The hemipteran whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most destructive pests damaging more than 600 agricultural crop species worldwide. The B and Q biotypes are most widely spread in Korea but they are not distinguishable based on morphological characters. In order to search for protein markers that can be employed for rapid and accurate diagnosis of biotypes, two-dimensional PAGE (2DE) in conjunction with mass spectroscopic analysis were conducted. Eleven biotype-specific spots were repeatedly identified during three repetitions of 2DE and analyzed by Q-TOF. One of the B type-specific protein spots was identified as carboxylesterase 2 (Coe2). The transcript level of coe2 was determined to be 6 times higher in B type than in Q type by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, comparison of genomic DNA sequence of coe2 between B and Q types identified a biotype-specific intron, from which specific primer sets were designed. One-step PCR using these biotype-specific primers successfully distinguished the two biotypes in a high accuracy. Availability of the biotype-specific protein and DNA markers will greatly improve the detection of B. tabaci biotype in the field.

The study was conducted to explore whether environmental differences, in this case the physical characteristics of abaxial leaf surfaces of strawberry cultivars ('Maehyang' and 'Sulhyang' cultivars), affect the functional response of adult female N. californicus preying on immature stages (egg, larva and nymph) of T. urticae. We also evaluated the functional response of N. californicus to eggs of T. urticae at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃). We conducted a logistic regression of the proportion of prey consumed as a function of initial prey density to identify functional response types, and used nonlinear squares regression and the random predator equation to estimate attack rates and handling times. The functional response of adult female N. californicus to T. urticae was not influenced by non-glandular trichomes and epicuticular waxes on the abaxial leaf but was affected by temperature. Overall, the functional response of adult female N. californicus exhibited a type 2 functional response to T.urticae. The handling time of N. californicus was highest (1.9970) against T. urticae nymphs. The attack rate did not change much at 15-30℃, but the handling time decreased linearly with increasing temperature. At 35℃, the attack rate was highest (0.1876) and the handling time was lowest (0.9296). The results of this study may be used to evaluate the potential of N. californicus to suppress T. urticae and to estimate parameters for relevant prey-predator models.

To establish a rapid diagnosis method for the monitoring of acaricide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, we evaluated the performance of residual contact vial (RCV) method as a routine bioassay for T. urticae by using two widely used acaricides, abamectin and tebupenpyrad. Appropriate concentrations of test acaricides were dissolved in acetone and evenly coated (100 μl) onto the inside wall of a 4-ml glass vial using a rolling machine. The average survival times in untreated control vial was longer than 12 hrs in the absence of food or water regardless of cap being closed or open. Webbing behavior of mites inside the vial, which may interfere with maximum chemical contact, began to be observed from 8 hrs post treatment. The minimum concentrations causing 100% mortality within 8 hrs posttreatment in a susceptible strain of T. urticae were determined to be 30 and 60 ppm in abamectin and tebupenpyrad, respectively. Dose-response curve was significantly affected by temperature in both acaricides, in which the knockdown rate increased greatly as temperature increased. The endpoint mortality at 6-8 hrs posttreatment, however, was not significantly affected by temperature. Nymphal stage of mites showed more rapid intoxication response than adults but endpoint mortality at 6-8 hrs posttreatment was not substantially different between developmental stages. When compared with the results from conventional spray method, RCV method showed moderate to high correlation coefficients (r=0.51~0.98), suggesting that it is a reliable in determining susceptibility of T. urticae. The vial-coated pesticides were stable at least one year when stored at -20°C as determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the bioassay results in repeated experiments with three different persons, indicative of high reproducibility of RCV. The RCV diagnostic kit, when used by farmers on site, should provide crucial and essential information for the selection of most suitable acaricides for different field populations of T. urticae.

A quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol that detects the frequencies of sodium channel mutations (M815I, T917I and L920F) responsible for knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant head lice was tested as a population genotyping method. Genomic DNA fragments of the sodium channel α-subunit gene that encompass the three mutation sites were PCR-amplified from individual head lice with either resistant or susceptible genotypes, and combined together in various ratios to generate standard DNA template mixtures for QS. Following sequencing, the signal ratios between resistant and susceptible nucleotides were calculated and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequencies. Quadratic regression coefficients of the plots were close to 1, demonstrating that QS is highly reliable for the prediction of resistance allele frequencies. Prediction of resistance allele frequencies by QS in several globally collected lice samples including 12 Korean lice populations suggested that permethrin resistance varied substantially amongst different geographical regions. Three local populations of Korean lice were determined to have 9.8-36.7% resistance allele frequencies, indicating that an urgent resistance management is needed. QS should serve as a preliminary resistance monitoring tool for proper management strategies by allowing early resistance detection.

