고추는 전 세계적으로 중요한 경제작물이다. 하지만, 매년 Colletotrichum species에 의해 발생하는 고추탄저병에 의해 상품성이 떨어지고 수량이 현저히 감소하여 많은 농가에 중대한 피해를 주는 주요 병해이기 때문에 방제대책이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 최근 발생한 C. scovillei에 대해 Burkholderia cepacia를 이용하여 길항 능력을 확인하였다. 16S rRNA와 recA 유전자 분석을 통해 분리된 균주가 B. cepacia임을 확인하였고, 식물 생장 촉진 물질인 siderophore와 항진균 가수분해 효소인 protease, cellulase 생산을 기내 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 또한, C. scovillei에 대한 KF1의 균사 생장 억제율은 66.0%로 나타났으며, 1×105, 106, 107, 108 cfu/mL의 길항 미생물 처리 농도에 따른 포자 발아율은 각각 7.8%, 4.3%, 1.2%, 0%로 확인되어 분리된 길항 미생물은 효과적으로 병원균의 균사 생장 및 포자 발아를 억제하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 길항 미생물 B. cepacia KF1의 고추탄저병균에 대한 생물학적 방제제 자원으로서의 활용가능성을 제시하였다.

본 연구는 지속가능한 유기농업의 실천을 위하여 국내 작부체계와 농업환경에 적합한 한국형 현장적용 기법을 구축하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구의 기본 개념은‘Natural Enemy in First (NE가 먼저)’로 해충 발생시기의 예찰 없이 주 작물을 정식함과 동시에 천적과 선발한 보조식물을 혼합 적용해서 해충발생 이전에 천적을 포장에 먼저 정착시키는 생물적 방제기법이다. 미끌애꽃노린재 서식처로 Portulaca sp.를, 콜레마니진디벌 서식처로 옥수수를 선발하여 시설 토마토에서 방제효과를 확인하였다. 미끌애꽃노린재 단독처리와 천적 서식처(Portulaca sp.) 혼합처리구에서 관행방제 처리구(약제처리)대비, 각각 82%, 73%의 총채벌레 밀도 억제 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 진딧물의 경우, 모든 처리구에서 3줄기 당 평균 0.5마리 이하의 낮은 밀도를 유지하였다.

스탠다드국화 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2009년에 황색의 모본 ‘Summer Yellow’와 부본 ‘ST07-09-02’계통을 인공 교배하였다. 2010년에 종자를 파종하였고, 이중 내병성이 강하고 기호성이 우수한 개체를 선발하여 ‘ST10-047-01’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2011년부터 2013년까지 주년 생산성을 위해 촉성 및 자연, 억제재배 특성을 각각 검정하였으며, 2013년 ‘Geumhwa’로 명명하고 품종등록 출원하였다. ‘Geumhwa’의 생육 및 개화특성은 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 황색 스탠다드국화인 ‘Summer Yellow’를 대조 품종으로 하여 조사하였다. ‘Geumhwa’ 품종은 자연개화기가 10월 6일로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 10월 25일에 비해 빨랐다. ‘Geumhwa’는 초장이 86.3cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 93.8cm보다 작았고, 곁가지 제거수는 8.1개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 16.6개보다 적었다. ‘Geumhwa’의 꽃직경은 13.6cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 13.5cm와 비슷하였으며, 꽃잎수는 ‘Geumhwa’가 263.6개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 295.3개보다 적었다. 재배상 유의사항은 ‘Geumhwa’는 중간종이므로 초기생육이 왕성하도록 비배 관리를 하고 생육기간 중 지베렐린 1,000mg･L-1를 2회 처리하여 신장력을 높이도록 한다. 또한 설상화수가 적은 편이므로 재전조를 실시하여 설상화수를 늘린다면 황색의 연중 조기개화가 가능한 고품질 신품종 스탠다드 절화국화로써 소비자 기호 충족 및 농가소득 창출에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The infrastructure that man absolutely needs creates a lot of environmental load. The environmental load is quantified global environment pollution. So we can use LCA method for assess and control environmental load. In this study, we developed the environmental load estimating model to evaluate quickly in design stage when maintaining infrastructures facilities. Especially, we chose NATM tunnel because it is economical and there are many example of construction on public roads and expressway. First, we made a list of the breakdown cost by using collected unit cost of Korea Expressway Corporation and Seoul-Si about tunnel maintenance. So we chose major work classification. We selected the major classification such as pavement repairing inside tunnel, leaked surface treatment of tunnel, attached tile repairing inside tunnel and tunnel cleaning etc. We excluded concrete repairing because it is not easy to define maintenance factor about concrete repairing. Next, we made data bases of standard supply and resources need by specialist work classification. Using data bases, we was able to estimate environmental load by designating an input variable such as lane, pavement, length, tile repairing, leaked surface treatment and cleaning method. Lastly, we made environmental load estimating model after it is verified by comparing the results with the actual environmental load and estimated environmental load. Finally, our goal of this study is to develop the methodology that easily estimates the environmental load. Accordingly, the environmental load will be decreased by using this model in stage of planning, design and maintenance. Also, it is expected that the maintenance management estimating model developed from this study will be possible to do eco-friendly management of the road and tunnel construction.

