of seeds of Angelica gigas Nakai(Man-chu Korean Angelica), when seeds harvested using nets, seed productivity was investigated. Methods and Results : Planting density is 50 × 25cm, Fertilizer per 10a was sprayed amount of N-P2O5-K2O = 16-17-10kg. And the amount of compost per 10a was sprayed 3000kg. Seed harvesting nets were used for a time formed the endosperm of the seeds (later in mid-August to late). And net for seed production was used for onion nets (at least 13 × 18cm). Shoot growth conditions were as follows. Bolting rate was 89.0% in the untreated, the treated group was 93.1%. The length and thickness of each stem was 129.3 ~ 130.8cm, 1.8cm. The number of nodes per plant was 6.7 ~ 7.5 pieces, and the number of petiole was 14.8 ~ 15.5 per plant. The number of umbel was 10.3 ~ 11.1 piece per plant, and number of deleted umbel was 7.1 ~ 7.2 piece. Seed weight per plant was 24.2g of the net treatment, but ripening seeds 19.6g, 1000 grain weight were all treated and untreated 2.8g. The total seed weight per plant, the net treated was 24.2g, was the weight of the ripening seeds 19.6g. The weight of the ripening seeds were heavier than those of the control. However, the weight of 1000 grain were both treated and untreated 2.8g. When treated nets, the total seed yield per 10a was 88.0kg production, increased by 60.9% compared to untreated. In addition, the ripening seed production per 10a was 71.5kg production, increased by 50.1% compared to untreated. Researching after germination Seed Production, germination rate was 50.8% in the control group and the treatment group was 54.9%. When applying the germination rate, high-quality seed production per 10a was able to produce 39.2kg, compared to control obtain the results increased by 65%. Conclusion : Through the above results, When producing angelica seed, use of net for seed production is thought to be used as a way to prevent early shattering and insect damage.(True bug, etc.).

This study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness of Mt. Janggunbong (1,136 m) in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeoungsangbuk-do. The vascular plants, collected 15 times from 2006 to 2015, consisted a total of 462 taxa; 82 families, 279 genera, 397 species, 2 subspecies, 55 varieties, 8 forms. 10 taxa of the Korean endemic plants were recorded and 1 taxon of Critically Endangered Species (CR), 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU) and 7 taxa of Least Concerned Species (LC), categorized by the Korean Forest Service as rare plants, were investigated in this region. Furthermore, Ⅳ, Ⅲ degrees of floristic regional indicator plants, designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment, were included 8 taxa and 14 taxa, respectively. Based on the usefulness, edible, pasturing, medicinal, ornamental, timber, stain, industrial, fiber and unknown usefulness plants included 352 taxa, 107 taxa, 71 taxa, 18 taxa, 8 taxa, 5 taxa, 3 taxa, 2 taxa and 111 taxa, respectively. In addition, 28 taxa of naturalized plants were observed.

화장품 소재로서 천연고분자 물질인 Biocellulose (BC)를 형성하는 균주를 선발하여 초산생성 균주를 선발하였다. SM 배지를 통하여 초산 생성 균주 1종을 선발하고 형태학적인 분석을 통하여 간균형태의 그람 음성균임을 확인하였다. 또한 균주의 동정을 위하여 16S rDNA 유전자 분석을 통하여 계통도를 분석한 결과 Gluconobacter uchimurae (G. uchimurae)와 높은 상동성을 나타내어 G. uchimurae GYS15 균주로 명명하 였다. 선발된 균주는 pH 5, 25 ℃ 조건의 환경적 요인에서 14일간 배양하였을 때 가장 높은 생육을 나타내었다. 또한 탄소원으로 glucose 이외에 이당류인 sucrose와 fructose를 첨가 하였을 때 가장 높은 생육활성을 보였고 최적의 염농도와 질소원은 0.5% NaCl과 malto extract로 확인하였다. 확인된 조건 하에서 G. uchimurae GYS15 균주를 배양하여 얻어진 BC의 물성을 확인하였다. 전자 주사현미경을 통하여 확인된 표면구조는 높은 표면적을 갖는 초미세망상구조로서 다공성 구조를 나타내었다. 이로 인해 수분의 경우 8.6 ± 0.38배, 유분의 경우 6.6 ± 0.51배까지 재흡수 되는 것으로 확인하였다. 따라서 BC의 이러한 구조적 특성을 이용하여 마스크 팩 등의 다양한 화장품 소재로 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Purified platycoside compounds from the roots of PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. To evaluate preference and functionality of PGR extracts, PGR was fermented by several lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria used were Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4 and N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10 and 56-12, L. brevis N70-9 and E3-8. Methods and Results : This study was performed in order to investigate the changes of platycosides, as well as the antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria(C. diphtheriae, K. pnneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pyogenes) of Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) fermented by using lactic acid bacteria(Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4, Leuc. mesenteroides N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10, L. plantarum N56-12, L. brevis N70-9, L. brevis E3-8). Growth of L. plantarum on PGR was the most active during lactic acid fermentation by some different strains. Total platycoside, platycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D2, polygalacin D and diapioplatycoside E contents of PGR fermented for 96 hours at 37℃ by Leuc. mesenteroides and L. plantarum were increased, while platycodin D and platycodin D3 were decreased. The antimicribial activity on PGR fermented by L. plantarum N56-12 exhibited a strong microbial proliferation in all four kinds of bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and was higher than non-fermented PGR extract. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and platycosides content of PGR by L. plantarum N56-12 were higher than non-fermented PGR extract.

The disposal of food waste has raised environmental concerns. The use of food waste disposers can be a convenient measure to manage household organic wastes. This device can be introduced to resolve the inconvenience of separating food wastes and implement the policy for converting food wastes into resources. However, the use of disposer has been prohibited in Korea unless the total solid recovery rate is greater than 80% (by dry wt.). Therefore, it is important to separate solid portions from disposer wastewater as much as possible to meet the standard. The objective of this study is to examine the control factors such as sieve size of screen, coagulation, RPM of centrifuge on solid-liquid separation. The result revealed that the use of sieve less than or equal to 0.3 mm could meet the total solid recovery rate of 80% (by dry wt.). Also, the coagulation filtrate recirculation using a coagulant, PAC, improved the solid recovery rate of 11.0% (by dry wt.) in using the sieve of 0.6 mm. This led to the total solid recovery rate of 79.3% (by dry wt.). Although RPM variation of centrifuge hardly influences the total solid recovery rate, when the separated solid residue is processed to compost or feedstock it is good because of low moisture content.