Hemangiomas are different from true vascular malformations in thei l‘ pathogenesis and cl inical prognosis. There are sti ll no standardized antibodies to distinguish hemangioma and vascular malformation apparently. We compared juvenile hemangioma and vascular malformation with immunohistochemjstry using va ri OllS antibodies, i.e. , ANG, bFGF, VEGF. EGFR, vWF. PCNA. p53. maspin, and TNF- . A very st rong positive expression of ANG and vWF was observed mainly in the vascular endothelial cells of juvenile hemangioma. VEGF s howed st rong positive reaction in the juveni le hemangioma, but p53 showed no positive reaction. Ancl a strong positive reaction of ANG was observed in the vascular endothelial walls of vascular malformation. p53 was frequently positive in the lining endothel ial cells in the vascular malformatJOn Using a ntiboclies such as VEG F'. ANG. vWF which a re related to the proliferation and matllrity of the vessel components. and p53 antibodies in order to confirm between juvenile hemangioma and vascular malformation would be helpful

We have made semi-analytical studies to investigate the configurations of caustics and the probability distribution of the flux factor K for the binary microlensing including external shears. A parametric equation of critical curve is derived in a 4th order complex polynomial. We present the topological dependencies of the caustics for selected gamma parameters (0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.5) and convergence terms (0., 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0). For the purpose of analyzing the efficiency of High Amplification Event (HAE) on each caustics, we examine the probability distribution of the flux factor by a Monte Carlo method. Changing the separation of the binary system from 0.8 to 1.3 (in normalied unit), we examine the probability distribution of the K-values in various gamma parameters. The relationship between gamma parameters, seperations and their probabilties of the flux factor K have been studied. Our results show that the relatively higher K values (K>1.5) are increased as increasing the separation of the binary system. We therfore conclude that, in the N-body microlensing, the probabilities of higher HAEs are inversely proportional to the star density as well. We also point out that the present research might be used as a preliminary step toward investigating heavy N-body microlensing simulations.

전국 8개 지역별 각 사과원에서 채집된 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)에 대한 저항성 정도를 일본 감수성 계통과 비교한 결과 지역별 현저한 감수성 차이를 보였다. Azocyclotin, fenpropathrin, propargite 및 abamectin에 대해서는 낮거나 중간 정도의 저항성을, dicofol, fenpyroximate 및 pyridaben에 대해서는 높은 저항성을 나타내었다. 이들 계통은 한종 또는 두종 이상의 약제에 대해 감수성을 보여 특정 지역에 대해서는 적당한 살비제의 선택적 이용으로 점박이응애를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

철골 건축 구조물이 횡하중을 받을 때 합성보의 거동에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. 실험으로부터 얻어진 결과와 수치해석에 의한 결과를 이용하여 합성보의 강성과 연결부에서의 강도를 위한 수학적 모델이 연결부의 상세를 고려하여 개발되었다. 또한 캔티레버 합성보의 skeleton 곡선과 hysteresis 곡선을 위한 해석모델이 제시되었다. 탄성보와 부재내의 비탄성 변형이 응집된 양 단부스프링으로 구성된 단일요소모델에 의한 합성보 요소가 컴퓨터 프로그램, DRAIN-2D에 포함되었으며, 해석결과는 실험결과의 비교를 통해 검정되었다.

본 연구에서는 하천 제방에 대한 홍수취약성을 평가하는 새로운 기법을 제시하고 기후변화에 따라 변화하는 수위에 대하여 제방에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 2차원 지하수침투 모형인 SEEP/W를 이용하여 제방의 침투거동을 분석하여 침투안전성을 평가하였다. 침투거동뿐만 아니라 기후변화에 따른 하천환경여건을 고려하는 제방의 취약성 분석 기술이 필요함으로써 본 연구에서는 추가적으로 제방의 취약성 분석에 필요한 인자를 도출하여 제방의 홍수취약성지수(levee flood vulnerability index； LFVI)에 의한 취약성 평가기법을 새로이 개발 하였다. 대상지역을 한강 본류 서울 구간으로 선정하여 하도별 제방의 크기를 조사하였고 조사한 제방을 상류부, 중류부, 하류부로 구분하여 3개의 대표 제방을 선정하였다. 이들 대표 제방지점에서 현재의 계획홍수위와 기후변화 시나리오 RCP8.5를 고려한 계획홍수위를 적용하여 제방의 활동 안전율과 제방 홍수취약성지수를 분석하였다. 그리고 제방홍수취약성지수를 구성하는 각각 인자들에 대하여 기후변화에 따른 변화 정도를 파악하였다. 이들 인자들을 종합적으로 활용한 제방홍수취약성지수 값을 이용하여 최종적으로 기후변화에 따른 제방의 취약성을 추정할 수 있도록 하였다.

