Entomopathogenic fungi infect some arthropod pest and have been used for biological control. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high potential in insect pest management worldwide, and most of researches were given to Hypocreales order of Ascomycota, but little in Zygomycota, such as Entomophthorales in our country. We have identified some species belonging to Entomophthorales and investigated cultural features and ecology of Entomophaga aulicae. E. aulicae in sweet potato fields, where Aedia leucomelas was a dominant pest, had caused epizootics from 2002–2005. E. aulicae-infected A. leucomelas larva were mostly found from August to October and its occurrence was significantly related to the precipitation. E. aulicae were mainly observed in dead A. leucomelas larval populations (infection rate = 41.3% in 2002), rather than other lepidopteran pests. E. aulicae was morphologically and genetically identified and its virulence was characterized in laboratory conditions. Additionally, pest infection by Zoophthora radicans, Neozygites floridana and some Entomophthorales have been identified. On the basis with this information, we need research to predict the prevalence and to develop biological control agent using Entomophthorales including E. aulicae that contribute to regulation of host populations.

종교적 텍스트는 경전(經典)이다. 경전은 종교적 텍스트로서 종교의례의 시작과 끝이며, 경전의 해석은 곧 종교인의 삶을 규정한다. 경전을 통해 개별종파는 외부와의 경계를 설정하고, 내부적 일체감과 자기증식을 도모한다. 언제나 경전을 되새기며, 개별종교의 담론은 지속적으로 재생산되고, 확장되어왔다. 한편 종교적인 것이 바람직하다는 이데올로기는 경전을 통해 확대, 재생산 되어온 이념이다. 개별존재는 각자가 처한 상황에 따라 저마다 다른 방식으로 텍스트에 반응한다. 감동, 동의, 두려움, 회피 그리고 거부는 종교적 텍스트에 대응하는 개별존재의 선택이다. 한편 종교적인 것은 경건한 것, 바람직한 것으로 간주되고, 인간이 살아가는 세속세계는 불경한 것, 금기시해야할 것, 타부(taboo)의 영역으로 그려지곤 한다. 그러나 인간론의 관점에서 속세의 욕망에 집착하는 존재나, 종교적 경건에 몰입하는 존재, 이 양자 모두는 결국, 자아의 충족을 위해 무엇인가를 끊임없이 추구한다는 점에서 존재론적으로 유사한 존재다. 언제나 자신의 세계에 집작하는 존재는 결국 필연적으로 무엇인가를 욕망하는 존재이기 때문이다.

This study aims to compared effect of balance between general walking exercise and power walking exercise. Twenty subjects were classified into two groups, general walking exercise(n=10) and power walking exercise(n=10). As a result, two group showed difference within the group and there is significant difference between two groups. 1) In compared static balance of sway area at pre-post test to exercise group, general walking exercise group did not change significantly. however, power walking exercise group did change significantly. and At sway distance, two group showed significant changes. 2) In compared Static balance between the groups sway area and sway path at pre-post test, two group showed significant changes. 3) In compared dynamic balance of center distance at pre-post test to exercise group, general walking exercise group was no significant difference in all directions. power walking exercise group was significant difference in all directions. 4) In compared dynamic balance between the groups sway area and sway path at pre-post test, there was no significant difference in leftward, rightward, forward directions and was significant difference in backward, overall direction. Therefore, power walking exercise can be recommended promote balance.

Twenty six species of the genus Coleophora Hübner (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) are recognized in the Korean peninsula, including six that are new to Korea: Coleophora albicans Zeller, C. falkovitshella Vives, C. honshuella Baldizzone & Oku, C. japonicella Oku, C. rectimarginalis Li, and C. vestianella (Linnaeus). A key for all known species is given. Bibliographies, collecting localities, distribution, biological information, and some taxonomic notes for the all known species are provided, with illustrations of the male or female genitalia.

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

방사선을 이용한 도열병연구의 기초자료로서 도열병균의 포자와 발아균계에 각각 X-ray 10, 40, 80, 120kR를 조사시켜 그들의 방사선감수성 및 생존율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 도열병균의 포자발아율은 X-ray 소사선량의 증가에 반비례하여 감소되었으며 120kR에서는 거의 생존하지 못하였다. 2. 비교적 저선량인 10kR 조사에서는 초기발아관신장의 촉진 현상을 보였으며 선량의 증가에 따라 균계의 사멸 현상이 현저하였다. 3. X-ray 조사에 의한 발아균계의 생존율 및 신장은 선량의 증가에 반비례하여 감소하였다. 4. X-ray를 조사받은 발아균계는 포자에 비하여 높은 방사선 감수성을 보였으며, 고선량일수록 그 차이는 현저하였다. 5. X-ray 조사에 의한 도열병균의 돌연변이율은 조사선량에 정비례하여 증가하였다.

This study aimed to determine the elemental compositions of selected edible wild plant species, Hemerocallis fulva, Allium victorialis, Syneilesis palmata and Ligularia fischeri. The samples were dried, crushed, and subjected to microwave-assisted digestion. The macro and micro elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometery (ICP-OES), and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The macro elements in the analyzed species decreased in the order K Ca P Mg S Fe Zn Na, and the micro elements ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ followed the order Mn˃Ba˃Rb˃Cu˃Ni˃Ga˃Li˃Cr˃V˃Co˃Be˃Se. The percentage ratio of calcium content for potassium in the samples was 42.9% (A. victorialis) > 42.4% (S. palmata) > 33.8% (L. fischeri) > 25.3% (H. fulva). The calcium content was 13.7, 10.9, 6.4, and 2.9 times higher than the phosphorus content in S. palmata, L. fischeri, A. victorialis, and H. fulva, respectively (p<0.05). Manganese was the most predominant among the trace minerals, and it followed the order of A. victorialis > H. fulva > L. fischeri > S. palmata. In general, these wild plants are richer in calcium as compared to other common vegetables, and hence can be considered a good source for calcium that is lacking in Korean food products.

This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. after extraction by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Via SDE and SPME processes, 79 (1,254.00 mg/kg) and 39 (488.74 mg/kg) compounds were identified respectively. The compounds extracted by SDE included 27 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 22 hydrocarbons, 3 esters, 12 ketones, 1 oxide and 1 N-containing compound, on the other hand, using the SPME method, 7 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 1 ester, 18 hydrocarbons, 7 ketones, and 1 oxide were extracted. The major volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. isolated by the two methods were caryophyllene oxide, -caryophyllene, camphor, -selinene, -muurolene, 1,8-cineol, (E)-pinocarveol and pinocarvone. β β γ The sesquiterpene named caryophyllene oxide was the most abundant volatile flavor compound with relative contents of 234.16 mg/kg and 195.44 mg/kg obtained by the SDE and SPME methods, respectively. Among the identified volatiles, sabinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, yomogi alcohol, myrtenol, (Z)-nerolidol, p-cymen-8-ol and eugenol were detected by the SDE method only while (E)-anethole and α-cubebene were detected by the SPME method only. This study confirmed that the composition and contents of the volatile flavor compounds vary between different extraction methods. More volatile flavor compounds were identified using the SDE method than the SPME method.

Influences of different seeding dates on growth, seed yield, fatty acid composition and oil content were investigated in flax plants for two years. The results indicated that plant height in early seeding date was higher than that of delayed seeding dates during first season. Furthermore, seeding date also significantly affected the ripened seed rate and the rate increased with the delay in seeding date in first season. Seed yield in the first crop season was significantly higher than the second crop season. Palmitic acid showed variation in different seeding dates. Contrarily, stearic acid was stable and did not changed by different seeding dates. Linolenic acid was found in highest amount in all seeding dates consecutively in two cropping years. Highest oil content was recovered from the seeds of flax sown at 29 Apr. and May 9 in first and second cropping year respectively.