This study was designed to optimize ethanol extraction process of unfertilized corn silk (UCS) to maximize phytochemical contents and bioactivities. The response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was employed to obtain the optimal extraction conditions. The influence of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time on total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, maysin contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activities and tyrosinase inhibition were analyzed. For all dependable variables, the most significant factor was ethanol concentration followed by extraction temperature and extraction time. The following optimum conditions were determined by simultaneous optimization of several responses with the Derringer’s desirability function using the numerical optimization function of the Design-Expert program: ethanol concentration 80.45%, extraction temperature 53.49°C, and extraction time 4.95 h. Under these conditions, the predicted values of total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, maysin contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition were 2758.74 μg GAE/g dried sample, 1520.81 μg QUE/g dried sample, 810.26 mg/100g dried sample, 56.86% and 43.49%, respectively, and the overall desirability (D) was 0.74.

Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds is an important fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in crops. In this study, 59 C. acutatum isolates from regions in South Korea were collected and phenotypically compared. The average colony diameters of isolates from Gyeongsangbuk-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, and Gangwon-do were 4.36 cm, 4.24 cm, and 4.38 cm, respectively, following 6 days of growth on V8 juice agar. The average conidium concentrations of the isolates from each province were 14.43, 12.83, and 10.17 × 104/mL after 7 days of growth on V8A. Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) analysis using three primer pairs identified 5 polymorphic bands and 56 monomorphic bands. Two polymorphic bands were identified using the E-ACC/M-CTT primer pair, one polymorphic band was identified using the E-ACG/M-CTG primer pair, and two polymorphic bands were identified using the E-ACG/M-CTT primer pair. A dendrogram was constructed using the AFLP data, and four clusters were identified.

This study aims to identify the effect of home physical therapy on patients who left the hospital after total knee arthroplasty, compared to the Daily living group, when it was applied to them, under the guidance of physical therapists. As research subjects, 20 patients that were scheduled to leave the hospital after unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were chosen, and they were randomly divided into a home physical therapy group(10 patients) and an Daily living group(10 patients) in order to conduct an experiment. During the 4-week research, home physical therapy was offered for 40 mins once for 5 days a week, and muscular strength, gait components were measured. For muscular strength, quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength were measured, and as gait components, endurance, speed, step time, single-limb support were analysed. For this experiment, pre- and post-measurement were performed, and collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 statistical program. From the analysis of data, the following study results were obtained. Home physical therapy group and Daily living group both showed significant improvements in quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength of home physical therapy group more significantly improved than Daily living group's. In relation to gait components, gait endurance, gait speed, step time significantly improved in both of home physical therapy group and Daily living group, whereas home physical therapy group only showed significant improvements in single-limp support. According to the comparison between two groups, gait speed, single-limp support and step time improved more significantly in the home physical therapy group than in the Daily living group. In conclusion, positive results were revealed in both home physical therapy group and Daily living group, with regard to muscular recovery of lower limbs of patients discharged from the hospital after total knee arthroplasty and walking, but considering the comparison results between two groups, it seems that applying home physical therapy is more effective than maintaining a daily life.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the most important citrus pest, because it serves as a vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter” species that cause huanglongbing disease. Thus, when exporting Rutaceae (citrus), exporting countries put them into quarantine. However, as the size of an imago is so small that only skilled experts can identify it using morphology-based species identification. A PCR-based assay was developed for monitoring psyllids using a rapid, using the DNA extraction from psyllid bodies and PCR amplification. Thus, this study aims to develop a DNA marker system with high species specificity and discrimination power that helps identifying psyllid. We analyzed the base sequence of mitocondria DNA. Based on this sequence, restriction sites were determined and a species particularity primer was made. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders. Base sequence results from PCR, which used psyllid species-specific primers, was analyzed by the Mealign program of the CLC Main Workbench analysis software, and used to develop a phylogenic tree. After analyzing this, Hemiptera proved to be allied species.

본 연구에서는 2013년도에 강원도의 옥수수 재배지들을 조사하고, 밑둥썩음병에 걸린 옥수수로부터 Fusarium균을 분리하였다. 분리한 병원균은 translation elongation factor 1 alpha(EF-1 alpha) 유전자 분석과 형태학적 조사를 통해 확인하였으며, F. subglutinans가 밑둥썩음병의 주요 원인균임을 확인하였다. F. subglutinans KWFS-1의 화학적 방제를 위해, 6개의 살균제와 하나의 살충제를 선발하여 항균효과를 검정하였다. 추천농도로 약제를 사용하였을 때, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole이 각각 균사생장을 무처리구에 비해 64%, 60%, 55% 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 에 hymexazol, azoxystrobin, clothianidin, benomyl은 각각 20%, 37%, 35%, 23%를 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 포자생장 억제에서 benomyl, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole은 포자생장을 완전히 억제하였지만 hymexazol, azoxystrobin, clothianidin이 첨가된 배지에서는 포자생장으로 나타난 균총이 각각 1.1 mm, 2.1 mm, 4.1 mm의 직경크기를 보여 농약별 포자생장 억제효과가 상이함을 보였다.

Experts of medicine, philosophy and psychology found that human somatotypes were related to personality or physical characteristics and classified somatotypes into various forms. This study explored the changes and types of somatotyping methods from Before Christ to present day and identified the status of studies of somatotypes in the area of physical therapy. This study covered the methods applied in various majors with a focus on those provided in books and papers of Heath BH. and Carter JEL. Based on the results, there are officially twelve assessment methods. Currently, the method of Heath & Carter is most widely applied. Somatotypes are studied in many areas. It is actively explored in the area of pain physical therapy, thermotherapy and integumentary physical therapy. Also, the soft tissue physical therapy area seeks interdisciplinary studies. This study found that there were various assessment methods in diverse areas. It is likely that continuous studies will develop new assessment methods. It is hoped that in the area of physical therapy, somatotypes shall be applied more amply.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of chronic shoulder pain on the muscle tone in trunk muscles. The study's subjects were 40 men and women in their 30 to 50s, which were divided into two groups. A chronic shoulder pain group consisted of 20 subjects who had been diagnosed with chronic shoulder pain by doctors, and a painless group consisted of 20 subjects who had experienced no such pain. An analysis was performed using electromyography on the muscle tone in the rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles under the same conditions between the two groups. The analysis results were as follows. The chronic shoulder pain group exhibited an overall high level of trunk muscle tone than the painless group, along with a statistically significant difference in the rectus abdominalis(p<.05). Moreover, the chronic shoulder pain group showed differences in the trunk muscle tone depending on the affected side. The chronic left shoulder pain group yielded higher levels of muscle tone in the right-side trunk muscles. In particular, the group revealed statistically significant differences in the rectus abdominalis and internal oblique(p<.05). The chronic right shoulder pain group exhibited higher levels of muscle tone in the left-side trunk muscles with a statistically significant difference in the internal oblique(p<.05). The above results suggested that chronic shoulder pain influences increases in the muscle tone in the trunk muscles on the opposite side to the affected shoulder.

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of knowledge of care workers working at long term care hospitals and nursing homes on pressure ulcer. A total of 81 care workers including 34 at long term care hospitals and 47 at nursing homes were surveyed. 24 questions were used to evaluate their degree of knowledge on pressure ulcer. Their knowledge on pressure ulcer scored 12.84 out of the total score of 24 points(SD=3.40), which was equal to 53.50 (SD=24.23) out of 100 points. Their knowledge on the prevention of pressure ulcer was highest among the subareas of evaluation. Their knowledge on pressure ulcer statistically significantly differed according to education on pressure ulcer(P<.05). A pressure ulcer is a skin disorder that may be prevented and cured. At this point when long term care facilities are rapidly increasing, care workers highlevel knowledge on and good management of pressure ulcer is very important. Practically educating them on pressure ulcer including the provision of recent, updated relevant knowledge will be necessary.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of handicraft activities on hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Subjects were comprised of 14 senior citizens between the ages of 70-85, with 7 subjects in the experiment group and 7 in the control group. Subjects in the experiment group practiced various handicrafts twice a day, while those in the control group did not participate in any special activity. The Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test was used to evaluate the results, while a dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure hand promptness and grasp. The 7 senior citizens in the experiment group were able to increase their hand promptness and grasping skills. Conclusively, handicrafts can help improve hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Furthermore, the development and improvement of such skills can have a positive influence on the daily lives of senior citizens. Such skills are expected to improve the overall neuro-function in the elderly population.

The majority of strokes are caused by ischemia and result in brain tissue damage, leading to problems of the central nervous system including hemiparesis, dysfunction of language and consciousness, and dysfunction of perception. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) on necrosis in neuronal cells that have undergone needle electrode electrical stimulation(NEES) prior to induction of ischemia. Ischemia was induced in male SD rats(body weight 300g) by occlusion of the common carotid artery for 5 min, after which the blood was reperfused. After induction of brain ischemia, NEES was applied to Zusanli(ST 36), at 12, 24 and 48 hours. Protein expression was investigated using immuno-reactive cells, which react to PARP antibodies in cerebral nerve cells, and Western blotting. The results were as follows: In the cerebral cortex, the number of PARP reactive cells after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. PARP expression after 24 hours significantly decreased(p<.05) in the NEES group compared to the GI group. As a result, NEES showed the greatest effect on necrosis- related PARP immuno-reactive cells 24 hours after ischemia, indicating necrosis inhibition, blocking of neural cell death, and protection of neural cells. Based on the results of this study, NEES can be an effective method of treating dysfunction and improving function of neuronal cells in brain damage caused by ischemia.