Background : Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim) Seem, belonging to the Araliaceae family, is widely distributed in Korea, China, and Japan. The plants belonging to Acanthopanax species are traditionally used in Korea as anti-rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic drugs and are recognized to have ginseng-like activities. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for independent analysis of major compounds and chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Chlorogenic acid was reported that prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease in vivo. Also, it has antioxidant effect in vitro test. In the previous experiment, chlorogenic acid were found in A. sessiliflorus fruits. This study was performed to identification of the major compounds and investigate the method validation for the determination of chlorogenic acid in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Methods and Results : Three major compounds were recorded on a Varian Unity Inova AS-400 FT-NMR spectrometer and analyzed by the new HPLC analysis method. HPLC analysis was carried out using an Waters e2695 and PDA detector. The new analyasis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day, inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3), and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) of chlorogenic acid. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (R2) for the calibration curves of chlorogenic acid was 0.997 in terms of linearity. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.565 ㎍/ml and 2.88 ㎍/ml, respectively. There was no interfering peak observed each other and HPLC system was suitable for analysis showing goodness of peak and high precision. Conclusion : This method is suitable to detect and quantify major compounds in A. sessiliflorus fruits. Furthermore, the result will be applied to establish chlorogenic acid as an standard compound for A. sessiliflorus fruits.

This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4±1℃. The seed size ranged 4.52 × 1.58 ㎜ and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 ± 0.02 ㎎. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25℃ in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T50. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 ㎎/L GA3 and 10 ㎎/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the commercial important flatfish species in Korea. The ocular signal transduction pathway is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase thus essential for survival during the juvenile period. However, the study of gene expression during ocular development is incomplete in olive flounder. Therefore we examined the expression analysis of specifically induced genes during the development of the visual system in newly hatched flounders. We searched ocular development-involved gene in the database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from olive flounder eye and this gene similar to arrestin with a partial sequence homology. Microscopic observation of retinal formation corresponded with the time of expression of the arrestin gene in the developmental stage. These results suggest that arrestin plays a vital role in the visual signal transduction pathway of the retina during ocular development. The expression of arrestin was strong in the ocular system during the entirety of the development stages. Our findings regarding arrestin have important implications with respect to its biological role and evolution of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in olive flounder. Further studies are required on the GPCR-mediated signaling pathway and to decipher the functional role of arrestin.

Cathepsins are members of the multigene family of lysosomal cysteine proteinases and have regulated function in several life processes. The potential role of cathepsin F cysteine gene was expected as protease in the yolk processing mechanism during early developmental stage, but expression analysis was unknown after fertilization. The alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of cathepsin F from olive flounder liver expressed sequence tag (EST) homologous to cathepsin F of other known cathepsin F sequences with 87－98% identity. In this study, we examined the gene expression analysis of cathepsin F in various tissues at variety age flounder. Tissue distribution of the cathepsin F mRNA has been shown to be ubiquitous and constitutive pattern regardless of age in each group, although derived from cDNA library using liver sample. The mRNA level of cathepsin F more increased as developmental proceed during embryogenesis and early developmental stage, especially increased in the blastula, hatching stage and 3 days post hatching (dph). As a result, it may suggest that the proteolysis of yolk proteins (YPs) has been implicated as a mechanism for nutrient supply during early larval stages in olive flounder.

Acinetobacter baumannii is usually considered an opportunistic pathogen that it responsible for a variety of nosocomial infections, such as, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, meningitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections. However, over the years, the organism has developed substantial antimicrobial resistance, and thus, the management of infections has become more difficult. The less common infective endocarditis is one of the more serious consequences of nosocomial bacteremia. Here, we report the successful treatment of the first case of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii endocarditis in a 33-year-old patient.

The aim of this study was to isolate chicken feather-degrading bacteria with high keratinolytic activity and to investigate cultural conditions affecting keratinolytic enzyme production by a selected isolate. A chicken feather-degrading bacterial strain CH3 was isolated from poultry wastes. Isolate CH3 degraded whole chicken feather completely within 3 days. On the basis of phenotypical and 16S rDNA studies, isolate CH3 was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis CH3. This strain is the first B. thuringiensis described as a feather degrader. The bacterium grew with an optimum at pH 8.0 and 37℃, where maximum keratinolytic activity was also observed. The composition of optimal medium for keratinolytic enzyme production was feather 0.1%, sucrose 0.7%, casein 0.3%, K2HPO4 0.03%, KH2PO4 0.04%, MgCl2 0.01% and NaCl 0.05%, respectively. The keratinolytic enzyme had a pH and temperature optima 9.0 and 45℃, respectively. The keratinolytic activity was inhibited ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and metal ions like Hg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. The enzyme activated by Fe2+, dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol.